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Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca), is a significant impediment to global oat production. Some 98 alleles at 92 loci conferring resistance to Pca in Avena have been designated; however, allelic relationships and chromosomal locations of many of these are unknown. Long-term monitoring of Pca in Australia, North America and elsewhere has shown that it is highly variable even in the absence of sexual recombination, likely due to large pathogen populations that cycle between wild oat communities and oat crops. Efforts to develop cultivars with genetic resistance to Pca began in the 1950s. Based almost solely on all all-stage resistance, this has had temporary benefits but very limited success. The inability to eradicate wild oats, and their common occurrence in many oat growing regions, means that future strategies to control Pca must be based on the assumption of a large and variable prevailing pathogen population with high evolutionary potential, even if cultivars with durable resistance are deployed and grown widely. The presence of minor gene, additive APR to Pca in hexaploid oat germplasm opens the possibility of pyramiding several such genes to give high levels of resistance. The recent availability of reference genomes for diploid and hexaploid oat will undoubtedly accelerate efforts to discover, characterise and develop high throughput diagnostic markers to introgress and pyramid resistance to Pca in high yielding adapted oat germplasm., Financial support from Judith and David Coffey and family, the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC: DAS00133, UOS1707-003RTX, UOS2104-001RTX) and the University of Sydney is gratefully acknowledged. Some of the unpublished research reported on was undertaken as part of a long running program on national cereal rust surveillance, conducted at the University of Sydney since 1921. EP is funded by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [PID2019-104518RB-100], (AEI/FEDER, UE) and regional government through the AGR-253 group, the European Regional and Social Development Funds.

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station (ISS) consists of a high-energy cosmic ray CALorimeter (CAL) and a lower-energy CALET Gamma ray Burst Monitor (CGBM). CAL is sensitive to electrons up to 20 TeV, cosmic ray nuclei from Z = 1 through Z $\sim$ 40, and gamma rays over the range 1 GeV - 10 TeV. CGBM observes gamma rays from 7 keV to 20 MeV. The combined CAL-CGBM instrument has conducted a search for gamma ray bursts (GRBs) since Oct. 2015. We report here on the results of a search for X-ray/gamma ray counterparts to gravitational wave events reported during the LIGO/Virgo observing run O3. No events have been detected that pass all acceptance criteria. We describe the components, performance, and triggering algorithms of the CGBM - the two Hard X-ray Monitors (HXM) consisting of LaBr$_{3}$(Ce) scintillators sensitive to 7 keV to 1 MeV gamma rays and a Soft Gamma ray Monitor (SGM) BGO scintillator sensitive to 40 keV to 20 MeV - and the high-energy CAL consisting of a CHarge-Detection module (CHD), IMaging Calorimeter (IMC), and fully active Total Absorption Calorimeter (TASC). The analysis procedure is described and upper limits to the time-averaged fluxes are presented., 27 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present the measurement of the energy dependence of the boron flux in cosmic rays and its ratio to the carbon flux in an energy interval from 8.4 GeV/n to 3.8 TeV/n based on the data collected by the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) during ∼6.4 yr of operation on the International Space Station. An update of the energy spectrum of carbon is also presented with an increase in statistics over our previous measurement. The observed boron flux shows a spectral hardening at the same transition energy E_{0}∼200 GeV/n of the C spectrum, though B and C fluxes have different energy dependences. The spectral index of the B spectrum is found to be γ=-3.047±0.024 in the interval 25E200 GeV/n. The B spectrum hardens by Δγ_{B}=0.25±0.12, while the best fit value for the spectral variation of C is Δγ_{C}=0.19±0.03. The B/C flux ratio is compatible with a hardening of 0.09±0.05, though a single power-law energy dependence cannot be ruled out given the current statistical uncertainties. A break in the B/C ratio energy dependence would support the recent AMS-02 observations that secondary cosmic rays exhibit a stronger hardening than primary ones. We also perform a fit to the B/C ratio with a leaky-box model of the cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy in order to probe a possible residual value λ_{0} of the mean escape path length λ at high energy. We find that our B/C data are compatible with a nonzero value of λ_{0}, which can be interpreted as the column density of matter that cosmic rays cross within the acceleration region.

