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This study investigated the effects of circadian misalignment (CM), induced by delaying mealtimes, independent of sleep timing and duration and eating window duration, on energy expenditure (EE), respiratory quotient (RQ), and substrate oxidation.Healthy adults, aged 20 to 49 years, participated in this randomized crossover study under controlled feeding conditions. Eating window duration was identical in both conditions (circadian alignment [CA]: 9:00 am-7:00 pm; CM: 1:00 pm-11:00 pm), and bedtimes were constant (11:30 pm-8:00 am). EE, RQ, and substrate oxidation were obtained over 23 hours in a metabolic chamber on days 3 and 4 and days 14 and 15 in each condition. Twenty-four-hour and post-meal outcomes were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model including condition, day, and day-by-condition interaction as main predictors and sex as a covariate.Three men and four women (age 37.4 ± 8.8 years, BMI 30.4 ± 3.3 kg/mCM, induced by delaying mealtimes by 4 hours relative to CA, independently shifts nutrient metabolism toward greater carbohydrate and lower fat oxidation.

Our aim is to provide a look into the typical clinical caseload from odontology primary care, based on dogs and cats treated at a veterinary teaching hospital. From 2013 to 2019, 468 dogs and 139 cats were treated. Data come from primary care practice; no referral cases were considered. The most frequently detected conditions in dogs were periodontal disease (59.6%), oral tumors (11.3%), dental fractures (7.7%), class 1 malocclusion (7.1%), dental fistulas (5.8%), class 3 malocclusion (3.4%), gingivitis (1.7%), periodontal disease with tooth resorption (0.4%), class 2 malocclusion (0.2%) and others (2.8%). Different distributions of main conditions were found when considering age and weight/breed (p 0.05). No significant temporal trends were detected. These prevalence estimations can be useful in the diagnosis and establishment of preventive measures. Attention could be focused on different oral conditions depending on breed (dogs) and on age (both dogs and cats).

During continent–continent collision, does the downgoing continental plate underplate far inboard of the collisional boundary or does it subduct steeply into the mantle, and how is this geometry manifested in the mantle flow field? We test conflicting models for these questions for Earth’s archetypal continental collision forming the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau. Air-corrected helium isotope data (3He/4He) from 225 geothermal springs (196 from our group, 29 from the literature) delineate a boundary separating a Himalayan domain of only crustal helium from a Tibetan domain with significant mantle helium. This 1,000-km-long boundary is located close to the Yarlung-Zangbo Suture (YZS) in southern Tibet from 80 to 92°E and is interpreted to overlie the “mantle suture” where cold underplated Indian lithosphere is juxtaposed at80 km depth against a sub-Tibetan incipiently molten asthenospheric mantle wedge. In southeastern Tibet, the mantle suture lies 100 km south of the YZS, implying delamination of the mantle lithosphere from the Indian crust. This helium-isotopic boundary helps resolve multiple, mutually conflicting seismological interpretations. Our synthesis of the combined data locates the northern limit of Indian underplating beneath Tibet, where the Indian plate bends to steeper dips or breaks off beneath a (likely thin) asthenospheric wedge below Tibetan crust, thereby defining limited underthrusting for the Tibetan continental collision.

Homogeneous development of temporal bone structures is explained by their ontogenic origin; tegmen tympani (TT) and superior semicircular canal (SSC) are related with the glenoid fossa at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Therefore, our objective was to determine a possible relationship between TT status (dehiscence or integrity) and the roof of the glenoid fossa (RGF) thickness; SSC status has also been considered. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals on 95 patients (109 ears) presenting hypoacusia, facial palsy, vertigo, tinnitus, and other single or combined symptoms, and submitted to a thin-section multidetector-row computed axial tomography (CT) scan. A significant interaction effect of TT × SSC statuses on RGF thickness was found (p = 0.049). A significant difference in RGF thickness was found only for SSC integrity status between TT integrity and TT dehiscence (p = 0.004). The TT dehiscence increased the risk for RGF dehiscence 12.047 times (p = 0.002). There is an interaction effect of the statuses of both TT and SSC on the thickness of the RGF, instead of an independent effect of the TT status. When RGF dehiscence is found, TT and SSC statuses should be assessed, to discard associated dehiscences.

