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Abstract The importance of incorporating lumbo-pelvic stability core and controlling motor exercises in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) reinforces the use of strategies to improve biopsychosocial beliefs by reducing biomedical postulations. However, clinical practice guidelines recommend multimodal approaches incorporating exercise and manual therapy (MT), and instead reject the application of kinesiotape (KT) in isolation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of 12 weeks of exercises combined with MT or KT on perceived low back pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) and muscle electric activity measured with electromyography (EMG) of the rectus abdominis and multifidus in CLBP (mild disability) and to explore the relationship between the rectus abdominis and multifidus ratios and pain perception after intervention. A blinded, 12-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out, involving three parallel groups of patients with CLBP. The study was registered at Clinicaltrial.gov and assigned the identification number NCT05544890 (19/09/22). The trial underwent an intention-to-treat analysis. The primary outcome revealed a multimodal treatment program supplemented by additional therapies such as MT and KT, resulting in significant reductions in perceived low back pain. The subjective assessment of individuals with CLBP indicated no discernible distinction between exclusive core stability exercises and control-motor training when combined with MT or KT. Notably, our findings demonstrated positive alterations in both the mean and peak EMG values of the right rectus abdominis in the exercise group, suggesting a beneficial impact on muscle activation. This study focused on assessing the activation levels of the trunk musculature, specifically the rectus abdominis (RA) and multifidus (MF), in individuals with CLBP exhibiting mild disability according to the Oswestry Disability Index. Importantly, improvements in the VAS values were observed independently of changes in muscle electrical activity.

Abstract Low back pain is a widespread public health concern owing to its high prevalence rates according to the Global Burden of Diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise alone or in combination with manual therapy and kinesiotherapy on pain sensitivity, disability, kinesiophobia, self-efficacy, and catastrophizing in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). A total of 55 participants were enrolled and randomly allocated to one of three groups: (1) exercise alone group (ET; n = 19), (2) exercise + manual therapy group (ETManual therapy; n = 18), and (3) exercise + kinesio tape group (ETkinesiotape; n = 18). The interventions consisted of core stabilization exercises (ET group), prior spinal manipulation with core exercises (ETManual therapy group), and combined application of kinesiotape plus core stabilization exercises (ETkinesiotape group). The primary outcome was disability. The secondary outcomes were pain sensitization, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and self-efficacy. Assessments were performed at baseline and at weeks 3, 6, and 12. All therapies applied achieved significant improvements over time after 12 weeks in all parameters analyzed. ETmanualtherapy showed the greatest changes in all variables, with significant differences from the rest of the interventions in Oswestry (ODI) (3 and 6 weeks, respectively). A clinically significant cutoff point was achieved for the ETmanualtherapy group in the ODI parameter (−54.71%, −63.16% and −87.70% at 3, 6, and 12 weeks, respectively). Manual therapy prior to the core exercise technique was the most effective approach to improve health-related functionality compared with exercise alone or exercise combined with kinesiotape in patients with CLBP. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT05544890.

Spatial epidemiology tools play a critical role in effectively allocating resources to curb the spread of animal diseases. This study focuses on classical scrapie (CS), an animal prion disease identified in Portugal, which infects small ruminant flocks and has been shown to be experimentally transmissible to wild cervids. Utilising remote sensing technologies and semi-automatic classification models, we aimed to evaluate the risk of interspecies prion transmission from domestic small ruminants to wild cervids (hosts). To achieve this, we gathered data related to hosts and infected small ruminant flocks. Furthermore, we collected and processed freely available, medium-resolution satellite imagery to derive vegetative and biophysical spectral indices capable of representing the primary habitat features. By employing a pixel-based species distribution model, we integrated the compiled geographical distribution data and spectral data with five supervised classification algorithms (random forest, classification tree analysis, artificial neural network, generalised linear model, and generalised additive model). The consensus map allowed accurate predictions of spatialised regions exhibiting spectral characteristics similar to where CS and its hosts were initially identified. By overlapping suitable territories for disease and host occurrence, we created a spatially explicit tool that assesses the risk of prion spill-over from domestic small ruminants to wild cervids. The described methodology is highly replicable and freely accessible, thus emphasising its practical utility. This study underscores the substantial contribution of model-based spatial analysis to disease monitoring and lays the groundwork for defining populations at risk and implementing targeted control and prevention strategies, thus safeguarding both animal and public health.

