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Introduction Suicide is a global public health issue. According to the latest available data from the National Institute of Statistics, 4,003 people died by suicide in 2021, reaching a new historical high. Approximately 90% of suicide victims suffer from one or more severe psychiatric disorders, and there is a documented 20-fold higher risk of suicide in individuals with affective disorders compared to healthy subjects (Abdelnaim et al., 2020). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been established as an effective alternative or complementary treatment option for patients with depressive disorders, but little is known about its effects on suicide risk. Objectives To assess the efficacy of rTMS in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with suicidal ideation and behaviors. Methods Population and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a sample of 28 psychiatric patients (23 females; mean age 49.36 ± 16.23) with suicidal ideation identified by item 3 (suicidality) of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), who were treated with rTMS. All patients received a minimum of 30 sessions, consisting of the application of a high-frequency (>10Hz) or intermittent theta burst stimulation (TBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) at an intensity of 120% of the resting motor threshold (RMT), and repeated low-frequency pulses (1Hz) or continuous TBS over the right DLPFC with an intensity of 110% of the RMT. Results Results: The results show a statistically significant improvement in depressive symptoms following rTMS intervention (p < 0.001). Furthermore, remission was observed in 46% of the sample (HDRS < 8). Conclusions Discussion: In line with recent studies (Abdelnaim et al., 2020; Hines et al., 2022) and systematic reviews (Cui et al., 2022; Bozzay et al., 2020) on suicidal ideation in the context of psychiatric disorders, the findings of this study demonstrated that rTMS achieved satisfactory results in reducing depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Conclusions: This clinical study indicates preliminary promise for the prevention of suicidal acts and underscores the need for more detailed and specific research on rTMS in the field of suicide. Keywords: rTMS, neuromodulation, depression, suicide. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Two-dimensional Dirac fermions in HgTe quantum wells close to the topological phase transition can generate significant cyclotron emission that is magnetic field tunable in the terahertz frequency range. Due to their relativistic-like dynamics, their cyclotron mass is strongly dependent on their electron concentration in the quantum well, providing a second tunability lever and paving the way for a gate-tunable, permanent-magnet Landau laser. In this work, we demonstrate the proof-of-concept of such a back-gate tunable THz cyclotron emitter at a fixed magnetic field. The emission frequency detected at 1.5 T is centered at 2.2 THz and can already be electrically tuned over 250 GHz. With an optimized gate and a realistic permanent magnet of 1.0 T, we estimate that the cyclotron emission could be continuously and rapidly tunable by the gate bias between 1 and 3 THz, that is to say on the less covered part of the THz gap.

Abstract Background To compare the severity of pulmonary embolism (PE) and the long-term complications between patients with and without COVID-19, and to investigate whether the tools for risk stratification of death are valid in this population. Methods We retrospectively included hospitalized patients with PE from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2022. Comparisons for acute episode characteristics, risk stratification of the PE, outcomes, and long-term complications were made between COVID and non-COVID patients. Results We analyzed 116 (27.5%) COVID patients and 305 (72.4%) non-COVID patients. In patients with COVID-19, the traditional risk factors for PE were absent, and the incidence of deep vein thrombosis was lower. COVID patients showed significantly higher lymphocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase, lactic acid, and D-dimer levels. COVID patients had PE of smaller size (12.3% vs. 25.5% main pulmonary artery, 29.8% vs. 37.1% lobar, 44.7% vs. 29.5% segmental and 13.2% vs. 7.9% subsegmental, respectively; p

Over the last 25 years, radiowave detection of neutrino-generated signals, using cold polar ice as the neutrino target, has emerged as perhaps the most promising technique for detection of extragalactic ultra-high energy neutrinos (corresponding to neutrino energies in excess of 0.01 Joules, or 1017 electron volts). During the summer of 2021 and in tandem with the initial deployment of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G), we conducted radioglaciological measurements at Summit Station, Greenland to refine our understanding of the ice target. We report the result of one such measurement, the radio-frequency electric field attenuation length $L_\alpha$. We find an approximately linear dependence of $L_\alpha$ on frequency with the best fit of the average field attenuation for the upper 1500 m of ice: $\langle L_\alpha \rangle = ( ( 1154 \pm 121) - ( 0.81 \pm 0.14) \, ( \nu /{\rm MHz}) ) \,{\rm m}$ for frequencies ν ∈ [145 − 350] MHz.

Dust devils are common on Mars and understanding their dynamics is important to gain insights about the meteorology of the planet. Here, the authors show characteristics of a Martian dust devil and its sound from Perseverance rover multi-sensor data combined with modelling.