The practice of aggregated retention is becoming increasingly common in forests managed for multiple objectives (e.g., timber production and maintenance of biodiversity). Undisturbed patches of forest (aggregates) can serve as refugia for disturbance-sensitive species and as dispersal sources for recolonization of adjacent harvested areas. However, few studies have characterized the contributions of aggregates to the natural recruitment or height growth of regenerating trees. In this study, we modeled the density and height of early- and late-seral conifers, including post-harvest recruitment and advanced regeneration (survivors), two decades after aggregated-retention harvest at four sites in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Predictors included distance from edge (0–70 m), edge type (1-ha aggregate vs. intact forest/harvest-unit boundary), and edge exposure (a proxy for heat/moisture stress). For both early- and late-seral species, we observed similar declines in density with distance from aggregate and intact-forest edges. Trends in height growth showed greater variation among sites and seral groups. Height tended to increase with distance from edge, peaking sooner for late-seral advanced regeneration than for early-seral recruitment. In contrast, heights of late-seral recruitment were distinctly shorter and unaffected by distance from edge. Edge exposure did not have a consistent effect on recruitment density or height growth of either seral group. Our results indicate that 1-ha aggregates are functionally equivalent to larger blocks of intact forests in their influences on conifer recruitment and growth. By distributing aggregates across harvest units, managers can accelerate rates of recruitment and promote heterogeneity in the density and height structure of the regenerating forest. Additional research is needed on the sensitivity of regeneration processes to aggregate size, shape, and spatial distribution.

While periodontal disease (PD) is the most common canine oral pathology, its prevalence varies according to diagnosis methodology, breed, and age. We intended to increase understanding of canine PD by studying dogs that are managed in a specific way: pack dogs in Spain. They received a mixed diet (home-prepared food, commercial dry food, stale bread and bones). Thirty-two conscious individuals from two packs of dogs in Northeastern Spain (30/32 crossbred hunting dogs and 2/32 Siberian Husky, 26 males and 6 females, 27.75 ± 5.807 kgs, 5.48 ± 2.818 years) received visual dental examination for assessment of absent teeth (AT), dental calculus (DC) grade, gingival recession (GR), periodontal disease (PD), tooth fracture (TF), and dental attrition (DA). DC was the most prevalent oral problem (75%), followed by TF/DA (68.75%), AT (34.37%), GR (31.25%), and, finally, PD (15.62%). Low individual affectation values were found for AT, GR, and PD (&lt, 1 tooth/individual), mean DC grade per individual was 0.06 ± 0.063, and TF and DA were found in 1.63 and 4.72 teeth/individual, respectively. Low prevalence and extent of PD was attributed to diagnosis methodology, bodyweight effect, breed, and, ultimately, diet. Individuals affected by DC remained under veterinary surveillance due to PD development.

espanolIntroduccion. Durante el curso 2019-2020, debido a la situacion provocada por la COVID-19, Neuroanatomia humana (cuarto semestre, grado de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza), que en condiciones normales combina teoria y practica presenciales, se planteo de manera telematica, mediante la aportacion al alumnado de material didactico a traves de la intranet Anillo Digital Docente-Moodle© e Instagram©, asi como por tutorias via Google Meet©. Material y metodos. Con objeto de poder comprobar el grado de satisfaccion de la docencia teorico-practica presencial frente a la telematica, se realizaron con el alumnado dos cuestionarios (pre-COVID-19 y durante la COVID-19) de cuatro y seis preguntas cerradas, respectivamente, con cinco opciones de respuesta segun una escala de Likert. Ademas, se plantearon dos preguntas abiertas en cada cuestionario. Por parte del profesorado, la valoracion fue en una reunion de coordinacion de la asignatura tras finalizar el periodo lectivo. Resultados. Las encuestas de satisfaccion las respondio el 71% de los alumnos (68/95). La falta de asistencia no sufre variacion significativa en ambas situaciones con respecto a la asistencia a las clases teoricas y practicas, pero si los motivos causantes de ausencia: los primeros fueron principalmente profesionales, y los segundos, de conectividad. El alumnado valora la docencia teorica presencial frente a la telematica de forma muy parecida, mientras que, a nivel practico, sigue prefiriendo la presencialidad, lo que coincide con el profesorado. Conclusion. Esta evaluacion permite constatar que la docencia teorica de la asignatura por via telematica es viable, siempre y cuando el alumnado disponga de una buena conectividad, pero no asi la parte practica, donde la presencialidad es imprescindible actualmente. EnglishIntroduction. During the 2019-2020 academic year, and due to the situation caused by COVID-19, Human Neuroanatomy (4th semester- Degree of Medicine- University of Zaragoza) which under conditions of normality combines in-person theory and practice, had to consider itself in a telematic way by providing students with teaching materials through intranet ADD (Digital Teaching Ring)- Moodle©, Instagram©, as well as tutoring via Google Meet©. Material and methods. In order to be able to check the degree of satisfaction of the theoretical teaching- face-to-face versus telematic teaching, 2 questionnaires were carried out by the students (pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19), of 4 and 6 closed questions respectively, with 5 answer options, according to Likert scale. In addition, 2 open questions were raised in each questionnaire. On the part of the teachers, was valued in a coordination meeting of the subject, after the end of the teaching period. Results. Satisfaction surveys were answered by 71% of students (68/95). The lack of attendance does not suffer a significant variation in both situations, but the reasons that have led to the absence, being the first being mainly professional, and the second reasons for connectivity. Students value in-person theoretical teaching versus telematics in a very similar way, while on a practical level, they continue to prefer face-to-face, coinciding with the teachers. Conclusion. This evaluation confirms that the theoretical teaching of the subject via telematics is viable, as long as the students have good connectivity, but not the practical part, where attendance is essential today.

