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The rise of the fast-growing new language services industry referred to as “localization” represents an interesting cultural phenomenon. I examine this industry from the perspective of variant cultural practices orbiting around the notion of translation and adaptation, identifying a strong correspondent-versus-adaptive polarity. Using examples of 19th-century Japanese adaptations of Western texts, I note how contemporary market dynamics favored adaptations over correspondent translations. Mapping these onto contemporary localization practices, I suggest that the emergence of the ‘localization’ industry in a global marketplace today helps us reconsider the importance of adaptation’s time-honored role within the translation spectrum.

Geochronology is a fundamental measurement for planetary samples, providing global and solar system context for the conditions prevailing on the planet at the time of major geological events. The potassium (K)-Argon (Ar) laser experiment (KArLE) will make in situ noble gas geochronology measurements aboard planetary robotic missions such as rovers and landers. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to measure the K abundance in a sample and to release its noble gases; the evolved Ar is measured by mass spectrometry, and relative K content is related to absolute Ar abundance by sample mass, determined by optical measurement of the ablated volume. This approach allows K and Ar to be measured on identical volumes multiple times to create an isochron, which improves the age determination and reveals irregularities in the rock if they exist. The KArLE technique measures a whole-rock K-Ar age with 10% uncertainty or better for rocks 2 Ga or older, sufficient to resolve the absolute age of many planetary samples. The LIBS–mass spectrometry approach is attractive because the analytical components have been flight-proven, do not require further technical development and provide essential measurements (complete elemental abundance, evolved volatile analysis, micro-imaging) as well as in situ geochronology. La mesure geochronologique est fondamentale pour les echantillons planetaires, fournissant le contexte a la fois global et du systeme solaire pour les conditions qui prevalent sur la planete au moment des grands evenements geologiques. Le systeme experimental laser Potassium (K) -Argon (Ar) (KArLE) fera des mesures geochronologiques in situ de gaz rares a bord de missions robotiques planetaires tels que les « rovers » et « landers ». La spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) est utilisee pour mesurer l'abondance du K dans un echantillon et pour liberer les gaz rares qu'il contient; l'Ar evolue est mesuree par spectrometrie de masse, et la teneur relative en K est liee a l'abondance absolue de l'Ar par la masse de l'echantillon, determinee par la mesure optique du volume ablate. Cette approche permet de mesurer K et Ar pour des volumes identiques et ceci a plusieurs reprises afin d'obtenir une isochrone, ce qui ameliore la determination de l'âge et revele des heterogeneites dans la roche, si elles existent. La technique KArLE mesure un âge K-Ar sur roche totale avec 10% d'incertitude voire mieux pour des roches vieilles de 2 Ga ou plus, ce qui est suffisant pour contraindre l'âge absolu de nombreux echantillons planetaires. L'approche spectrometrie de masse-LIBS est attrayante parce que les composants analytiques ont ete eprouve en vol, ne necessitent pas de nouveaux developpements techniques et fourniront les donnees essentielles (abondance elementaire complete, analyse des volatils evolues, micro-imagerie) ainsi que les mesures geochronologiques in situ.

The city of Tokyo, renamed after the Meiji Restoration, developed an urban culture that was a dynamic integration of Edo's highly developed traditions and Meiji renovations, some of which reflected the influence of Western culture. This wide-ranging anthology-including fictional and dramatic works, essays, newspaper articles, political manifestos, and cartoons-tells the story of how the city's literature and arts grew out of an often chaotic and sometimes paradoxical political environment to move toward a consummate Japanese "modernity." Tokyo's downtown audience constituted a market that demanded visuality and spectacle, while the educated uptown favored written, realistic literature. The literary products resulting from these conflicting consumer bases were therefore hybrid entities of old and new technologies. A Tokyo Anthology guides the reader through Japanese literature's journey from classical to spoken, pictocentric to logocentric, and fantastic to realistic-making the novel the dominant form of modern literature. The volume highlights not only familiar masterpieces but also lesser known examples chosen from the city's downtown life and counterculture. Imitating the custom of creative artists of the Edo period, scholars from the United States, Canada, England, and Japan have collaborated in order to produce this intriguing sampling of Meiji works in the best possible translations. The editors have sought out the most reliable first editions of texts, also reproducing most of their original illustrations. With few exceptions the translations presented here are the first in the English language. This rich anthology will be welcomed by students and scholars of Japan studies and by a wide general audience interested in Japan's popular culture, media culture, and literature in translation.