Introduction It is well known that eating disorders are related to comorbidity. At least, half of these patients have other mental disorders and, in addition to it, the presence of physical comorbidity (cardiovascular, kidney, nervous system, digestive tract, metabolic or endocrine disorders) comes with a decline in life expectancy. Objectives Description of a patient with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN) who developed a gastric bezoar during hospitalization. Methods Case treated in a specific Eating Disorder Unit in a Third-Level Hospital. Results 26 years old woman with a diagnosis of AN hospitalized in General Psychiatric Unit with BMI of 11,78 kg/m2. Nasogastric tube was necessary and, after 1 month with a progressive weight recovery (BMI 13,84 kg/m2), the patient was transferred to the Eating Disorder Unit in order to follow specific psychological therapy. No incidence related to physical exploration or clinical analyses happened during this month apart from pancytopenia due to malnutrition. However, 8 days after, patient developed nausea and had 3 vomit episodes, constant abdominal pain at hipogastrium (moderate intensity), dizziness, instability and constipation. The patient refused possibility of pregnancy. The physical exam showed bowel sounds augmented but no mass or peritoneal irritation appeared. Blood test results were normal. Abdominal X-Ray showed gastric dilatation with small bowel faeces sign, which suggested diagnosis of gastric bezoar. The treatment was the dissolution of the bezoar by Coca-Cola, solving the symptoms completely. The patient refused having eaten hair or any other kind of object or indigestible material but admitted to be following a strict vegan diet. Finally, after an endoscopy was done, the patient was diagnosed of phytobezoar. Conclusions Based on literature, bezoars are rare in AN, being phytobezoars the most common between the types of bezoars. Nevertheless, there are some risk factors, such as delayed gastric emptying, dehydration or, in the case of phytobezoar, ingestion of food containing high amount of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, and tannins (celery, pumpkin, grape skins, prunes, raisins and, in particular, persimmons). Some of the symptoms caused by phytobezoar can be similar to those of the AN (abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, poor appetite, vomiting, malnutrition, weight loss). Therefore, gastric bezoar could be an underdiagnosed or even undiagnosed disease in this group of patients. Taking this into account could reduce time until diagnosis and treatment, decreasing the risks associated. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Chronic insomnia, resistant to different treatments (pharmacological, sleep hygiene and cognitive-behavioral therapy) remains one of the greatest challenges in our daily practice as psychiatrists. The pharmacological options include benzodiazepines and their analogues (zolpidem, zopiclone, etc.). However, when trying to treat chronic insomnia the use of off-label drugs, including antidepressants with sedative action (such as trazodone), antipsychotics or antiepiletic drugs, is not uncommon. Perampanel is a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, marketed for the treatment of partial onset epilepsy and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It has been used in the treatment of chronic insomnia with positive results and it has shown to improve the quality of sleep in a recent observational retrospective cohort study. The most frequent adverse effects of Perampanel include dizziness and drowsiness. Perampanel can also cause psychiatric and behavioral adverse effects, aggression and irritability in up to 10% of patients, as well as depression, and suicidal ideation, with higher rates in patients with psychiatric history. Objectives To draw attention to possible adverse effects of Perampanel and to add knowledge to improve the treatment for chronic insomnia. Methods Case report and non-systematic literature review of the current data. Results A 33 year old woman with Anorexia Nervosa was admitted to the psychiatric hospitalization unit due to suicidal ideation and a history of chronic insomnia. Perampanel was started at a dose of 2mg/day, progressively titrated to 6mg/day, following patient’s informed consent. A week after the initiation of treatment, her sleep pattern had improved but she became aggressive, showed low tolerability to minor frustrations and suffered from an intensification of suicidal ideation. She became extremely hostile to the personnel, had severe tantrums and deliberate self injurious behavior. Perampanel was discontinued and in less than a week her aggressive behavior succumbed. Although she was not re-exposed to Perampanel the symptoms she presented are considered a very likely adverse drug reaction. Levomepromazine 20mg/day and Lormetazepam 0.5mg/day were reinstated as a treatment for insomnia. Conclusions Psychiatric comorbidity is known to be a risk factor for behavioral adverse effects of Perampanel. Therefore Perampanel as a treatment for chronic insomnia needs a careful individual benefit-risk assessment and monitoring for adverse effects. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious and chronic mental disease of mood. Lithium is used for treatment and studies have demonstrated that it is the most efficient drug, reducing suicide risk in a high percentage of patients. However, this drug has well known side effects, such as kidney damage. Lithium could cause chronic kidney disease, specially with the presence of other risk factors. Objectives Observational and retrospective study of creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rates observed in blood analysis (follow-up period of 11 years). Sample size of 263 patients diagnosed of BD I and BD II in treatment with lithium. We used socio-demographic (age, sex) and clinic variables (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or diuretics) to generate bivariate and multivariate analysis. Methods Our main objective is to analyze the deterioration of kidney function and the development of chronic kidney disease that chronic treatment with lithium can induce in patients with BD. Our secondary objective is to determine variables which could promote the development of chronic kidney disease, and to assess if these variables could be considered as risk factors during the treatment with lithium. Results 11,3 % of patients in our study developed chronic kidney disease during monitoring. The deterioration of GFR in patients in treatment with lithium was significantly associated with female sex and NSAIDs consumption. A trend towards statistical significance was found regarding the use of diuretics (p=0,060). No statistical significance was found between diabetes mellitus, hypertension or type of BD and the deterioration of kidney function in our sample. An inverse association was found between the GFR decline and the age but no statistical significance was demonstrated. Conclusions We conclude that female sex and use of NSAIDs are predicting factors of GFR decline in patients with BD in chronic treatment with lithium. We must take into account these drugs or even avoid concomitant treatment (lithium and NSAIDs) in order to prevent chronic kidney disease. In addition to it, we should recommend careful use of diuretics during treatment with lithium because of risk of dehydration. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension have universally been associated to increase risk of development of chronic kidney disease. However, we have not found statistical significance in our study. Therefore, research should be done in order to determine specific risk factors in this group of patients and, consequently, optimize their treatment. Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivo: La displasia del desarrollo de cadera (DDC) es una dolencia que incluye un gran espectro de manifestaciones articulares, tales como alteraciones en la versión femoral y en el ángulo cérvico-diafisiario (ACD), así como una probable progresión a artrosis. El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar una correlación entre la versión femoral y la gravedad de la DDC en pacientes con artrosis. Otro objetivo planteado fue evaluar si se presentan cambios significativos en el valor del ACD a medida que la gravedad de la DDC aumenta. Materiales y método: Entre marzo de 2018 y febrero de 2019 fueron evaluados pacientes mayores de 15 años con DDC, sin cirugías de cadera previas y artrosis grave de cadera en espera de artroplastia total. Se solicitaron radiografías (Rx) de pelvis (anteroposterior) y de cadera (anteroposterior y lateral), así como tomografías axiales computadas (TAC) de cadera y rodilla de las extremidades afectadas, en las cuales se realizó la medición de versión femoral y ACD.La clasificación de Crowe fue utilizada para categorizar la gravedad de la DDC y, al igual que el ACD, fue evaluada en forma independiente por 2 observadores. La versión femoral y el ACD en la TAC fueron medidos por un radiólogo especialista en enfermedad musculoesquelética. El análisis estadístico fue realizado con SPSS v. 21. Se consideró un valor significativo de p 0.5). Student's t test evaluated the statistical significance, which was defined as P

