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20 páginas.- 10 figuras.- 2 tablas.- 59 referencias.- Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04573-y, Papyrus, produced from the white pith of Cyperus papyrus L., has been used for millennia as the major writing support by ancient cultures, but there was no continuous papyrus production until modern times. Therefore, papyrus production had to be rediscovered. Modern Egyptian papyrus producers claim that their sheets possess 'the same physical and chemical properties as ancient papyri'. To study if this is accurate, commercially available papyrus sheets were compared to ancient papyri and papyri produced according to Pliny's historic description. Material characterization was performed with a focus on the potentially color-bearing lignin. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, derivatization followed by reductive cleavage, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were complemented with microscopy and tests for surface pH and sodium content. The lignin data in the native pith and commercial sheets were compared to 10 ancient samples from the Papyrus Museum Vienna. The analytical data clearly show the involvement of a strong alkaline treatment followed by chlorine bleaching for commercial papyri, as expressed by higher pH values, altered lignin structures, and chlorinated lignin compounds. The inclusion of an alkaline step in ancient papyrus manufacture is discussed but dismissed, since the alkali-treatment causes a huge decrease in lignin content, that was not found for the analysed ancient specimen. We assume that this additional treatment was introduced to obtain yellowish papyrus sheets meeting optical expectations of modern spectators. Linguistic and art historic evidence indicates that such a step would not have made sense in antiquity, since it was desired to produce white papyri., Open access funding provided by University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU). The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Austrian Biorefinery Centre Tulln (ABCT), the County of Lower Austria, the Spanish State Research Agency, the European Regional Development Fund (project AGL2017-83036-R) and the Junta de Andalucia (project P20-00017).

A deep survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud at ~0.1-100TeV photon energies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array is planned. We assess the detection prospects based on a model for the emission of the galaxy, comprising the four known TeV emitters, mock populations of sources, and interstellar emission on galactic scales. We also assess the detectability of 30 Doradus and SN 1987A, and the constraints that can be derived on the nature of dark matter. The survey will allow for fine spectral studies of N157B, N132D, LMC P3, and 30 Doradus C, and half a dozen other sources should be revealed, mainly pulsar-powered objects. The remnant from SN 1987A could be detected if it produces cosmic-ray nuclei with a flat power-law spectrum at high energies, or with a steeper index 2.3-2.4 pending a flux increase by a factor >3-4 over ~2015-2035. Large-scale interstellar emission remains mostly out of reach of the survey if its >10GeV spectrum has a soft photon index ~2.7, but degree-scale 0.1-10TeV pion-decay emission could be detected if the cosmic-ray spectrum hardens above >100GeV. The 30 Doradus star-forming region is detectable if acceleration efficiency is on the order of 1-10% of the mechanical luminosity and diffusion is suppressed by two orders of magnitude within, Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Corresponding authors: Pierrick Martin, Maria Isabel Bernardos Martin, Fabio Iocco

19 páginas.- 9 figuras.- 1 tabla.- 55 referencias.- The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1097866/full#supplementary-material, Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) is a sedge plant with a high rate of biomass productivity that represents an interesting raw material to produce chemicals, materials and fuels, which are currently still obtained from fossil resources, in the context of a lignocellulosic biorefinery. In this work, the content and chemical composition of the lipids present in papyrus stems were thoroughly studied. For this, the papyrus stems were separated into the rind and the pith. The lipid content accounted for 4.1% in the rind and 4.9% in the pith (based on dry matter). The main compounds identified in both parts of the papyrus stem were hydrocarbons, n-fatty acids, 2-hydroxyfatty acids, alcohols, alkylamides, mono- and diglycerides, steroids (sterols, ketones, hydrocarbons, esters and glycosides), tocopherols, tocopherol esters, phytol, phytol esters, alkyl ferulates, ω-carboxyalkyl ferulates (and their monoglycerides), and acylglycerol glycosides. The rind presented a predominance of n-fatty acids (6790 mg/kg; that represented 28.6% of all identified compounds), steroid compounds (6255 mg/kg; 26.3%), phytol and phytol esters (4985 mg/kg; 21.0%), and isoprenoid hydrocarbons, namely phytadiene and squalene (2660 mg/kg; 11.2%), while the most abundant lipids in the pith were steroids (8600 mg/kg; 44.4% of all identified compounds) and fatty acids (6245 mg/kg; 32.2%). Due to the great diversity and significant abundance of the compounds identified in papyrus, it can be considered as a potential raw material for biorefineries to obtain valuable phytochemicals of interest to various industrial sectors., This work has been funded by the projects AGL2017-83036-R and PID2020-118968RB-I00 (financed by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by “ERDF A way of making Europe”), and the project P20_00017 (financed by the Regional Andalusian Government, Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, and co-financed by FEDER). MJR acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for a FPI fellowship (PRE2018-083267). FB, TR, and AP were supported by the Austrian Biorefinery Center Tulln (ABCT).