We have developed an octopole-quadrupole photoionization apparatus at the Advanced Light Source for absolute integral cross-section measurements of rovibrational-state-selected ion-molecule reactions. This apparatus consists of a high-resolution photoionization ion source, a wired ion gate lens, a dual radio-frequency (rf) octopole ion guide reaction gas cell, and a quadrupole mass spectrometer for reactant and product ion detection. The unique feature of this apparatus is the implementation of the high-resolution pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (PFI-PE)-photoion coincidence (PFI-PEPICO) technique, which has allowed the rotational-state selection of diatomic ions for ion-molecule reaction studies. The novel application of the wired ion gate lens for the rejection of false coincidence background ions is described. This application, along with the differential-ion-gate scheme, has made possible the measurements of rovibrational-state-selected absolute integral reaction cross sections for ion-molecule ...

Charge exchange between xenon ions and xenon atoms is the source of a detrimental low energy plasma in the vicinity of electrostatic spacecraft thrusters. Proper modeling of charge-exchange induced spacecraft interactions requires knowledge of the respective charge-exchange cross sections. Guided-ion beam measurements and semiclassical calculations are presented for xenon atom charge-exchange collisions with Xe+ and Xe2+ at energies per ion charge ranging from 1 to 300 eV. The present measurements for the symmetric Xe++Xe exchange system are in good agreement with several earlier experimental studies and semiclassical calculations based on the most recently computed Xe2+ interaction potentials. The cross sections are ∼30% higher than predictions by the Rapp and Francis model [D. Rapp and W. E. Francis, J. Chem. Phys. 37, 2631 (1962)]. The present Xe2++Xe symmetric charge exchange measurements are the first to cover the ion energy range from 40 to 600 eV. The cross sections are in good agreement with low-e...

We present experimental and theoretical results on rotational distributions of CO^+ (B^2Σ^+) photoions. Rotational distributions were determined for both the v^+=0 and v^+=1 vibrational levels following photoionization of cold (T_0≈9K) neutral CO target molecules. Data were generated using dispersed ionic fluorescence over a wide range of photoelectron kinetic energies, 0⩽E_k⩽120eV, which allows one to interrogate the ionization dynamics. This wide spectral coverage permits illustrative comparisons with theory, and calculated spectra are presented to interpret the data. In particular, the comparison between theory and experiment serves to identify the strong continuum resonant enhancement at hν_(exc)≈35eV in the l=3 partial wave of the 4σ→kσ ionization channel, as this feature has profound effects on the ion rotational distributions over a wide range of energy. Second, there are differences between the rotational substructure for the v^+=0 and v^+=1 vibrational levels. All of the experimentally observed features and trends are reproduced by theory, and the consequences of these comparisons are discussed.

We report on excitation of the bending vibration following 3σu−1 photoionization of CO2. Dispersed fluorescence is used to determine the v+=(0,1,0)/v+=(0,0,0) ratio over the range 18⩽hνexc⩽190 eV. The results demonstrate that the bending excitation varies over this wide range, and is influenced by the photoelectron.

We consider optimizing the control of the wide-area link of a home router based on the needs of individual users instead of assuming a canonical user. A careful user study clearly demonstrates that measured end-user satisfaction with a given set of home network conditions is highly variable - user perception and opinion of acceptable network performance is very different from user to user. To exploit this fact we design, implement, and evaluate a prototype system, EmNet, that incorporates direct user feedback from a simple user interface layered over existing web content. This feedback is used to dynamically configure a weighted fair queuing (WFQ) scheduler on the wide-area link. We evaluate EmNet in terms of the measured satisfaction of end-users, and in terms of the bandwidth required. We compare EmNet with an uncontrolled link (the common case today), as well as with statically configured WFQ scheduling. On average, EmNet is able to increase overall user satisfaction by 20% over the uncontrolled network and by 12% over static WFQ. EmNet does so by only increasing the average application bandwidth by 6% over the static WFQ scheduler.

Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the CF4+ (D 2A1) state is studied for the first time over an extended energy range, 26.5or=hnuor=50 eV. It is found that the energy dependence of the totally symmetric stretching vibration is qualitatively different from all of the other vibrational modes. Moreover, the vibrational branching ratio curves for all of the symmetry forbidden vibrations are nearly identical. Qualitative arguments are used to show that it is likely that at least two shape resonances are present in the continuum, and that their characteristics, such as energy dependence and spatial localization, are distinctly different.

The detonation and subsequent combustion of aluminized explosive formulations depend heavily on the oxidation reactions of aluminum. Fuel‐rich formulations require oxygen from an external source (nominally an oxygen‐containing atmosphere or detonation products) to burn the fuel to completion. Dynamic spectroscopic measurements are made for an aluminized explosive (PBXIH‐135) to investigate the effect of changing atmospheres on the combustion properties of aluminum. The explosive formulation is tested under normal atmospheric conditions and in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Light emission (from 350–550 nm) from the explosive event is collected in a spectrometer and dispersed temporally in a streak camera. Aluminum emission (centered at 396 nm) is commonly observed in each atmosphere although the emission persists longer in nitrogen. Aluminum nitride (AlN) is observed as an intermediate in the oxidation of aluminum when oxygen is removed from the atmosphere. New, nitrogen‐containing species (near 387 and 418 nm) also arise in the nitrogen atmosphere experiments. A slower, less intense aluminum monoxide (AlO) emission observed in the nitrogen atmosphere may correspond to the slower oxidation reactions of aluminum and detonation products (CO2 and H2O). The peak assignments and global kinetics of each species are presented and the implications of these results on atmospheric effects are discussed.

Aluminum combustion plays an important role in tailoring energy release rates of energetic materials. The intimate mixing between Al and oxidizers from the formulation itself or from the surrounding atmosphere is key to effecting combustion. We infer combustion processes in detonated aluminized energetic formulations PBXIH‐135 and PBXN‐111 in air using time‐resolved spectroscopy. We recorded spectral emissions from Al and AlO emanating from the surface of each sample for up to 100 μs. We observe differences in metal combustion between the oxidizer deficient PBXIH‐135 and the oxygen‐rich PBXN‐111. We will discuss phases of combustion that each formulation exhibits and possible reaction processes.

We present results on the energy dependence of the vibrational branching ratio for the bending mode in CO2 3sigmau-1 photoionization. Specifically, we determine the v+ = (0,1,0)/v+ = (0,0,0) intensity ratio by detecting dispersed fluorescence from the electronically excited photoions. The results exhibit large deviations over a very wide energy range, 18

In late June of 1879, just as the rainy season was drawing to a close, Ulysses S. Grant steamed into Nagasaki Harbor aboard the Richmond. His arrival in Japan marked the final stage of a two-year world tour, and after several months in the tropics his entourage looked forward to spending the summer in a temperate climate.4 Grant did not come to Japan unheralded, however. Months before his arrival the Japanese press noted the plans and preparations being made in anticipation of his visit. Never before had such a high-ranking Western dignitary graced Japan’s shores, and suitable hospitality was a major concern of government and municipal leaders.

When General Grant was visiting Japan in 1879, Ichikawa Danjuro, one of the foremost kabuki actors of the day, portrayed the ex-president as a twelfth-century samurai hero. Six years later the legendary Danjuro performed a very different role, that of a contemporary ex-samurai forced, through social changes brought about by the Meiji Restoration, to eke out a meager living as an innkeeper. The play itself, Seiyobanashi Nihon utsushie (A Western Tale as Japanese Magic Lantern Show, 1885), was a dramatization of an oral epic tale narrated by one of the premier professional storytellers of the day, San’yutei Encho (1839–1900). Encho’s story was, in turn, an adaptation of a Victorian novel, Charles Reade’s Hard Cash. This chapter will focus on the vibrant Meiji world of professional storytelling, in particular the important role oral storytellers played as entertainers of the masses, and examine how oral adaptations of Western novels mirrored the contemporary world. In the process I will show how Encho’s hon’anmono of a propagandistic British novel was tailored to the concerns of his diverse and changing audience.