Abstract Since summer 2021, the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G) is searching for astrophysical neutrinos at energies $${>10}$$ > 10 PeV by detecting the radio emission from particle showers in the ice around Summit Station, Greenland. We present an extensive simulation study that shows how RNO-G will be able to measure the energy of such particle cascades, which will in turn be used to estimate the energy of the incoming neutrino that caused them. The location of the neutrino interaction is determined using the differences in arrival times between channels and the electric field of the radio signal is reconstructed using a novel approach based on Information Field Theory. Based on these properties, the shower energy can be estimated. We show that this method can achieve an uncertainty of 13% on the logarithm of the shower energy after modest quality cuts and estimate how this can constrain the energy of the neutrino. The method presented in this paper is applicable to all similar radio neutrino detectors, such as the proposed radio array of IceCube-Gen2.

Este trabajo evalúa la viabilidad de integrar en una red descentralizada las placas de bajo costo Raspberry pi, microcontroladores ESP8266 con equipos industriales de Controladores Lógicos Programables (PLC). Estos dispositivos serán los nodos que participan en el intercambio de datos entre el piso de manufactura y los servicios empresariales de manera simple, fiable y económica. Los nodos de la red producen y consumen datos que son intercambiados por un nodo gestor de protocolos open source llamado Node-RED. El gestor de protocolos es un servidor con núcleo de Linux sobre un microprocesador RISC (Reduced instruction set computing). Los sensores en los nodos de manufactura utilizan microcontroladores SoC (System On Chip) y mediante el concepto de Edge computing adquieren, procesan y envían sus datos al gestor de protocolos. Así, mediante la herramienta Iperf3, Wireshark y MTR, mediremos el rendimiento del enlace de comunicaciones y el estado que guardan los nodos participantes en sus procesos producción/consumo de datos.

The article examines from various points of view the role of the Spanish language in the Russian system of primary and secondary education, both public and private, paying special attention to the experience of schools participating in the Bilingual Sections program of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Training. The article compares Spanish with other foreign languages in the Russian school system, and considers its evolution in the timeline and the impact on its status of migration movements in connection with political events, commercial and student exchange, tourism; as well as the impact of certain measures taken both in Russia and in Spain. Institutions in both countries have established links to promote mutual development in terms of learning Spanish and Russian, and the diplomatic corps has become the catalyst and manager of this dynamic. Despite the fact that the reactions of educational actors (institutions, civil society, students and teachers) are varied, they reinforce different mechanisms to gain access to Spanish culture and business, as well as to other Spanish-speaking countries. The article also demonstrates the current statistics and describes the trend that the teaching of Spanish may follow in the coming years due to positioning of Spanish among the main foreign languages studied in Russian schools.

This work deals with a numerical analysis of a Complex Lorenz system generalized by the truncated M-derivative (M-ℂLM). First, we carry out 10000 random simulations based on the Monte Carlo principle and the 0–1 test with the chaos decision tree to show that, on average, the M-ℂLM depicts chaotic dynamics because its growth rate is 0.9611±0.0183. Next, we offer that M-ℂLM has two positive Lyapunov exponents, which implies hyper-chaos presence. Later, we display that the M-ℂLM holds its sensitivity to initial conditions. We use the numerical results to establish an anti-synchronization scheme via a sliding mode control using the truncated M-derivative. We reach the control objective because the response system follows the drive system even when the first does not have dynamics in the imaginary part. Finally, the anti-synchronization of two identical M-ℂLM is implemented on the Arduino Leonardo board using classical techniques to solve non-integer first-order differential equations. Based on their acquired states through the serial port, we conclude that the floating-point numbers on this board do not influence to reach the control purpose. Those above could be an excellent alternative for developing proposals involving low-cost devices with the truncated M-derivative.

Abstract Introduction Neuromuscular diseases include a large group of heterogeneous and rare pathologies that affect different components of the motor unit. It is essential to optimize resources to know the prevalence of comorbidities in the most frequent groups to establish an early multidisciplinary approach in a specialized setting. Patients and methods Retrospective descriptive study of pediatric and adolescent patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMDs). The Inclusion criteria were NMDs patients with motor neuron involvement divided into three groups, depending on the affected component of the motor unit. Group I: involvement of the motor neuron; Group II: peripheral neuropathies; Group III: myopathies. Demographic variables, association with comorbidities, need for respiratory support, and rehabilitative treatment were collected in each group. Results Ninety-six patients who met the inclusion criteria were studied. In group I, when compared to the other two groups, a higher incidence of scoliosis (68.3%, p = 0.011), deformity of the rib cage (31.3%, p = 0.0001), chronic respiratory insufficiency (62.5%, p = 0.001) and bronchial aspiration (12.5%, p = 0.03) was detected. In this group, 50%of the patients required non-invasive mechanical ventilation (p = 0.0001). The in-hospital requirement for respiratory physiotherapy was higher in group I (75%, p = 0.001). We observed a higher incidence of scoliosis in Group III compared to Group II. Conclusions Neuromuscular diseases with motor neuron involvement present more comorbidities and require an early approach after diagnosis to improve prognosis.