Objective To study the anatomical correlation between the arcuate eminence and the superior semicircular canal. Material and methods A study of the height of the arcuate eminence was carried out in 295 temporal bones. In addition, 30 temporals with different heights of the arcuate eminence (10 flat, 10 prominent and 10 very prominent) were randomly selected and radiological tests were performed by computed tomography (Pöschl projection) and subsequent dissection by milling until the apex of the superior semicircular canal was found, establishing, with both methods, the anatomical relationship with the arcuate eminence. Results The arcuate eminence was classified as: smooth, when there was no relief (1.7%); flat, measured less than 1 mm (20.3%), prominent, measured between 1 and 2 mm, in (62%), and very prominent, measured above 2 mm (12.6%). The tomographic study (CT) and its subsequent dissection by bone milling showed a direct relationship between the arcuate eminence and the semicircular canal only when it was flat, while the rest of the types corresponded to the presence of pneumatized peri-labyrinthine cells and/or cancellous bone without a direct anatomical relationship with the apex of the superior semicircular canal. Conclusion The correlation between the arcuate eminence and the superior semicircular canal is direct only when it is flat (1 mm), being related to peri-labyrinthine cells and/or cancellous bone when the arcuate eminence is prominent or very prominent.

Repeated cocaine exposure causes dendritic spine loss in the orbitofrontal cortex, which might contribute to poor orbitofrontal cortical function following drug exposure. One challenge, however, has been verifying links between neuronal structural plasticity and behavior, if any. Here we report that cocaine self-administration triggers the loss of dendritic spines on excitatory neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of male and female mice (as has been reported in rats). To understand functional consequences, we locally ablated neuronal β1-integrins, cell adhesion receptors that adhere cells to the extracellular matrix and thus support dendritic spine stability. Degradation of β1-integrin tone: 1) caused dendritic spine loss; 2) exaggerated cocaine-seeking responses in a cue-induced reinstatement test; and 3) impaired the ability of mice to integrate new learning into familiar routines - a key function of the orbitofrontal cortex. Stimulating Abl-related gene (Arg) kinase, over-expressing Proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2), and inhibiting Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase (ROCK) corrected response strategies, uncovering a β1-integrin-mediated signaling axis that controls orbitofrontal cortical function. Finally, use of a combinatorial gene silencing/chemogenetic strategy revealed that β1-integrins support the ability of mice to integrate new information into established behaviors by sustaining orbitofrontal cortical connections with the basolateral amygdala.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCocaine degenerates dendritic spines in the orbitofrontal cortex, a region of the brain involved in interlacing new information into established behaviors. One challenge has been verifying links between cellular structural stability and behavior, if any. In this second of two related investigations, we study integrin family receptors, which adhere cells to the extracellular matrix and thereby stabilize dendritic spines (see also DePoy et al., 2019, Journal of Neuroscience). We reveal that β1-integrins in the orbitofrontal cortex control food- and cocaine-seeking behaviors. For instance, β1-integrin loss amplifies cocaine-seeking behavior and impairs the ability of mice to integrate new learning into familiar routines. We identify likely intracellular signaling partners by which β1-integrins support orbitofrontal cortical function and connectivity with the basolateral amygdala.