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca), is a significant impediment to global oat production. Some 98 alleles at 92 loci conferring resistance to Pca in Avena have been designated; however, allelic relationships and chromosomal locations of many of these are unknown. Long-term monitoring of Pca in Australia, North America and elsewhere has shown that it is highly variable even in the absence of sexual recombination, likely due to large pathogen populations that cycle between wild oat communities and oat crops. Efforts to develop cultivars with genetic resistance to Pca began in the 1950s. Based almost solely on all all-stage resistance, this has had temporary benefits but very limited success. The inability to eradicate wild oats, and their common occurrence in many oat growing regions, means that future strategies to control Pca must be based on the assumption of a large and variable prevailing pathogen population with high evolutionary potential, even if cultivars with durable resistance are deployed and grown widely. The presence of minor gene, additive APR to Pca in hexaploid oat germplasm opens the possibility of pyramiding several such genes to give high levels of resistance. The recent availability of reference genomes for diploid and hexaploid oat will undoubtedly accelerate efforts to discover, characterise and develop high throughput diagnostic markers to introgress and pyramid resistance to Pca in high yielding adapted oat germplasm.

MAGIS-100 is a next-generation quantum sensor under construction at Fermilab that aims to explore fundamental physics with atom interferometry over a 100-meter baseline. This novel detector will search for ultralight dark matter, test quantum mechanics in new regimes, and serve as a technology pathfinder for future gravitational wave detectors in a previously unexplored frequency band. It combines techniques demonstrated in state-of-the-art 10-meter-scale atom interferometers with the latest technological advances of the world's best atomic clocks. MAGIS-100 will provide a development platform for a future kilometer-scale detector that would be sufficiently sensitive to detect gravitational waves from known sources. Here we present the science case for the MAGIS concept, review the operating principles of the detector, describe the instrument design, and study the detector systematics., Comment: 65 pages, 18 figures

This review presents a critical appraisal of epileptic seizures in common neurodegenerative diseases related to proteinopathy, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementias, and prion diseases. Studies on prevalence, seizure type, and treatment are reviewed, and tentative management recommendations made. Gaps in the evidence base are indicated. Epidemiological studies show that patients with AD are at increased risk of epileptic seizures. Cumulative seizure frequency of > 10% is reported and may be higher if subtle seizure features are sought by means of a proforma. Seizures may be associated with more rapid cognitive decline. The evidence base for treatment with anti-epileptic drugs in AD is weak, and potential benefits must be weighed against the risk of adverse events. Animal studies indicate that the abnormal protein species, amyloid peptides and tau, accumulating in AD brain may be implicated in epileptogenesis. Fewer data are available for the other neurodegenerative diseases, meaning that seizure treatment is largely empirical. Epileptic seizures may be an integral part of many proteinopathies of the brain, rather than epiphenomena. Symptomatic treatment of seizures is currently largely empirical. The hope for the future is that seizures, like cognitive impairment, may be susceptible to disease-modifying treatments targeting aberrant protein species.

The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray iron over a wide energy interval. In this Letter a measurement of the iron spectrum is presented in the range of kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV$/n$ to 2.0 TeV$/n$ allowing the inclusion of iron in the list of elements studied with unprecedented precision by space-borne instruments. The measurement is based on observations carried out from January 2016 to May 2020. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number $Z$ = 40). The energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter with a total equivalent thickness of 1.2 proton interaction lengths preceded by a thin (3 radiation lengths) imaging section providing tracking and energy sampling. The analysis of the data and the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties are described and results are compared with the findings of previous experiments. The observed differential spectrum is consistent within the errors with previous experiments. In the region from 50 GeV$/n$ to 2 TeV$/n$ our present data are compatible with a single power law with spectral index -2.60 $\pm$ 0.03., Comment: main text: 7 pages, 4 figures; supplemental material: 10 pages, 12 figures, 1 table. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2012.10319