Adecade after Grant’s visit to Japan, and three years following the appearance of Eikoku koshi as a written text, a young Japanese scholar of Western theater, Tsubouchi Shoyo (1859–1935) began to translate an American melodramatic novel entitled The False Friend. Over the next four years Tsubouchi reworked his literal translation into the serialized newspaper novel Daisagishi (The Swindler, 1892), which was then reissued as the single-volume novel Futagokoro (Two Hearts, 1897). The original English text opens with the following dramatic introduction: “When, at the awful battle of Fort Donelson, Grant’s storming columns, with Smith and Wallace at their heads, tore away the abatis and seized the key-point of the fort itself, one man on the Confederate side fought with such tigerish fury, mingled with an icy coolness, that it roused the comment of both friend and foe. The name of this man was Lucian Gleyre.”4

As Edward Young so charmingly demonstrates above, originality has, at times, been held in higher critical esteem than imitation. His metaphor for creative genius—a “blooming spring” called forth from a “barren waste”—is not exactly the opposite of the “transplanted laurels” he uses to represent imitation; rather, his oblique contrast suggests that the act of transplanting is the problem. Tacitly Young favors the planted seed over the transplanted shrub, the former epitomizing true genius, the latter falling far short, doomed always to “die on removal” or “languish in a foreign soil.” The beauty of originality, he suggests, has much to do with the magical self-generative power of the seed. In contrast, the inferiority of mimicry is rooted in its extra-territorial origin, in its transfer from another place.

Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the CF4+ (DA12) state is studied for the first time over an extended energy range, 26.5⩽hν⩽50eV. It is found that the energy dependence of the totally symmetric stretching vibration is qualitatively different from all of the other vibrational modes. Moreover, the vibrational branching ratio curves for all of the symmetry forbidden vibrations are nearly identical. Qualitative arguments are used to show that it is likely that at least two shape resonances are present in the continuum, and that their characteristics, such as energy dependence and spatial localization, are distinctly different.

The dynamic observation and characterization of light emission following the detonation and subsequent combustion of an aluminized explosive is described. The temporal, spatial, and spectral specificity of the light emission are achieved using a combination of optical diagnostics. Aluminum and aluminum monoxide emission peaks are monitored as a function of time and space using streak camera based spectroscopy in a number of light collection configurations. Peak areas of selected aluminum containing species are tracked as a function of time to ascertain the relative kinetics (growth and decay of emitting species) during the energetic event. At the chosen streak camera sensitivity, aluminum emission is observed for 10μs following the detonation of a confined 20g charge of PBXN-113, while aluminum monoxide emission persists longer than 20μs. A broadband optical emission gauge, shock velocity gauge, and fast digital framing camera are used as supplemental optical diagnostics. In-line, collimated detection is ...

T n HE Kawakami Troupe, a Japanese theatrical group that toured the United States and Europe during the first few years of this century, was nothing if not sensational. On two back-to-back European tours the troupe sought and captured the public eye, fundamentally because of the exotic appeal of their "Japaneseness," their language, music, costumes, and acting style. But there was more to their exoticism than their being Japanese in an occidental context. The troupe's impresario, Kawakami Otojiro JIl EL'H = (1864-1911), and his actress wife, ex-geisha Sadayakko 0,Y (1871-1945), were aggressive and shrewd promoters who took every available opportunity to satisfy their audiences' demands for a vision of Japan that conformed to orientalist expectations. The troupe promoted a curiously twisted version of Japan that altered as they moved from place to place. The troupe's efforts paid off in more than just applause. The attention it garnered abroad not only brought the troupe notoriety at home and eventual financial gain, but also led to an unexpected boon for Japanologists today: the remarkable preservation of visual and aural elements of the troupe's exotic performances.