espanolIntroduccion. Con la llegada a la universidad de una nueva generacion de alumnos, la ‘generacion Z’, considerada como la primera generacion nativa digital, se hace necesario implantar nuevas metodologias docentes en el ambito universita-rio para mejorar el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje y conseguir una mayor motivacion en el alumno. Para ello, el uso de nuevas tecnologias de la informacion y de la comunicacion ha permitido dinamizar estos procesos y aumentar la moti-vacion del alumnado en todos los niveles educativos, incluyendo la docencia universitaria. Sujetos y metodos. Utilizacion de la aplicacion educativa Kahoot a traves de dispositivos moviles, con los alumnos matri-culados de la asignatura de ‘Anatomia Humana II (Esplacnologia)’, de segundo curso del Grado de Medicina en la Univer-sidad de Zaragoza. Resultados. El impacto que la experiencia ha causado en los estudiantes se ha medido a traves de encuestas de valora-cion cualitativas, analizando sus resultados de aprendizaje. Estos resultados han sido valorados de manera muy positiva por el alumnado, tanto en lo referente a utilidad en la ensenanza-aprendizaje como a motivacion. Conclusion. Kahoot es una herramienta digital interactiva, gratuita y de manejo sencillo tanto para el docente como para los alumnos, que permite que estos mejoren en su aprendizaje haciendo uso de nuevas tecnologias y se sientan asi mas motivados. EnglishIntroduction. The need to face a new generation of students, the ‘Z generation’, considered as the first digital native generation, makes it necessary to implement new teaching methodologies in the university field to improve the teaching-learning process and above all achieve greater motivation in the student. To this end, the use of new information and communication technologies has enabled the dynamics of these processes and increasing student motivation at all educational levels, including university teaching. Subjects and methods. Use of the Kahoot educational app was raised through mobile devices as an innovative tool that enhances motivation and learning process, participating students enrolled in the subject of ‘Human Anatomy II (Esplacnology)’, second course of the Degree of Medicine in the University of Zaragoza. Results. The impact that the experience has caused students has been studied through qualitative assessment surveys, analyzing the learning outcomes obtained by students. The results achieved in terms of implementation of these new teaching-learning methodologies have been valued by students, in a very positive way both at the level of usefulness in learning teaching and at the level of motivation. Conclusion. Kahoot is an interactive digital tool, free and easy to use for both teachers and students, and which allows the latter to improve their learning using new technologies, feeling more motivated.

The objective of this study was to collect preliminary data about tooth resorption (TR) from cats treated at the Odontology Service (September 2016-June 2018), part of a University Veterinary Hospital in Spain, with specific emphasis on TR distribution per tooth. Diagnosis was based on visual/tactile inspection and intraoral dental radiographs. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 59 adult cats (27 females, 32 males). TR occurred in 39/59 cats (66.1%; 95% CI: 54.0%-78.2%). The median number of lesioned teeth per TR-affected animal was 3. A highly significant but weak correlation was found for age and number of TR-affected teeth per individual (Spearman´s correlation ρ = 0.381, P = .003, power = 0.853; N = 59). No TR cases were detected in incisors (0/708, 0%) but TR occurred in canines (21/236, 8.9%; 95% CI: 5.4%-12.4%), premolars (78/590, 13.2%; 95% CI: 10.5%-15.9%), and molars (33/236, 14%; 95% CI: 9.7%-18.3%). A significant age influence on TR was found. The greatest TR occurrence corresponded to 307 (21/59; 35.6%; 95% CI: 23.4%-47.8%) followed by 409 (17/59; 28.8%; 95% CI: 17.2%-40.3%), 407 (16/59; 27.1%; 95% CI: 15.7%-38.4%), and 309 (16/59; 27.1%; 95% CI: 15.7%-38.4%). These teeth would be considered as TR-sentinels in the studied population. These findings are relevant for veterinarians working in dental clinics, where the TR prevalence may be high especially in older cats.

Environmental concerns regarding the potential for drinking water contamination in shallow aquifers have accompanied unconventional energy development in the northern Appalachian Basin. These activities have also raised several critical questions about the hydrogeological parameters that control the naturally occurring presence and migration of hydrocarbon gases in shallow aquifers within petroliferous basins. To interrogate these factors, we analyzed the noble gas, dissolved ion, and hydrocarbon gas (molecular and isotopic composition) geochemistry of 98 groundwater samples from south-central New York. All samples were collected ≫1km from unconventional drilling activities and sample locations were intentionally targeted based on their proximity to various types of documented fault systems. In agreement with studies from other petroliferous basins, our results show significant correlations between elevated levels of radiogenic [4 He], thermogenic [CH4 ], and dissolved ions (e.g., Cl, Br, Sr, Ba). In combination, our data suggest that faults have facilitated the transport of exogenous hydrocarbon-rich brines from Devonian source rocks into overlying Upper Devonian aquifer lithologies over geologic time. These data conflict with previous reports, which conclude that hydrodynamic focusing regulates the occurrence of methane and salt in shallow aquifers and leads to elevated levels of these species in restricted flow zones within valley bottoms. Instead, our data suggest that faults in Paleozoic rocks play a fundamental role in gas and brine transport from depth, regulate the distribution of their occurrence in shallow aquifers, and influence the geochemistry of shallow groundwater in this petroliferous basin.