Abstract Background More than 3 million infections were attributed to Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the 2014–2016 outbreak in Mexico, Central and South America, with over 500 deaths directly or indirectly related to this viral disease. CHIKV outbreaks are recurrent and no vaccine nor approved therapeutics exist to prevent or treat CHIKV infection. Reliable and robust diagnostic methods are thus critical to control future CHIKV outbreaks. Direct CHIKV detection in serum samples via highly specific and high affinity anti-CHIKV antibodies has shown to be an early and effective clinical diagnosis. Methods To isolate highly specific and high affinity anti-CHIKV, Chikungunya virions were isolated from serum of a patient in Veracruz, México. After purification and characterization via electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and binding to well-characterized anti-CHIKV antibodies, UV-inactivated particles were utilized as selector in a solid-phase panning in combination with ALTHEA Gold Libraries™, as source of antibodies. The screening was based on ELISA and Next-Generation Sequencing. Results The CHIKV isolate showed the typical morphology of the virus. Protein bands in the SDS-PAGE were consistent with the size of CHIKV capsid proteins. UV-inactivated CHIKV particles bound tightly the control antibodies. The lead antibodies here obtained, on the other hand, showed high expression yield, > 95% monomeric content after a single-step Protein A purification, and importantly, had a thermal stability above 75 °C. Most of the antibodies recognized linear epitopes on E2, including the highest affinity antibody called C7. A sandwich ELISA implemented with C7 and a potent neutralizing antibody isolated elsewhere, also specific for E2 but recognizing a discontinuous epitope, showed a dynamic range of 0.2–40.0 mg/mL of UV-inactivated CHIKV purified preparation. The number of CHIKV particles estimated based on the concentration of E2 in the extract suggested that the assay could detect clinically meaningful amounts of CHIKV in serum. Conclusions The newly discovered antibodies offer valuable tools for characterization of CHIKV isolates. Therefore, the strategy here followed using whole viral particles and ALTHEA Gold Libraries™ could expedite the discovery and development of antibodies for detection and control of emergent and quickly spreading viral outbreaks.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding antibiotics, use of antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance in students and health care professionals of the district of Barranquilla, Colombia. Study design: Descriptive, cross-sectional. Methods: A sample of 399 respondents was selected, that included health professionals and medical students from 12 health institutions in the district of Barranquilla (Colombia), using an established stratified sampling method. Each of the respondent professionals completed a survey that included 43 items in the Likert scale. A descriptive analysis of the study variables was performed using the software SPSS version 25. Results: Most of the respondents were women (64.4%), aged between 26 and 35 years (47.6%); 28.8% were nurses and 26.1% general practitioners, with ≤10 years of professional experience (63.4%). Overall, the survey revealed that the participants had considerable knowledge about antibiotic use (89.5%–98% correct answers) and the spread of antibiotic resistance (67.4%–89% correct answers). Approximately 74% of the respondents agreed or fully agreed with the questions related to the management of infections and the provision of advice. Conclusions: The present study revealed that most of the health care professionals surveyed had a good knowledge about antibiotic use, although strategies must be developed to strengthen knowledge regarding the spread of antibiotic resistance. Likewise, it is important to identify opportunities for improvement related with access to the guidelines and/or materials necessary to treat infections and to provide advice on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance.

Introduction. Seeds are complex structures that allow the biological and crop propagation of plants. Seed histology can be used for teaching, researching, and for pathological diagnostic. Histology protocols are commonly divided into 5 different stages: fixation, processing, cutting, staining, and mounting. Xylene is a dangerous reagent used during the processing, staining, and mounting of histological specimens that can contaminate the environment and is toxic for users. Objective. To compare two new protocols for seed histology accelerated with microwave, tested on seeds of economic importance species. Materials and methods. The experiments were done between January and May of 2022 at the Centro de Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS) of the Universidad de Costa Rica. The compared protocols were: a benzene derivatives-free (BDF) and a xylene-dependent (XD). Seeds of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) var. Pococí, Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) var. Obata, Glycine max L. (Fabaceae) var. CIGRAS-06, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) var. Tayni, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) var. Lazarroz FL, and Zea mays L. (Poaceae) var. EJN-2 were used. Three technical replicates of five seeds of each species were tested with the XD and BDF protocols, on different days each replicate. Results. The photomicrographs obtained with both protocols showed that the samples maintained the morphology integrity of embryo, endosperm or cotyledons, and other seed structures. BDF and XD protocols produced seed histology slides and microphotographs. PAS-Coomassie Blue staining made a good differentiation of carbohydrates and proteins. Fastness of both protocols is a benefit compared with other protocols for plant histology that can take several days or even weeks. Conclusions. The BDF and XD protocols were suitable for seed histology analysis of bean, coffee, maize, papaya, and soybean, slides were obtained in less than 5 hours. BDF protocol is the first for plant tissue processing that does not use benzene derivatives and that uses paraffin as embedding medium.

Abstract Background Zygomatic implants have been described as a therapeutic alternative for patients with severe maxillary atrophy in order to avoid bone augmentation procedures. Taking that into account, in these treatments, the key factor is the position of the implant, the virtual surgical planning (VSP) is widespread among most clinicians before surgery on the patient. However, there are no studies which evaluate the clinical relevance of these VSP. The aim of this study is to determine whether digital planning on zygomatic implants has any influence on the implant dimensions and position, even when performing conventional surgery afterwards. Results Fourteen zygomatic implants were placed in four patients. Pre-operative and post-operative helicoidal computed tomography were performed to each patient to allow the comparison between the digital planning and the final position of implants. Tridimensional deviation (TD), mesio-distal deviation (MDD), bucco-palatine deviation (BPD), and apico-coronal deviation (ACD) were evaluated as well as angular deviation (AD). Significative differences in apical TD were observed with a mean of 6.114 ± 4.28 mm (p < 0.05). Regarding implant position, only implants placed in the area of the first right molar reported significant differences (p < 0.05) for ACD. Also, implant length larger than 45 mm showed BPD significative differences (p < 0.05). Conclusions Zygomatic implant surgery is a complex surgical procedure, and although VSP is a useful tool which helps the clinician determine the number and the length of zygomatic implants as well as its proper position, surgical experience is still mandatory.