This study focuses on one line of cultural tourism. Specifically, in a contemporary art museum, located in Favara, (Agrigento), Sicily, called Farm Cultural Park (FCP) Museum. The study analyzes the profile of FCP visitors, from the perspective of cultural, sustainable and participatory tourism. A total of 302 surveys were conducted during June, July and August 2020. Therefore, it must be considered that they were the first months after the confinement decreed in the country due to Covid-19, with all the obvious difficulties. Data analysis was carried out with the SPSS statistical program in its version 26. The methodology was based on a structural equation model (SEM), with different causal relationships among the analyzed constructs. Tourists came with the precise interest of visiting an open museum, with a very high social and participatory component. The visitors were fully satisfied by the staff who welcomed them. A medium-low level of spending was observed, linked to consumption inside the museum. And, unfavorable opinions were expressed on a lack of signage to arrive in FCP. The final results support the influence of preferences upon satisfaction, which originates attitud inal loyalty. Therefore, it would be very important for Sicily to show that tourism on the island could not be seasonal, due to the magnificent climatic conditions that prevail throughout the year. It would also be crucial to expand research on the synergies of cultural tourism that could be generated between the Valley of the Temples, in Agrigento, and the FCP, in Favara. In this way, a greater range of sites would be offered that concern various interests and ideas, both for the department’s business community, as well as for tourists. The corollary of these actions would be to increase the presence of Agrigento on the map of international cultural tourism. All this should be capable of transforming, enhancing and making known the richness of territorial diversity, traditions and historical and environmental contexts, first in the department of Agrigento, and later, throughout the island.

Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98( p,y ) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q -profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.

Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.

Areaolate grouper, Epinephelus areolatus are one of reef-associated fish species that is highly sought-after in the seafood trade. The high market demand resulted to overexploitation and population decline of the species in the wild. This paper aimed to determine the size structure of E. areolatus from the Arabian Gulf. A total of 355 samples of E. areolatus collected over the 12-month sampling period revealed high proportions of females in the sample were observed throughout the year and in size class. Males (29.3 cm, 358.44 g) are observed to be bigger and heavier than females (28.8 cm, 326.66 g). The “b” values are close to 3, which is an indication of an isometric growth. The relationship between length and weight showed significant positive correlations with p

We study localized edge turbulence in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak that appears if resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP) are applied to suppress edge localized modes (ELMs) in the high confinement mode. The concomitant density fluctuations are detected by microwave reflectometry at the outboard midplane. Two modes can be distinguished, (a) a broadband fluctuation below a threshold of the RMP field amplitude, and (b) a narrow-band quasi-coherent mode (QCM) above the threshold. The broadband fluctuation is toroidally spread out but disappears at the toroidal position of maximum E × B shear in the gradient region. Temporal and spatial correlation along field lines of the midplane density fluctuation and the divertor particle flux suggests that this mode is producing significant particle transport across the gradient region and into the divertor, hence contributing to the plasma density reduction that is often observed when applying RMP fields (the so-called ‘pump-out’ effect). The QCM is also toroidally localized, its radial extent grows with increasing RMP field amplitude, and leads to further increased divertor particle flux compared to the broadband mode. Our observations suggest that both modes not only play an important role in keeping the plasma density stationary in the absence of ELMs but also to reduce the plasma pressure such that the plasma edge becomes stable against ELMs.