Enhanced production of unconventional hydrocarbons in the United States has driven interest in natural gas development globally, but simultaneously raised concerns regarding water quantity and quality impacts associated with hydrocarbon extraction. We conducted a pre-development assessment of groundwater geochemistry in the critically water-restricted Karoo Basin, South Africa. Twenty-two springs and groundwater samples were analyzed for major dissolved ions, trace elements, water stable isotopes, strontium and boron isotopes, hydrocarbons and helium composition. The data revealed three end-members: a deep, saline groundwater with a sodium-chloride composition, an old, deep freshwater with a sodium-bicarbonate-chloride composition and a shallow, calcium-bicarbonate freshwater. In a few cases, we identified direct mixing of the deep saline water and shallow groundwater. Stable water isotopes indicate that the shallow groundwater was controlled by evaporation in arid conditions, while the saline waters were diluted by apparently fossil meteoric water originated under wetter climatic conditions. These geochemical and isotopic data, in combination with elevated helium levels, suggest that exogenous fluids are the source of the saline groundwater and originated from remnant seawater prior to dilution by old meteoric water combined with further modification by water-rock interactions. Samples with elevated methane concentrations (>14 ccSTP/kg) were strongly associated with the sodium-chloride water located near dolerite intrusions, which likely provide a preferential pathway for vertical migration of deeply sourced hydrocarbon-rich saline waters to the surface. This pre-drill evaluation indicates that the natural migration of methane- and salt-rich waters provides a source of geogenic contamination to shallow aquifers prior to shale gas development in the Karoo Basin.

Conceptus expansion throughout the uterus of mammalian species with a noninvasive epitheliochorial type of placentation is critical establishing an adequate uterine surface area for nutrient support during gestation. Pig conceptuses undergo a unique rapid morphological transformation to elongate into filamentous threads within 1 h, which provides the uterine surface to support development and maintain functional corpora lutea through the production of estrogen. Conceptus production of a unique interleukin 1β, IL1B2, temporally increases during the period of trophoblast remodeling during elongation. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to knock out pig conceptus IL1B2 expression and the secretion of IL1B2 during the time of conceptus elongation. Trophoblast elongation occurred on day 14 in wild-type (IL1B2+/+) conceptuses but did not occur in ILB2-null (IL1B2-/-) conceptuses. Although the morphological transition of IL1B2-/- conceptuses was inhibited, expression of a number of conceptus developmental genes was not altered. However, conceptus aromatase expression and estrogen secretion were decreased, indicating that IL1B2 may be involved in the spatiotemporal increase in conceptus estrogen synthesis needed for the establishment of pregnancy in the pig and may serve to regulate the proinflammatory response of endometrium to IL1B2 during conceptus elongation and attachment to the uterine surface.

Extensive development of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing enhanced energy production but raised concerns about drinking-water quality in areas of shale-gas development. One particularly controversial case that has received significant public and scientific attention involves possible contamination of groundwater in the Trinity Aquifer in Parker County, Texas. Despite extensive work, the origin of natural gas in the Trinity Aquifer within this study area is an ongoing debate. Here, we present a comprehensive geochemical dataset collected across three sampling campaigns along with integration of previously published data. Data include major and trace ions, molecular gas compositions, compound-specific stable isotopes of hydrocarbons (δ13C-CH4, δ13C-C2H6, δ2H-CH4), dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC), nitrogen (δ15N-N2), water (δ18O, δ2H, 3H), and noble gases (He, Ne, Ar), boron (δ11B) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopic compositions of water samples from 20 drinking-water wells from the Trinity Aquifer. The compendium of data confirms mixing between a deep, naturally occurring salt- (Cl >250 mg/L) and hydrocarbon-rich groundwater with a low-salinity, shallower, and younger groundwater. Hydrocarbon gases display strong evidence for sulfate reduction-paired oxidation, in some cases followed by secondary methanogenesis. A subset of drinking-water wells contains elevated levels of hydrocarbons and depleted atmospherically-derived gas tracers, which is consistent with the introduction of fugitive thermogenic gas. We suggest that gas originating from the intermediate-depth Strawn Group (“Strawn”) is flowing along the annulus of a Barnett Shale gas well, and is subsequently entering the shallow aquifer system. This interpretation is supported by the expansion in the number of affected drinking-water wells during our study period and the persistence of hydrocarbon levels over time. Our data suggest post-genetic secondary water quality changes occur following fugitive gas contamination, including sulfate reduction paired with hydrocarbon oxidation and secondary methanogenesis. Importantly, no evidence for upward migration of brine or natural gas associated with the Barnett Shale was identified.