On 16–17 February 2020, dust within the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) from western Africa moved over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Satellite imagery and products from the ABI on GOES-16, VIIRS on NOAA-20, and CALIOP on CALIPSO, along with retrieved values of layer and total precipitable water (TPW) from MIRS and NUCAPS, respectively, were used to identify dust within the SAL over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Various satellite imagery and products were also used to characterize the distribution of water vapor within the SAL. There was a distinct pattern between dust detection and dust masking and values of precipitable water. Specifically, dust was detected when values of layer TPW were approximately 14 mm; in addition, dust was masked when values of layer TPW were approximately 28 mm. In other words, water vapor masked infrared dust detection if sufficient amounts of water vapor existed in a column. Results herein provide observational support to two recent numerical studies that concluded water vapor can mask infrared detection of airborne dust.

Introduction: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition which comprises a number of joint abnormalities, including modifications in femoral version and neck-shaft angle (CCD), as well as a probable progression to osteoarthritis in certain cases. The main objective of this research was to find a correlation between femoral version and severity of DDH in patients with advanced osteoarthritis prior to joint replacement, which has not been previously reported. A secondary aim was to describe the modification of CCD as the severity of DDH increases. Materials and method: Patients over the age of 15 with dysplastic hips and severe osteoarthritis prior to total hip arthroplasty were assessed between March 2018 and February 2019. Cases with any previous hip surgery were excluded. Anteroposterior pelvis X-rays and femoral computed tomography (CT) were performed; femoral version was measured in CT and CCD was evaluated both in X-rays (2 observers: A and B) and CT (one observer: musculoskeletal radiologist). Severity of DDH was defined by observers A and B according to Crowe classification in X-rays. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS v.21. Shapiro–Wilk test was used to confirm a normal data distribution. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) determined the level of agreement between observers A and B. Pearson test assessed the correlation between femoral version and Crowe classification (positive if >0.5). Student's t test evaluated the statistical significance, which was defined as P

Shift work has become a common practice across many sectors during the past decades as a result of the growing demands of human life. There are many possibilities to organize shift schedules, however, all of them, some more than others, impose serious impacts on the individual´s health, social life and organization level. Thus, we conducted a review using Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science, and using the keywords and criteria deemed appropriate, with the main objective of identifying the main consequences that have been positively associated with shift work at several domains to this day. The results of this review indicated that shift work and everything that this type of work implies, can lead to severe health consequences, namely sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, gastrointestinal disturbances, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, urologic disorders and even some types of cancer. These health consequences arise due to the disruption of the circadian clock system, which is associated with alterations at genetic level. Moreover, shift work also causes impacts in social life, as the individual may experience more difficulties in socializing with family and friends, which may lead to isolation and organization level, as excessive sleepiness, stress and dissatisfaction may lead to a detriment of the performance and alertness, which may result in more accidents. In conclusion, considering the nefarious effects that this type of organization of working time can impose, primarily for the worker, but also for the worker’s family and also organization in which this works, it is crucial that the organization seek to protect the worker safety and health, which can be achieved by consultation the working physician but also with the use of tools that allow monitoring the worker health and general cognitive state.

Surface waters are a fundamental resource. They fulfil key function in global biogeochemical cycles and are core to our water, food and energy security. The rapidly increasing rate of data collection from different Earth observation (EO) missions suitable for observing water bodies has promoted satellite remote sensing (RS) as a more widely recognised source of information on a number of indicators of water quality and ecosystem condition at local and global scales. In parallel, advances in optical sensors support new and more detailed characterisation of the Earth surface and could lead to innovative EO-based products. Nonetheless, RS of water colour of inland and coastal systems, especially in larger scales and over long-term time series, faces unique challenges. This study provides an overview of the challenges and solutions of developing a global observation platform, including the diverse and complex optical properties of inland waters and guided algorithm selection procedure required to deliver reliable data. The development and validation of a global satellite data processing chain (Calimnos) has been supported by access to an extensive in situ data from more than thirty partners around the world that are now held in the LIMNADES community-owned database. This approach has resulted in a step-change in our ability to produce regional and global water quality products for optically complex waters. Local examples of the data outputs will be explored and the opportunities in how these data can be embedded within local and national monitoring schemes to facilitate better management of water will be discussed.

Background: Medicine and Physical Education can work together to solve many health problems. Bodybuilding is a multidisciplinary area whose goals can range from body development to the correction of postural problems and the resolution of various pathologies related to human movement. In the case in analysis, the patient presented (at rest) localized pain (twinges) in the anterior face of the left knee, with an intensity of five (0-10 scale), without phlogistic signs, which worsens when performing the squat, hindering him from leaving the bed without pain. Symptoms were exacerbated when descending stairs. Through anamnesis and directed physical examination, it were considered the possible differential diagnosis of pain in the anterior portion of the knee: Diseases in menisci, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament injuries, diseases of knee collateral ligaments, diseases of knee cartilage, diseases of patellar tendon tendinitis and patellar chondromalacia. After a correct diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome, a conservative treatment was performed using bodybuilding. The results were positive after four months of treatment. From this case, it can be concluded that bodybuilding can be an alternative solution for the conservative treatment of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Research on the use of surface electromyography (sEMG) for analyzing the effects of Manual Therapy (MT) seems to have very dispersed intentions. The development of data collection protocols using sEMG might not be stable for conducting clinical studies. This study aimed to evaluate the current literature using surface sEMG in the context of MT and verify if it is a useful tool to verify its effectiveness. Also, to assess the methodologic quality and reporting standards and make a reflective analysis of how this technique has been used for this treatment modality. A computerized search was performed in May 2017 and repeated in June 2018, the search was performed in 8 electronic databases following PRISMA protocol. Thirty-one papers were included. More and better-designed studies are needed to create improved protocols. Further exploration and validation of these protocols may help to conduct more reliable clinically driven trials and it may inform policymakers of the role of MT in health care. The detection of clinically meaningful electrical alterations in muscles seems to be the main objective of most authors. Several sEMG items were not reported, and overall methodology quality was low.