SuperTIGER (Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder) is a large-area balloon-borne instrument built to measure the galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) abundances of elements from Z=10 (Ne) through Z=56 (Ba) at energies from ~0.8 to ~10 GeV/nuc. SuperTIGER flew over Antarctica for a record-breaking 55 days, from December 8, 2012 to February 1, 2013. We will report progress on calculations of galactic cosmic ray spectra corrected to the top of the atmosphere for abundant elements between Ne and Zn from the SuperTIGER flight data. The energy spectra calculations will include up to date refinements to the energy calibrations for the acrylic and aerogel Cherenkov detectors in the instrument, and we will report on new instrument and atmospheric corrections to the top of the atmosphere for energies and abundances. Heinz and Sunyaev (2002) suggested that microquasar jets like those observed in GRS 1915+105 and GRO J1655-40 may be observable as near monoenergetic peaks in heavy ion spectra in the 3-10 GeV/nuc energy range. The large area and long flight duration of SuperTIGER is particularly suited to looking for these microquasar signatures with good statistics. We will compare our SuperTIGER spectra with ACE/CRIS and HEAO-3 spectra and with model GCR spectra solar modulated for the time period of the flight, and we will search for features that may be produced by microquasar jets.

The Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to observe cosmic neutrinos (CNs) above 20 PeV and ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) above 20 EeV over the full sky. The POEMMA mission calls for two identical satellites flying in loose formation, each comprised of a 4-meter wide field-of-view (45 degrees) Schmidt photometer. The hybrid focal surface includes a fast (1 ${\mu}$s) ultraviolet camera for fluorescence observations and an ultrafast (10 ns) optical camera for Cherenkov observations. POEMMA will provide new multi-messenger windows onto the most energetic events in the universe, enabling the study of new astrophysics and particle physics at these otherwise inaccessible energies., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, presented in 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Madison). arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1907.06217

International audience; The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) is a space-borne mission designed for the precision measurement of the energy and elemental composition of cosmic rays. It is scheduled to be launched and installed on the ISS in August 2017. The Silicon Charge Detector (SCD), placed at the top of the ISS-CREAM payload, consists of 4 layers. Each layer has 2688 silicon pixels and associated electronics arranged in such a fashion that its active detection area of 78 x 74 cm2 is free of any dead area. The foremost goal of the SCD is to efficiently and precisely measure the charge of cosmic rays passing through it. The 4-layer configuration was chosen to achieve the best precision in measuring the charge of cosmic rays within the constraints on the mass, volume and power allotted to it. The amount of material used for its support structure was minimized as well to reduce the chance of interactions of the cosmic ray within the structure. Given the placement of the SCD, its 4-layer configuration and the minimal amount of material in the cosmic-ray trajectory, the SCD is designed to measure the charge of cosmic rays ranging from protons to iron nuclei with excellent detection efficiency and charge resolution. We present the design and fabrication of the SCD. It successfully underwent space environment tests including vibration and thermal-vacuum qualification. We present the performance of the SCD during these tests, as well as its charge-measurement performance on the ground using cosmic muons and heavy ions in CERN beam tests.

Mitchell Fetch, J. W., Tekauz, A., Brown, P. D., Ames, N., Chong, J., Fetch, Jr., T. G., Haber, S. M., Menzies, J. G.,, T. F. Townley-Smith, Stadnyk, K. D. and Green, D. A. 2013. Stride oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 749–753. Stride is a white-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar with moderate resistance to fusarium head blight. It is postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc39, Pc68 and Pc94, which was effective against the prevalent crown rust races on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, moderately good resistance to most of the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2 and Pg13), and intermediate reaction to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Stride has high test weight, but low kernel weight. Stride exhibits high yielding capacity in the oat growing areas of western Canada. Stride was registered (Reg. No. 7180) in Canada 2012 Apr. 23.