Organic powders are polymers with organic origin in a powdered form. They are biocompatible, biodegradable, and possess positive biological attributes, and can form constructs with high mechanical properties due to their powder form. However, there are various constraints that limit organic powders to be solely used with current 3D printers. Many organic powders cannot be fused by heat and light exposure and not easy to dissolve by the printing ink. Moreover, binding solutions for silk and other organic powders are mostly acidic in nature which cause damage to current 3D powder printers as they use neutral or slight low pH inks. This work aims to address this problem by developing a 3D printer that enables the printing of an organic powder, silk. This paper presents the design and implementation of the first prototype of a novel organic powder printer. The printer incorporates a novel compression mechanism that enables the compression of the powder during the printing process. It also includes a non-corrosive binder supply system consisting of silicone peroxide tubing, a custom-built peristaltic pump, and a nozzle built from a 33-gauge needle. The powder management system consists of a powder canister apparatus, depositing mechanism, and a powder bed designed to be compatible with low flowability powders, such as silk powder. The implementation of each component and the whole printer is presented. Evaluating the functionality of the organic powder printer found that several silk powder scaffolds were able to be printed with a varying magnitude of control over architecture. Future work is required to further advance the printable constructs up to a standard found in commercial 3D printers. This work demonstrated that a 3D printer system can be developed to fabricate constructs solely out of an organic powder. The paper highlights the limitations of the current design and suggests future improvements.

Tooth resorption (TR, progressive destruction of hard dental tissues) varies in prevalence according to population, age, and country (29–66.1%). Our objective was twofold: describing the TR clinical presentation in Northeastern Spain, and studying 34 blood parameters to ascertain potential systemic effects associated with TR. Cases (29, presented from September 2018 to May 2019) and controls (58) were considered. Non-parametric tests were carried out to compare cases and controls for each blood parameter, those showing significant differences were chosen for multiple regression analysis (binomial logistic and hierarchical multiple regressions). In case TR was detected in 130/870 teeth (14.9%), TR stage and type were correlated (p &lt, 0.001). Increasing CREA values (p = 0.034) and decreasing BUN/CREA and ALB/GLOB values were associated with TR presence (p = 0.029 and p = 0.03, respectively). Increasing GLOB was associated with increasing severity of TR (p &lt, 0.01). Type 1 TR (highly related to inflammation and periodontal disease PD) was the most frequently observed type, the association of TR and inflammation biomarkers (ALB/GLOB, GLOB) are explained by this fact. The concomitant presence of PD and TR in old cats would cause TR association with kidney damage biomarkers (CREA, BUN/CREA). When affected by TR, special care in these aspects must be provided to cats.

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace nutrient but has negative health effects at high concentrations. Groundwater typically has low Mo (

Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in the pig involves activating many physiological, cellular, and molecular signaling pathways between the developing conceptus and hormonally regulated maternal endometrium. Rapid elongation of the pig trophoblast allows for the establishment of sufficient placental surface area for the transport of nutrients to the fetus throughout pregnancy. Estrogens secreted by the conceptus during elongation act on uterine epithelia to induce secretion of uterine factors required for conceptus development and for preventing endocrine secretion of prostaglandin F2α, which would cause luteolysis. Thus, trophoblast expansion within the uterine lumen during early gestation is an essential process for implantation and maintenance of pregnancy in species with an epitheliochorial form of placentation. In the pig, rapid conceptus elongation involves the unique expression of interleukin-1 beta 2 (IL1B2), which establishes pro-inflammatory effects that may be tempered by the spatiotemporal secretion of estrogen from the conceptuses. The present review provides current information on pig conceptus remodeling and signaling via estrogen and IL1B2 pathways, as well as endometrial responses to those conceptus factors leading to establishment of pregnancy.

The extraction of oil and natural gas from unconventional shale formations has prompted a series of investigations to examine the quality of the groundwater in the overlying aquifers. Here we present a reconnaissance analysis of groundwater quality in the Eagle Ford region of southern Texas. These data reveal two distinct sample populations that are differentiable by bromide/chloride ratios. Elevated levels of fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, various metal ions, and the detection of exotic volatile organic compounds highlight a high bromide group of samples, which is geographically clustered, while encompassing multiple hydrogeological strata. Samples with bromide/chloride ratios representative of connate water displayed elevated levels of total organic carbon, while revealing the detection of alcohols and chlorinated compounds. These findings suggest that groundwater quality in the Western Gulf Basin is, for the most part, controlled by a series of natural processes; however, there is also evidence of episodic contamination events potentially attributed to unconventional oil and gas development or other anthropogenic activities. Collectively, this characterization of natural groundwater constituents and exogenous compounds will guide targeted remediation efforts and provides insight for agricultural entities, industrial operators, and rural communities that rely on groundwater in southern Texas.