Abstract NuRadioMC is a Monte Carlo framework designed to simulate ultra-high energy neutrino detectors that rely on the radio detection method. This method exploits the radio emission generated in the electromagnetic component of a particle shower following a neutrino interaction. NuRadioMC simulates everything from the neutrino interaction in a medium, the subsequent Askaryan radio emission, the propagation of the radio signal to the detector and finally the detector response. NuRadioMC is designed as a modern, modular Python-based framework, combining flexibility in detector design with user-friendliness. It includes a state-of-the-art event generator, an improved modelling of the radio emission, a revisited approach to signal propagation and increased flexibility and precision in the detector simulation. This paper focuses on the implemented physics processes and their implications for detector design. A variety of models and parameterizations for the radio emission of neutrino-induced showers are compared and reviewed. Comprehensive examples are used to discuss the capabilities of the code and different aspects of instrumental design decisions.

The thermal and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 422 were evaluated for suitability as a drop-in replacement for 4140 steel in next generation heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) pistons. The time and temperature of the austenitization and tempering steps were studied to achieve optimum materials performance in piston applications, including the balance of thermal and mechanical properties and resistance to long-term thermal aging. Reducing the tempering temperature from 700 to 600 °C caused a substantial increase in elevated temperature strength from 25 to 600 °C, but had no significant influence on thermal conductivity, suggesting that thermal conductivity in 422 is dominated largely by composition and distribution of alloying elements and mostly independent of the sub-grain structure size and precipitate size. Compared to the current HDDE piston alloy 4140, 422 exhibits substantially higher elevated temperature strength and lower thermal conductivity, the latter which will cause 422 to operate at higher temperatures in pistons, possibly requiring a piston redesign to take advantage of the improved high temperature strength of 422. Piston material selection and alloy design strategies with potential to mitigate some of the shortcomings of martensitic stainless steels, such as 422, as drop-in replacements are discussed.

Abstract Background The Buschke–Löwenstein tumor comes from the confluence of multiple condyloma acuminata and is clinically manifested by warty, exophytic, ulcerated lesions, with aggressive behavior, rapid growth, invasion and destruction of adjacent structures. Case presentation A 57-year-old man with type II diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and a history of high-risk sexual behavior with multiple partners was evaluated in the urology department for multiple penile lesions of verrucous appearance and fetid odor of 10 months of evolution. Biopsy of the lesion was performed revealing a giant condyloma acuminatum. Conclusions Radical surgical excision with wide surgical margins remains the first line of treatment. Close follow-up of these patients is crucial given the complexity and tumor recurrence.

The exposure to respirable particulates poses a significant threat to human health globally. Several occupational activities can contribute to this problem, being open-pit mining and related activities such as road construction and earthworks some examples. This systematic review protocol outlines the main procedures to conduct a scoping review which aims to identify the most adequate variables to plan safety since the design safe. To accomplish this primary objective, some secondary objectives were defined as well. The journals and databases considered more relevant were selected (i.e. Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct) and a set of keywords was defined to the latter sequenced combination. The selection process of the articles is also described, in an attempt to contribute to further research on this field. Every methodology is documented and supported by the PRISMA Statement adapted to the scoping review process. All of the data treatment is detailed, including the risk of bias and attempts to manage it.

Background: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) represents anterior knees’ diseases. The PFPS is a multifactorial disease, with high prevalence. It presents a direct relationship of deterioration through the act of squatting, descending and climbing stairs, interfering both in working and daily activities. The main purpose of the study will be to find evidence of the direct relationship between the variations of squatting during muscular daily physical exercises and the patellofemoral disease. Methodology: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) Statement was used to elaborate the adequate research guidelines to address the research objective. Seven databases will be accessed (Academic Search Complete, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Informaworld by Taylor & Francis, and Medline via PMC) and, at least, 10 keywords will be combined. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: One author will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at first, and full-texts of potentially eligible records at a second phase, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. Two review authors will also assess the risk of bias and the quality of evidence, using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Tool, Rob 2.0. This protocol is registered in PROSPERO under the code CRD42019128711.

This paper deals with a nonlinear controller based on saturation functions with variable parameters for set-point regulation and trajectory tracking control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). In many cases, saturation functions with constant parameters are used to limit the input signals generated by a classical PD (Proportional-Derivative) controller to avoid damaging the actuators; however this abrupt bounded harms the performance of the controller. We, therefore, propose to replace the conventional saturation function, with constant parameters, by a saturation function with variable parameters to limit the signals of a PD controller, which is the base of the nonlinear PD with gravitational/buoyancy compensation and the nonlinear PD + controllers that we propose in this paper. Consequently, the mathematical model is obtained, considering the featuring operation of the underwater vehicle LIRMIA 2, to do the stability analysis of the closed-loop system with the proposed nonlinear controllers using the Lyapunov arguments. The experimental results show the performance of an AUV (LIRMIA 2) for the depth control problems in the case of set-point regulation and trajectory tracking control. Keywords: AUV, Nonlinear PD and PD+ controllers, Real-time experiments

Abstract Knowing precisely where a spacecraft lands on Mars is important for understanding the regional and local context, setting, and the offset between the inertial and cartographic frames. For the InSight spacecraft, the payload of geophysical and environmental sensors also particularly benefits from knowing exactly where the instruments are located. A ~30 cm/pixel image acquired from orbit after landing clearly resolves the lander and the large circular solar panels. This image was carefully georeferenced to a hierarchically generated and coregistered set of decreasing resolution orthoimages and digital elevation models to the established positive east, planetocentric coordinate system. The lander is located at 4.502384°N, 135.623447°E at an elevation of −2,613.426 m with respect to the geoid in Elysium Planitia. Instrument locations (and the magnetometer orientation) are derived by transforming from Instrument Deployment Arm, spacecraft mechanical, and site frames into the cartographic frame. A viewshed created from 1.5 m above the lander and the high‐resolution orbital digital elevation model shows the lander is on a shallow regional slope down to the east that reveals crater rims on the east horizon ~400 m and 2.4 km away. A slope up to the north limits the horizon to about 50 m away where three rocks and an eolian bedform are visible on the rim of a degraded crater rim. Azimuths to rocks and craters identified in both surface panoramas and high‐resolution orbital images reveal that north in the site frame and the cartographic frame are the same (within 1°).