8 figuras.- refefencias.- Versión aceptada del artículo.- Supplementary data kiab469_Suppl. https://academic.oup.com/plphys/advance-article/doi/10.1093/plphys/kiab469/6400262#supplementary-data, Recent studies demonstrate that several polyphenolic compounds produced from beyond the canonical monolignol biosynthetic pathways can behave as lignin monomers, participating in radical coupling reactions and being incorporated into lignin polymers. Here, we show various classes of flavonoids, the chalconoid naringenin chalcone, the flavanones naringenin and dihydrotricin, and the flavone tricin, incorporate into the lignin polymer of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) rind. These flavonoids were released from the rind lignin by DFRC, a chemical degradative method that cleaves the β-ether linkages, indicating that at least a fraction of each was integrated into the lignin as β-ether linked structures. Due to the particular structure of tricin and dihydrotricin, whose C-3ʹ and C-5ʹ positions at their B-rings are occupied by methoxy groups, these compounds can only be incorporated into the lignin through 4ʹ–O–β bonds. However, naringenin chalcone and naringenin have no substituents at these positions and can therefore form additional carbon-carbon linkages, including 3ʹ– or 5ʹ–β linkages that form phenylcoumaran structures not susceptible to cleavage by DFRC. Furthermore, NMR analysis indicated that naringenin chalcone can also form additional linkages through its conjugated double bond. The discovery expands the range of flavonoids incorporated into natural lignins, further broadens the traditional definition of lignin, and enhances the premise that any phenolic compound present at the cell wall during lignification could be oxidized and potentially integrated into the lignin structure, depending only on its chemical compatibility. This study indicates that papyrus lignin has a unique structure as it is the only lignin known to date that integrates such a diversity of phenolic compounds from different classes of flavonoids. This discovery will open up new ways to engineer and design lignins with specific properties and for enhanced value., This work was funded by the Spanish State Research Agency and the European Regional 51 Development Fund (project AGL2017-83036-R), the Consejería de Transformación 52 Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía (project P20-53 00017), the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (DOE BER Office of Science DE54 SC0018409), and the Austrian Biorefinery Center Tulln (ABCT). MJR thanks the Spanish 55 Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for a FPI fellowship (PRE2018-083267).

Papyrus (

Proteins generally tend to aggregate with less desirable properties in numerous solvents, which is one of the major challenges in the development of solvents for functional proteins. This work aims to utilize fluorescence spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to understand the effects of ionic liquids (ILs) on the fluorescence and aggregation behavior of superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP). The studied ILs consisted of four different anions coupled with primary, tertiary and quaternary ammonium cations. The results show that the chromophore fluorescence was generally maintained in 1 mol% IL-water mixtures, then decreased with increasing IL concentration. We primarily employed the pseudo-radius of gyration (pseudo-Rg) to evaluate sfGFP aggregation. The sfGFP was less aggregated with nitrate-based ILs compared to in buffer, and more aggregated in the mesylate-based ILs. Further, we show that the polyol additives of glycerol and glucose in IL-water mixtures slightly decreased the sfGFP propensity to aggregate. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-SAXS was used to characterize the monomeric sfGFP in ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and triethylammonium mesylate (TEAMs)-water mixtures. The presence of 1 mol% TEAMs maintained the sfGFP fluorescence, promoted the compact structure, but slightly increased the amount of large aggregates, which contrasted with that of EAN.

Due to the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, educational institutions are immediately faced with a new challenge to adapt, forcing the transition from face-to-face teaching to distance learning in a short period. Distance education supported by technology is a challenge for educational institutions based on binomial technology/teaching. This paper presents a proposal for an e-learning technology structure, supported by a cluster of servers capable of responding to the requirements of distance learning based on the premises of High Availability, High Performance, Load Balancing. The beginning of this study consisted of a literature review to find the various existing technologies, a way to combine them and create a system capable of providing the necessary functionalities, and whose performance could host all the users of an institution simultaneously. The implemented system results from this combination of technologies and allows its capacity to be scaled at any moment according to momentary needs. In technological terms, the solution was based on a free Linux distribution, the Ubuntu Server installed inside a cluster of servers with VMware ESXi, and a cluster of database nodes based on Gallera technology. The eLearning platform used in this study was Moodle because it is one of the resources most used by institutions. The aspects of teaching, provision of content and execution of evaluation tests, were explored. With the implementation of the presented scenario, it was possible to guarantee the High Availability and load balancing of the platform and guarantee a high performance of the whole solution. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The collapse of protein homeostasis manifests itself in a toxic protein aggregation cascade, which is associated with degenerative diseases and aging. To solubilize aggregates, dedicated protein disaggregases exist in unicellular organisms, but these have no nuclear/cytosolic orthologs in metazoa. Alternative metazoan disaggregation machines have been described, but how these are operated and regulatedin vivoremained unknown. We show that protein disaggregases are functionally diversified in human cells to efficiently target different types of stress-induced aggregates in sequential and temporally distinct phases. In particular, we show the selective assembly of an Hsp70-DNAJA1-DNAJB1 trimeric disaggregase that forms during late phase of stress recovery.,i.e., after VCP-dependent solubilization of non-native proteins that accumulate in cellular condensates such as nucleoli or stress granules. When activated, the trimeric disaggregase provides resistance to stress toxicity and contributes to amyloid disposal. Strikingly, this disaggregase collapses early in cells undergoing replicative aging with important underlining pathophysiological consequences.