The objective of this article is to know the state of health of a sample of adolescents and how it relates to toxic habits and personal relationships. Likewise, it is presented how can influence eating habits, sports practice and interpersonal relationships in their general health status. The research has carried out through a survey of 56 questions to 470 adolescents, between 13 and 18 years old, of both sexes, of different schools in the province of Cordoba, Spain. These results have been subjected to a statistical model widely used in health and social sciences in general, called Structural Equations Model (SEM), through the SPSS program, v. 23 and AMOS. SEM is widely used in the social sciences to estimate regression models (usually multi-equational). The estimated model shows a significant global acceptability based on the usual statistical tests and goodness-of-fit measures. In this regard, these results are: CMIN = 17.554 with 33 degrees of freedom (DF) and a probability level, p = 0.987, which is higher than any reasonable level of significance (α = 0.05, 0.10, even 0.20). Likewise, FMIN = 0.038, CFI = 1.000 and RMSEA = 0.000. The main recommendation of this research aimed at improving good eating and healthy habits, and to avoid toxic habits of adolescents, is to begin the education in the family, in coordination with their school and high school.

Resumen: La matrona es el profesional sanitario de referencia en relación con el cuidado de la mujer, y su acceso y formación viene regulada a nivel internacional, europeo y español.Debido a que en la actualidad una matrona formada en otros países puede ejercer en España su profesión surge la necesidad de analizar la definición de este profesional en los diferentes contextos, así como las normativas de acceso a la formación y la estructura del programa formativo de la matrona.Para lo cual se llevó a cabo un análisis documental y se analizó la coherencia entre los documentos normativos vigentes en relación con la definición de la matrona, acceso y programa formativo a nivel internacional, europeo y nacional.En este estudio se detectan ligeras diferencias en la definición de este profesional, así como se identifican dos modelos de acceso a la formación que condicionan un itinerario formativo más o menos extenso. Se contempla una modalidad de formación específica independiente y otra modalidad como especialidad enfermera tras la formación como enfermero generalista. Así mismo, se detecta que la matrona tiene reconocidas más competencias de las que actualmente ejerce en el sistema nacional de salud español. Abstract: A midwife is the health professional of reference for the healthcare of women, and their entry to the midwifery profession has been regulated on an International, European, and Spanish basis.As internationally educated midwives can currently practice in Spain, there appears to be a need for a comprehensive assessment of the different International and European definitions of the profession, as well as the different education and training programs.A documental study of the different regulations has been performed in an International, European and National context. An analysis has also been performed on their coherence in respect to the midwifery profession definition, education programs, and profession entry.The differences detected in the results of the study as regards the definition of a midwife, as well as the education programs to enter the profession are discussed. Two main different approaches to midwife education were also found, the independent midwife professional, and the midwife specialist nurse. Midwives were also found to have more competences than those trained in the Spanish Health System. Palabras clave: Competencia clínica, Enfermera obstétrica, Matronas, Keywords: Clinical competence, Nurse midwives, Midwifery

In the current Information Society there is a growing number of free or low-cost technological tools that can be used to improve training processes in higher education. This is the case of the online forms (Google Forms), which can be filled in with any mobile device, such as smartphones, tablets, computers... instruments that are used by students today permanently. Students are often not fully conscious of the progress in the acquisition of knowledge or skills involved in their participation in formal education. For this reason, in the context of an official postgraduate teaching degree recently introduced at the University of León, the University Master’s Degree in Sports Training and Performance, a technological instrument has been applied (on-line forms for collecting information) aimed at making students aware of their learning and progress in their competences related to the subjects they are studying. These forms have allowed those in charge of the subjects taught in these studies to collect information that can be quickly used in decision-making to adapt the training process to the needs and realities of the students, as well as to optimise and improve it. This initiative has been very well received by students and teaching staff, with a great participation and acceptance, providing a very positive image of innovation and current relevance of this official title of the University of León. This study has been developed within the Plan of support for teaching innovation of the University of León (PAID 2017), under the title “Application of ICTs (On-Line Forms) as an active teaching methodology in the Master’s Degree in Sports Training and Performance”.