El transporte de cloruro en el hormigón por difusión es un problema extensamente estudiado para determinar la vida útil de las estructuras en ambientes marinos. Sin embargo, cuando el hormigón se encuentra fisurado no existe un procedimiento que permita calcular el transporte de los cloruros. Los Códigos limitan el ancho de las fisuras según el tipo de ambiente de exposición. En este trabajo se estudia la relación del ancho de fisura con el coeficiente de difusión y se estima el periodo de iniciación de la corrosión por cloruros en hormigones fisurados. Se ha obtenido una ley que permite predecir la variación del tiempo de iniciación de la corrosión en función del ancho de la fisura.

Background: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD–Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. Methods and results: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012–2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P

During military operations, soldiers often encounter extreme environmental, metabolic and neuropsychiatric conditions, which combined lead to a fatigue status that can cause serious physiological impairments, decreasing military performance on the battlefield. Comprehensive studies in realistically stressful environments are essential to expand the knowledge regarding the consequences of real-life stress exposure, facilitate development of operationally-useful techniques and promote the conception of improved treatments. Therefore, a systematic review is proposed to obtain relevant information about fatigue assessment through multiple physiological parameters in the military context, to focus on determining the associations between fatigue and physiological response in order to plan in the future adequate interventions to prevent related negative consequences. Thus, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) Statement, this systematic review protocol was elaborated in order to present adequate guidelines to develop a research that can provide appropriate results to fulfil the sought objective. Five databases will be accessed (SCOPUS, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline and Web of Science) and a total of 9 combinations of keywords will be used. This protocol is registered in PROSPERO under the code of PROSPERO CRD42018105833.

Introduction: Manual therapy (MT) is widely used by several healthcare professions to treat musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s), still, there isn’t enough evidence to support its choice a therapeutic approach to these disorders. Researchers have been using surface electromyography (sEMG) to understand the effects and efficiency of MT. This study aims to evaluate the current literature using sEMG to assess muscle parameters within the scope of the use of MT. Methods and Analysis: The search will be performed in 26 electronic databases and journals using the PRISMA Statement. Selection of the studies, data extraction and validation will be performed independently by two reviewers. These studies shall be categorized towards their aims to capture what the authors have been interest in. The overall quality will be assessed using Jadad Scale and the quality of the reporting of EMG data will be assessed using the ISEK standards. This review is oriented toward identifying failure to report of methods in the studies selected, which directly affect their reproducibility. Dissemination: Outcomes of this review will be published in a peer-review journal. It may encourage future authors in this area of study to avoid failing to report all the relevant data in their studies.

Resumen: Desde el último consenso mexicano para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) en el 2007, han existido avances importantes al respecto. Por tal motivo, la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología convocó a 20 expertos para la realización del «IV consenso mexicano sobre H. pylori». Durante febrero y junio del 2017 se organizaron 4 mesas de trabajo, una revisión de la literatura y 3 rondas de votaciones donde se establecieron 32 enunciados para discusión y consenso. Dentro de las recomendaciones se destaca el reconocer a México como un país con riesgo de cáncer gástrico bajo a intermedio a pesar de la alta prevalencia de infección por H. pylori. Se corrobora que enfermedad ulcerosa péptica, presencia de lesiones premalignas, antecedentes de cáncer gástrico y linfoma asociado a la mucosa deben considerarse indicaciones claras para erradicación. La relación del H. pylori con los síntomas dispépticos sigue siendo controversial. La triple terapia de erradicación con amoxicilina, claritromicina y un inhibidor de la bomba de protones ya no debe ser considerada la primera línea de tratamiento. En su lugar, se proponen 2 opciones: la terapia cuádruple con bismuto (inhibidor de la bomba de protones, subcitrato de bismuto, tetraciclina y metronidazol) y la terapia cuádruple sin bismuto (inhibidor de la bomba de protones, amoxicilina, claritromicina y metronidazol). Se establece la necesidad de la realización de sensibilidad antimicrobiana ante la falla a 2 tratamientos de erradicación. Finalmente, se proponen campañas de educación respecto al diagnóstico y tratamiento del H. pylori para médicos de primer contacto y población general. Abstract: Important advances have been made since the last Mexican consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was published in 2007. Therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología summoned 20 experts to produce “The Fourth Mexican Consensus on Helicobacter pylori”. From February to June 2017, 4 working groups were organized, a literature review was performed, and 3 voting rounds were carried out, resulting in the formulation of 32 statements for discussion and consensus. From the ensuing recommendations, it was striking that Mexico is a country with an intermediate-to-low risk for gastric cancer, despite having a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. It was also corroborated that peptic ulcer disease, premalignant lesions, and histories of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma should be considered clear indications for eradication. The relation of H. pylori to dyspeptic symptoms continues to be controversial. Eradication triple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor should no longer be considered first-line treatment, with the following 2 options proposed to take its place: quadruple therapy with bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subcitrate, tetracycline, and metronidazole) and quadruple therapy without bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole). The need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing when 2 eradication treatments have failed was also established. Finally, the promotion of educational campaigns on the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori for both primary care physicians and the general population were proposed. Palabras clave: Helicobacter pylori, México, Erradicación, Cáncer gástrico, Epidemiología, Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Mexico, Eradication, Gastric cancer, Epidemiology