Background: The study of the association between superior semicircular canal and other dehiscences in the temporal bone. Materials and methods: We have studied computed tomography of radiologically diagnosed people with superior or posterior semicircular canal dehiscences, in four health centres. In addition, we have studied one isolated human temporal bone, one skull and one cadaver head belonging to the collection of the Department of Human Anatomy and Histology of the University of Zaragoza that had dehiscence in the superior semicircular canal. Results: The most frequent association that we observed was between superior semicircular canal dehiscence and tegmen tympani dehiscence (37.33%). Three cases (two clinical cases and one isolated temporal bone) showed multiple associated dehiscences (tegmen tympani, mastoid antrum, posterior semicircular canal, internal auditory canal, glenoid cavity, tympanum bone and geniculate ganglion) associated with superior semicircular canal dehiscence Conclusions: When the superior semicircular canal dehiscence is associated to other in the petrous bone (tegmen tympani, mastoid antrum, posterior semicircular canal, internal auditory canal) could be grouped into the same syndrome called "otic capsule syndrome", since they have the same origin and common aetiology (otic capsule).

Objectives To analyse the ontogeny of the superior semicircular canal and tegmen tympani and determine if there are common embryological factors explaining both associated dehiscence. Methods We analysed 77 human embryological series aged between 6 weeks and newborn. Preparations were serially cut and stained with Masson's trichrome technique. Results The tegmental prolongation of tegmen tympani and superior semicircular canal originate from the same structure, the otic capsule, and have the same type of endochondral ossification; while the extension of the squamous prolongation of tegmen tympani runs from the temporal squama and ossification is directly of intramembranous type. The nuclei of ossification of the superior and external semicircular canals and accessory of tegmen collaborate in the ossification of the tegmental extension and by growth extend to the tegmental prolongation. This fact plus the fact that both structures share a common layer of external periosteum could explain the coexistence of lack of bone coverage in tegmen and superior semicircular canal. Conclusion The development of the semicircular canal and tegmen tympani could explain the causes of the association of both dehiscences.

Resumen Objetivos Analizar la ontogenia del canal semicircular superior y del tegmen tympani y determinar si hay factores embriologicos comunes que expliquen la dehiscencia asociada de ambos. Metodos Se han analizado 77 series embriologicas humanas de edades comprendidas entre las 6 semanas y recien nacidos. Las preparaciones estaban cortadas en serie y tenidas con la tecnica de tricromico de Martins. Resultados La prolongacion tegmentaria del tegmen tympani y el canal semicircular superior se originan de la misma estructura, la capsula otica, y poseen el mismo tipo de osificacion endocondral; mientras que la prolongacion escamosa del tegmen tympani se desarrolla desde la escama del temporal y su osificacion es de tipo directa o intramembranosa. En la osificacion de la prolongacion tegmentaria colaboran los nucleos de osificacion de los canales semicirculares superior, externo y accesorio del tegmen, los cuales por crecimiento se extienden hasta la prolongacion tegmentaria, este hecho sumado a que ambas estructuras comparten una capa comun de periostio externo podria explicar la coexistencia de falta de cobertura osea en el tegmen y en el canal. Conclusion El desarrollo del canal semicircular y tegmen tympani podrian explicar las causas de la asociacion de ambas dehiscencias.

Atrazine has been implicated in reproductive dysfunction of exposed organisms, and previous studies documented decreased egg production in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) during 30-d to 38-d exposures to 0.5 µg/L, 5 µg/L, and 50 µg/L atrazine. The authors evaluated possible mechanisms underlying the reduction in egg production. Gene expression in steroidogenesis pathways and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis of male and female fish was measured. Atrazine did not significantly induce gonad aromatase (cyp19a1a) expression. An atrazine-induced shift in the number of females in an active reproductive state was observed. Expression of the egg maturation genes vitellogenin 1 (vtg1) and zona pellucida glycoprotein 3.1 (zp3.1) in medaka females was correlated and had a bimodal distribution. In both species, females with low vtg1 or zp3.1 expression also had low expression of steroidogenesis genes in the gonad, estrogen receptor in the liver, and gonadotropins in the brain. In the medaka, the number of females per tank that had high expression of zp3.1 was significantly correlated with egg production per tank. The number of medaka females with low expression of zp3.1 increased significantly with atrazine exposure. Thus, the decline in egg production observed in response to atrazine exposure may be the result of a coordinated downregulation of genes required for reproduction in a subset of females. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2230-2238. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

The study of social learning in non-human animals has advanced beyond attempts to determine which animals are capable of learning socially to investigations of the factors that influence transmission. Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) are adept social learners of various behaviours including extractive foraging techniques and social customs. Here, we conducted an open diffusion experiment to determine whether capuchins would learn an arbitrary convention from a knowledgeable demonstrator. In addition, we investigated whether rank, sex and social context affected acquisition and expression of the behaviour. Participation in the experiment was strongly influenced by dominance rank in the group setting. However, when tested individually, the majority of individuals participated and faithfully copied the convention that was seeded into their group. Our findings demonstrate that capuchins can acquire an arbitrary convention via social learning, but that social context must be carefully considered in studies of social learning.