A global heat flux model based on a fractional derivative of plasma pressure is proposed for the heat transport in fusion plasmas. The degree of the fractional derivative of the heat flux, α, is defined through the power balance analysis of the steady state. The model was used to obtain the experimental values of α for a large database of the Joint European Torus (JET) carbon-wall as well as ITER like-wall plasmas. The fractional degrees of the electron heat flux are found to be α

This paper presents preliminary polarization measurements and systematic-error characterization of the Thirty Gigahertz Instrument receiver developed for the QUIJOTE experiment. The instrument has been designed to measure the polarization of Cosmic Microwave Background radiation from the sky, obtaining the Q, U, and I Stokes parameters of the incoming signal simultaneously. Two kinds of linearly polarized input signals have been used as excitations in the polarimeter measurement tests in the laboratory; these show consistent results in terms of the Stokes parameters obtained. A measurement-based systematic-error characterization technique has been used in order to determine the possible sources of instrumental errors and to assist in the polarimeter calibration process.

Acquired perforating collagenosis (APC) is a rare perforating dermatosis characterized by transepidermal collagen elimination. We describe a 65-year-old patient, with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus and a 2-year history of itchy hyperkeratotic nodules situated on the back, who was subsequently diagnosed with APC. Treatment included topical corticosteroids and antihistamines, without improvement of the lesions. However, therapy with topical tacalcitol administered for 2 months produced a significant response leading to complete remission of APC.

Objeto: El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una novedosa metodología de valoración de inversiones productivas basada en la estimación del valor total creado con cada proyecto de inversión, considerando para ello sus dos componentes: el valor financiero y el valor del capital no financiero, este último derivado del capital intelectual corporativo. Diseño/metodología: Se propone una metodología basada en la técnica multicriterio del proceso analítico jerárquico (AHP, por sus siglas en inglés). En este modelo, se definen cuatro criterios principales (capital financiero, capital humano, capital estructural, y capital relacional), varios subcriterios y las alternativas de inversión. Para determinar el valor total de cada alternativa, se requieren juicios de valor por parte de los directores generales de las empresas, información obtenida a través de un cuestionario basado en comparaciones pareadas, cuyos resultados alimentan una función de utilidad multiatributo. Un caso de estudio del sector agroalimentario ilustra la aplicabilidad práctica del modelo. Aportaciones y resultados: La aplicación empírica evidencia la necesidad de considerar el impacto de las inversiones productivas en el capital intelectual de la empresa, pues este impacto influye en la selección de la alternativa de inversión óptima. Limitaciones: Las conclusiones alcanzadas se consideran aún provisionales, dado que se trata de un estudio pionero con una aplicación empírica reducida a sólo cinco empresas. Implicaciones prácticas: Mediante el modelo teórico propuesto, los directores generales pueden valorar las inversiones productivas incorporando en el análisis, de manera formalizada, la creación de valor del capital no financiero. Este procedimiento permite tomar decisiones más adecuadas, contribuyendo de manera efectiva a seleccionar la alternativa de inversión que maximice el valor de mercado de la compañía. Valor añadido: Como principal aportación de este trabajo se destaca la incorporación del enfoque del capital intelectual en el proceso de valoración de inversiones productivas en la empresa y la propuesta de un marco metodológico formalizado y unificado.