Abstract Background Local relapse and peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) for pT4 colon cancer is estimated in 15,6% and 36,7% for 12 months and 36 months from surgical resection respectively, achieving a 5 years overall survival of 6%. There are promising results using prophylactic HIPEC in this group of patients, and it is estimated that up to 26% of all T4 colon cancer could benefit from this treatment with a minimal morbidity. Adjuvant HIPEC is effective to avoid the possibility of peritoneal seeding after surgical resection. Taking into account these results and the cumulative experience in HIPEC use, we will lead a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and safety of adjuvant treatment with HIPEC vs. standard treatment in patients with colon cancer at high risk of peritoneal recurrence (pT4). Methods/Design The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness and safety of adjuvant HIPEC in preventing the development of PC in patients with colon cancer with a high risk of peritoneal recurrence (cT4). This study will be carried out in 15 Spanish HIPEC centres. Eligible for inclusion are patients who underwent curative resection for cT4NxM0 stage colon cancer. After resection of the primary tumour, 200 patients will be randomized to adjuvant HIPEC followed by routine adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in the experimental arm, or to systemic chemotherapy only in the control arm. Adjuvant HIPEC will be performed simultaneously after the primary resection. Mitomycin C will be used as chemotherapeutic agent, for 60 min at 42–43 °C. Primary endpoint is loco-regional control (LC) in months and the rate of loco-regional control (%LC) at 12 months and 36 months after resection. Discussion We assumed that adjuvant HIPEC will reduce the expected absolute risk of peritoneal recurrence from 36% to 18% at 36 months for T4 colon-rectal carcinoma. Trial registration NCT02614534 (clinicaltrial.gov) Nov-2015.

Abstract Background Tree pruning is a costly practice with important implications for crop harvest and nutrition, pest and disease control, soil protection and irrigation strategies. Investigations on tree pruning usually involve tedious on-ground measurements of the primary tree crown dimensions, which also might generate inconsistent results due to the irregular geometry of the trees. As an alternative to intensive field-work, this study shows a innovative procedure based on combining unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology and advanced object-based image analysis (OBIA) methodology for multi-temporal three-dimensional (3D) monitoring of hundreds of olive trees that were pruned with three different strategies (traditional, adapted and mechanical pruning). The UAV images were collected before pruning, after pruning and a year after pruning, and the impacts of each pruning treatment on the projected canopy area, tree height and crown volume of every tree were quantified and analyzed over time. Results The full procedure described here automatically identified every olive tree on the orchard and computed their primary 3D dimensions on the three study dates with high accuracy in the most cases. Adapted pruning was generally the most aggressive treatment in terms of the area and volume (the trees decreased by 38.95 and 42.05% on average, respectively), followed by trees under traditional pruning (33.02 and 35.72% on average, respectively). Regarding the tree heights, mechanical pruning produced a greater decrease (12.15%), and these values were minimal for the other two treatments. The tree growth over one year was affected by the pruning severity and by the type of pruning treatment, i.e., the adapted-pruning trees experienced higher growth than the trees from the other two treatments when pruning intensity was low (

Sin resumen

The development and validation of remote-sensing-based approaches for the retrieval of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentrations requires a comprehensive understanding of the sources and magnitude of variability in the optical properties of dissolved material within lakes. In this study, spatial and seasonal variability in concentration and composition of CDOM and the origin of its variation was studied in Lake Balaton (Hungary), a large temperate shallow lake in central Europe. In addition, we investigated the effect of photobleaching on the optical properties of CDOM through in-lake incubation experiments. There was marked variability throughout the year in CDOM absorption in Lake Balaton (aCDOM(440) = 0. 06–9.01 m−1). The highest values were consistently observed at the mouth of the main inflow (Zala River), which drains humic-rich material from the adjoining Kis-Balaton wetland, but CDOM absorption decreased rapidly towards the east where it was consistently lower and less variable than in the westernmost lake basins. The spectral slope parameter for the interval of 350–500 nm (SCDOM(350–500)) was more variable with increasing distance from the inflow (observed range 0.0161–0.0181 nm−1 for the mouth of the main inflow and 0.0158–0.0300 nm−1 for waters closer to the outflow). However, spatial variation in SCDOM was more constant exhibiting a negative correlation with aCDOM(440). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was strongly positively correlated with aCDOM(440) and followed a similar seasonal trend but it demonstrated more variability than either aCDOM or SCDOM with distance through the system. Photobleaching resulting from a 7-day exposure to natural solar UV radiation resulted in a marked decrease in allochthonous CDOM absorption (7.04 to 3.36 m−1, 42 % decrease). Photodegradation also resulted in an increase in the spectral slope coefficient of dissolved material.

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a pediatric intraocular malignancy and probably the most robust clinical model on which genetic predisposition to develop cancer has been demonstrated. Since deletions in chromosome 13 have been described in this tumor, we performed next generation sequencing to test whether recurrent losses could be detected in low coverage data. We used Illumina platform for 13 tumor tissue samples: two pools of 4 retinoblastoma cases each and one pool of 5 medulloblastoma cases (raw data can be found at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB6630).We first created an in silico reference profile generated from a human sequenced genome (GRCh37p5). From this data we calculated an integrity score to get an overview of gains and losses in all chromosomes; we next analyzed each chromosome in windows of 40 kb length, calculating for each window the log2 ratio between reads from tumor pool and in silico reference. Finally we generated panoramic maps with all the windows whether lost or gained along each chromosome associated to its cytogenetic bands to facilitate interpretation. Expression microarrays was done for the same samples and a list of over and under expressed genes is presented here. For this detection a significance analysis was done and a log2 fold change was chosen as significant (raw data can be found at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/accession number GSE11488). The complete research article can be found at Cancer Genetics journal (Garcia-Chequer et al., in press) [1]. In summary here we provide an overview with visual graphics of gains and losses chromosome by chromosome in retinoblastoma and medulloblastoma, also the integrity score analysis and a list of genes with relevant expression associated. This material can be useful to researchers that may want to explore gains and losses in other malignant tumors with this approach or compare their data with retinoblastoma.