Detecting and quantifying the possible association between tegmen tympani (TT) status and superior semicircular canal (SSC) pattern.Observational study.Study conducted in three tertiary Spanish hospitals.Nonselected consecutive patients of all ages (607 temporal bones).Thin-section multidetector row computed axial tomography (CAT scan) of the temporal bones.Thickness of SSC bone coverture adjacent to the middle fossa, and TT status as a dichotomous variable: dehiscence (TTD) or integrity (TTI).The observed SSC patterns were dehiscence (3.79%), papyraceous or thin (11.20%), normal (76.77%), thick (4.94%), and pneumatized (3.29%). The observed TT statuses were TTD (10.87%) and TTI (89.13%). TTD was associated with SSCD and papyraceous patterns, and TTI percentages were higher in normal and thick patterns (χ2 = 11.102; p = 0.001). The TTD probability was estimated as a function of SSC pattern and age by a multivariate binary logistics regression model (χ2 = 45.939; p 0.001).SSC pattern was significantly associated with TT status. Age influenced this association. The risk for TTD increased by 4.1% per each year of increasing age, did not differ significantly for normal and thick patterns, and increased 12 times and 20 times for papyraceous and SSCD patterns, respectively.

The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in domestic energy production from unconventional reservoirs. This energy boom has generated marked economic benefits, but simultaneously evoked significant concerns regarding the potential for drinking-water contamination in shallow aquifers. Presently, efforts to evaluate the environmental impacts of shale gas development in the northern Appalachian Basin (NAB), located in the northeastern US, are limited by: (1) a lack of comprehensive “pre-drill” data for groundwater composition (water and gas); (2) uncertainty in the hydrogeological factors that control the occurrence of naturally present CH4 and brines in shallow Upper Devonian (UD) aquifers; and (3) limited geochemical techniques to quantify the sources and migration of crustal fluids (specifically methane) at various time scales. To address these questions, we analyzed the noble gas, dissolved ion, and hydrocarbon gas geochemistry of 72 drinking-water wells and one natural methane seep all located ≫1 km from shale gas drill sites in the NAB. In the present study, we consciously avoided groundwater wells from areas near active or recent drilling to ensure shale gas development would not bias the results. We also intentionally targeted areas with naturally occurring CH4 to characterize the geochemical signature and geological context of gas-phase hydrocarbons in shallow aquifers of the NAB. Our data display a positive relationship between elevated [CH4], [C2H6], [Cl], and [Ba] that co-occur with high [4He]. Although four groundwater samples show mantle contributions ranging from 1.2% to 11.6%, the majority of samples have [He] ranging from solubility levels (∼45 × 10−6 cm3 STP/L) with below-detectable [CH4] and minor amounts of tritiogenic 3He in low [Cl] and [Ba] waters, up to high [4He] = 0.4 cm3 STP/L with a purely crustal helium isotopic end-member (3He/4He = ∼0.02 times the atmospheric ratio (R/Ra)) in samples with CH4 near saturation for shallow groundwater (P(CH4) = ∼1 atmosphere) and elevated [Cl] and [Ba]. These data suggest that 4He is dominated by an exogenous (i.e., migrated) crustal source for these hydrocarbon gas- and salt-rich fluids. In combination with published inorganic geochemistry (e.g., 87Sr/86Sr, Sr/Ba, Br−/Cl−), new noble gas and hydrocarbon isotopic data (e.g., 20Ne/36Ar, C2+/C1, δ13C-CH4) suggest that a hydrocarbon-rich brine likely migrated from the Marcellus Formation (via primary hydrocarbon migration) as a dual-phase fluid (gas + liquid) and was fractionated by solubility partitioning during fluid migration and emplacement into conventional UD traps (via secondary hydrocarbon migration). Based on the highly fractionated 4He/CH4 data relative to Marcellus and UD production gases, we propose an additional phase of hydrocarbon gas migration where natural gas previously emplaced in UD hydrocarbon traps actively diffuses out into and equilibrates with modern shallow groundwater (via tertiary hydrocarbon migration) following uplift, denudation, and neotectonic fracturing. These data suggest that by integrating noble gas geochemistry with hydrocarbon and dissolved ion chemistry, one can better determine the source and migration processes of natural gas in the Earth’s crust, which are two critical factors for understanding the presence of hydrocarbon gases in shallow aquifers.

There is a worldwide need for the transformation of primary healthcare to accommodate ageing, population growth, the rising burden of non-communicable diseases and technological advances. In this article, we discuss the role of preventive medicine as a medical specialty in the transformation of public healthcare systems. A paradigm is proposed within which different modes of medical practice support each other in accordance with their shared objective of disease prevention. The reinstitution of preventive medicine as a specialty, functioning in synergy with public health and incorporating other modalities of practice, will be of considerable benefit to healthcare in southern Africa.