Mitchell Fetch, J. W., Brown, P. D., Ames, N., Chong, J., Fetch, Jr., T. G., Haber, S. M., Menzies, J. G., Tekauz, A., Townley-Smith, T. F. and Stadnyk, K. D. 2011. Summit oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 787–791. Summit is a white-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39, Pc48, and Pc68, which was effective against the prevalent pathotypes of crown rust on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, moderately good resistance to most of the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2 and Pg13) and is resistant to moderately resistant to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Summit has good kernel weight, percent plump kernels, and percent thin kernels. Summit exhibits high yielding capacity in the oat growing areas of western Canada. Summit was registered (Reg. No. 6529) in Canada 2008 November 29.

Jordan is a high-yielding, white-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39, and Pc68, which was effective against the prevalent pathotypes of crown rust races on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, moderately good resistance to most of the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2 and Pg13) and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Jordan has high kernel weight, high percent plump kernels, and low percent thin kernels. Jordan exhibits high yielding capacity in the oat growing areas of western Canada. Jordan was supported for registration at the Prairie Grain Development Committee Meeting in February 2005. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, yield, milling oat

Leggett is the first oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar released in western Canada carrying the crown rust resistance gene Pc94. Leggett carries the crown rust resistance combination Pc68 and Pc94, which provides good resistance to the crown rust populations currently present on the eastern Canadian Prairies. As a result of the presence of Pc94 providing resistance to oat crown rust, this line should exhibit excellent yield stability in the rust-prone regions of the prairies. Leggett has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, resistance to the prevalent races of oat stem rust other than NA67, but poor tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Leggett has kernel characteristics suited to milling end uses, with high test weight and 1000-kernel weight and high percent plump kernels. The beta-glucan content of Leggett is equal to or higher than that of the checks, making it a desirable milling quality cultivar. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, crown rust resistance, milling oat, Pc94

Furlong is a high-yielding, tan-hulled oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39 and Pc68, which is effective against most of the current crown rust races on the Canadian prairies. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, good resistance to stem rust (likely due to Pg2 and Pg13) and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Furlong has very high kernel weight, high percent plump kernels and low percent thin kernels. According to its grain characteristics, including hull-to-groat ratio, protein content and milling yield, Furlong should be acceptable for milling purposes. Furlong is adapted for the oat-growing areas of western Canada and in particular the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, where oat crown rust is prevalent. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, milling oat

In a solar electric generating system (SEGS), it is important to maintain a specied set point for the collector outlet temperature. Currently, a skilled plant operator adjusts the volume flow rate of the heat transfer fluid circulating through the collectors to achieve this goal. In this paper, a linear model predictive controller that approximates the behaviour of the operator and that can be used to control the plant is described. The development of the plant model and controller are presented. The performance of the controller is evaluated and the influence of the control on the gross output of the plant is examined. The use of the linear model predictive controller to control building energy systems that have signi® cant capacitance and fluid time delays is discussed.

Ronald is a high-yielding, white-hulled, tall semidwarf oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar with greatly improved panicle emergence compared with previously tested semidwarf lines. Ronald is postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39 and Pc68, which is highly effective against most of the present crown rust races on the Canadian prairies. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut and good resistance to most of the prevalent races of stem rust, due to the likely presence of Pg2, Pg9 and Pg13, and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus. Ronald has good kernel characteristics, such as high test weight, kernel weight and percent plump kernels. The grain characteristics exhibited by Ronald including hull-to-groat ratio, protein content and oil content should make it suitable for milling. It has excellent resistance to lodging. Ronald is well adapted for the oat growing areas of western Canada and in particular the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and Saskatchewan where oat crown rust is prevalent. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, semidwarf oat, disease resistance, milling oat