Las especies cinegéticas comparten infecciones con el hombre, los animales domésticos y el resto de la fauna silvestre que pueden afectar seria- mente a la salud pública, la sanidad animal, la conservación y la producción cinegética; de ahí su relevancia. Pese a ello, la sanidad de las especies cinegéticas apenas es tenida en cuenta en los planes de gestión de estas especies. En este texto enumeramos las principales debilidades de la gestión cinegética desde el punto de vista sanitario: (1) la no aplicación de la legislación sobre control sanitario en traslados y repoblaciones; (2) la indefinición del estatus de las granjas cinegéticas; (3) la ausencia de un registro de “cercones” y la ilegalidad de los mismos; (4) la falta de clasificación correcta de los terrenos cinegéticos; (5) el seguimiento inadecuado del tamaño de las poblaciones y sus efectos sobre el medio; (6) la falta de re- gulación del aporte artificial de alimento; (7) la falta de consideración de los riesgos sanitarios derivados de la sobreabundancia; (8) los conflictos por la gestión de residuos de caza; (9) la deficiente inspección sanitaria de los animales cazados; (10) la no regulación de los tratamientos farma- cológicos en especies cinegéticas y (11) la falta de intercambio de información dentro de la Administración Pública y la necesidad de valoración y aprobación del plan técnico de caza por la autoridad de sanidad animal. Para cada una de ellas, proponemos cambios en la regulación de la actividad cinegética, basándonos en ejemplos españoles y en la literatura científica internacional.

A simple and robust analytical model is used to finely predict the spectral emittance under air up to 1300 K of α-SiC open-cell foams constituted of optically thick struts. The model integrates both the chemical composition and the macro-porosity and is valid only if foams have volumes higher than their Representative Elementary Volumes required for determining their emittance. Infrared emission spectroscopy carried out on a doped silicon carbide single crystal associated to homemade numerical tools based on 3D meshed images (Monte Carlo Ray Tracing code, foam generator) make possible to understand the exact role of the cell network in emittance. Finally, one can tune the spectral emittance of α-SiC foams up to 1300 K by simply changing their porosity.

La Capra pyrenaica victoriae presenta pocas poblaciones y éstas ocupan áreas reducidas, siendo considerada por ello por la IUCN como vulnerable. Son necesarios, por tanto, estudios locales encaminados a evaluar el estado de dichas poblaciones. En este trabajo estudiamos la población presente en los Montes de Toledo a través del análisis del uso que hace del hábitat, del nivel de parasitación y de la calidad de su dieta. El ciervo fue también incluido en este esquema de monitorización por ser un potencial competidor para la cabra montés. Los resultados indican que ambas especies presentan un adecuado estado poblacional (buena condición corporal, dieta de elevada calidad y valores de densidad razonables). Según los indicadores considerados no sería esperable que el ciervo supusiera un riesgo relevante para la viabilidad de la población de cabra montés. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para la gestión cinegética de la cabra montés.

Understanding dune ecosystem responses to multi-scale environmental changes can provide the framework for reliable forecasts and cost-efficient protocols for detecting shifts in prevailing coastal dynamics. Based on the hypothesis that stress and disturbance interact as primary community controls in coastal dunes, we studied the fine-scale floristic assembly of foredune vegetation, in its relation to topography, along regional and local environmental gradients in the 200 km long coastline of northern Portugal, encompassing a major biogeographic transition in western Europe. Thirty topographic profiles perpendicular to the shoreline were recorded at ten sites along the regional climate gradient, and vegetation was sampled by recording the frequency of plant species along those profiles. Quantitative topographic attributes of vegetated dune profiles (e.g. length or height) exhibited wide variations relatable to differences in prevailing coastal dynamics. Metrics of taxonomic diversity (e.g. total species richness and its additive beta component) and of the functional composition of vegetation were highly correlated to attributes of dune topography. Under transgressive dynamics, vegetation profiles have fewer species, increased dominance, lower turnover rates, and lower total vegetation cover. These changes may drive a decrease in structural and functional diversity, with important consequences for resistance, resilience and other ecosystem properties. Moreover, differences in both vegetation assembly (in meta-stable dunes) and response to increased disturbance (in eroding dunes) between distinct biogeographic contexts highlight a possible decline in facilitation efficiency under extreme physical stress (i.e. under Mediterranean climate) and support the significance of functional approaches in the study of local ecosystem responses to disturbance along regional gradients. Our results strongly suggest that assessing fine-scale community assembly can provide insights on the relation between dune vegetation, environmental filters and ecosystem processes. A combination of cost-efficient indicators from dune topography and vegetation is thus suggested as a promising approach to survey, forecast and monitor changes in coastal dune ecosystems.

Efecto de la densidad de ungulados silvestres sobre los invertebrados en un ecosistema Mediterráneo En las últimas décadas, la abundancia y distribución de determinadas especies de caza mayor, especialmente el ciervo rojo (Cervus elaphus) y el jabalí (Sus scrofa), han aumentado en la zona centromeridional de España como resultado de las estrategias de gestión cinegética. La alta densidad de estas especies de ungulados puede afectar a la abundancia de los invertebrados epigeos. Estudiamos la relación entre la abundancia de las especies de caza mayor y la biodiversidad, la riqueza de taxones, la biomasa de invertebrados y su frecuencia en nueve fincas de caza, y se comparó con las zonas de exclusión de ungulados. De por sí, la exclusión de ungulados afectó a la riqueza de invertebrados, ya que se encontraron valores más bajos en las parcelas abiertas, mientras que las mayores diferencias en la diversidad de invertebrados entre parcelas abiertas y cercadas se encontraron en zonas con una alta densidad de jabalíes. Donde la densidad de jabalíes era alta, el número de invertebrados disminuyó, mientras que donde era baja, el ciervo rojo tuvo un efecto positivo en la abundancia de invertebrados. Así, las parcelas cercadas parecían ofrecer refugio a los invertebrados, sobre todo donde los jabalíes eran abundantes. Este estudio apoya la idea de que las poblaciones con una alta densidad de ungulados perjudican a la estructura de las comunidades faunísticas, probablemente debido a la disminución de la disponibilidad de alimentos como consecuencia del sobrepastoreo, la modificación de las condiciones de los micronichos ecológicos y la depredación directa. Sin embargo, los efectos dependieron del grupo de invertebrados, ya que las especies saprofitas podrían beneficiarse de la alta abundancia de ungulados. Nuestros resultados reflejan la necesidad de controlar la densidad de las poblaciones de ungulados en condiciones mediterráneas en el suroeste de Europa y de establecer parcelas de exclusión de ungulados.

Primary renal lymphoma (PRL) is a rare disease of which the etiology and pathogenesis remain controversial, and there is currently no standard treatment for it. We present the results of a long-term followup of two patients who were diagnosed with PRL and treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, prednisolone and rituximab (CHOP + R) regimen. Both patients reached a complete response, and there is no evidence of recurrence after 4.5- and 5-year followup periods. Based on our experience and other recently published studies, we recommend the combination of CHOP + rituximab as the elective treatment for this disease. To our knowledge, this is the longest followup period with a complete response that has been reported with this modality of treatment.

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IntroductionAdministration of spinal cord stimulation to individuals with PSPS-T1/2 may induce supraspinal descending activation. Similarly, exercise is recognized as a fundamental aspect of spinal pain management. Studies have demonstrated its impact on neurophysiological factors, including the release of spinal and supraspinal beta-endorphins, which activate μ-opioid receptors. Therefore, the purpose of this study will be to examine the effect of SCS in combination with lumbo-pelvic stability core training on perceived low back pain, quality of life and disability in PSPS-T2 patients.Methods/materialsA double-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) has been designed. All participants will be randomized from a pre-set sequence. The intervention design has been elaborated from the CONSORT guidelines. This study has been registered at Clinicaltrial.gov (NCT06272539). Sample size was calculated using G Power® Sample size software (University of Düsseldorf). The calculation was based on a moderate effect size of 0.7 (partial η2 = 0.70, α = .05, power = 0.95), resulting in a total of 40 patients. Assuming a 30% dropout rate, 52 participants will be recruited in total. Two sessions per week will be scheduled for 8 weeks with a total of 16 sessions. Each work session will have a duration of 60 minutes. The exercise will be adapted according to the phases based on the results already published, limiting in each phase the degrees of flexion and extension of the spine to avoid the risk of electrode migration. Primary outcomes will be functionality, satisfaction, strength, psychosocial variables, quality of life and pain perception.