Although learning conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic were quite difficult, Yucatec Maya students from elementary to university levels did not stop learning, although they did not necessarily follow conventional school ways. Instead, Yucatec Maya families resumed their traditional Indigenous ways of learning. There is no question that during the pandemic these students faced challenges such as a lack of access to technology and equipment for distance education and a lack of motivation, both of which explain the poor performance at school. Nevertheless, this chapter presents evidence of a hidden factor of success, the cultural ways of learning. If these ways are applied properly, they have the potential to contribute significantly to successfully face the challenge of returning to full face-to-face schooling.

12 páginas.- 2 figuras.- 4 tablas.- 29 referencias, The pruning of sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis) generates large amounts of lignocellulosic residue. Orange tree pruning (OTP) residue presents a significant lignin content (21.2%). However, there are no previous studies describing the structure of the native lignin in OTPs. In the present work, the “milled-wood lignin” (MWL) was extracted from OTPs and examined in detail via gel permeation chromatography (GPC), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR). The results indicated that the OTP-MWL was mainly composed of guaiacyl (G) units, followed by syringyl (S) units and minor amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units (H:G:S composition of 1:62:37). The predominance of G-units had a strong influence on the abundance of the different linkages; therefore, although the most abundant linkages were β–O–4′ alkyl–aryl ethers (70% of total lignin linkages), the lignin also contained significant amounts of phenylcoumarans (15%) and resinols (9%), as well as other condensed linkages such as dibenzodioxocins (3%) and spirodienones (3%). The significant content of condensed linkages will make this lignocellulosic residue more recalcitrant to delignification than other hardwoods with lower content of these linkages., This research was funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by “ERDF A way of making Europe” (projects AGL2017-83036-R and PID2020-118968RB-I00) and the Regional Andalusian Government/FEDER (project P20_00017). M.J.R. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for an FPI fellowship (PRE2018-083267).

Indigenous Peoples’ and other traditional knowledge systems are often deemed to be ‘unscientific’ within conventional hierarchies of evidence-making. Science–policy processes to build a legacy from the commitments of the UN Food Systems Summit must ensure that due recognition, acceptance and prominence are given to traditional knowledge systems.

This paper shows the status of the ethernet-based communication solutions, focused on optical links, for the automotive industry. First, the implementation of a product compatible with the 1000BASE...

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Very-high Energy (VHE) gamma-ray astroparticle physics is a relatively young field, and observations over the past decade have surprisingly revealed almost two hundred VHE emitters which appear to act as cosmic particle accelerators. These sources are an important component of the Universe, influencing the evolution of stars and galaxies. At the same time, they also act as a probe of physics in the most extreme environments known - such as in supernova explosions, and around or after the merging of black holes and neutron stars. However, the existing experiments have provided exciting glimpses, but often falling short of supplying the full answer. A deeper understanding of the TeV sky requires a significant improvement in sensitivity at TeV energies, a wider energy coverage from tens of GeV to hundreds of TeV and a much better angular and energy resolution with respect to the currently running facilities. The next generation gamma-ray observatory, the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), is the answer to this need. In this talk I will present this upcoming observatory from its design to the construction, and its potential science exploitation. CTAO will allow the entire astronomical community to explore a new discovery space that will likely lead to paradigm-changing breakthroughs. In particular, CTA has an unprecedented sensitivity to short (sub-minute) timescale phenomena, placing it as a key instrument in the future of multi-messenger and multi-wavelength time domain astronomy. I will conclude the talk presenting the first scientific results obtained by the LST-1, the prototype of one CTAO telescope type - the Large-Sized Telescope, that is currently under commission., PoS: Proceedings of Science, 395, ISSN:1824-8039, Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2021)

12 páginas.- 6 figuras.- 2 tablas.- 56 referencias.-The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, Rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw is a highly abundant, widely available, and low cost agricultural waste that can be used as a source to extract valuable phytochemicals of industrial interest. Hence, in the present work, the chemical composition of the lipophilic compounds present in rice straw was thoroughly characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry using medium-length high-temperature capillary columns, which allowed the identification of a wide range of lipophilic compounds, from low molecular weight fatty acids to high molecular weight sterols esters, sterol glucosides, or triglycerides in the same chromatogram. The most abundant lipophilic compounds in rice straw were fatty acids, which accounted for up to 6,400 mg/kg (41.0% of all identified compounds), followed by free sterols (1,600 mg/kg; 10.2%), sterol glucosides (1,380 mg/kg; 8.8%), fatty alcohols (1,150 mg/kg; 7.4%), and triglycerides (1,140 mg/kg; 7.3%), along with lower amounts of high molecular weight wax esters (900 mg/kg; 5.8%), steroid ketones (900 mg/kg; 5.8%), monoglycerides (600 mg/kg; 3.8%), alkanes (400 mg/kg; 2.6%), diglycerides (380 mg/kg; 2.4%), sterol esters (380 mg/kg; 2.4%), tocopherols (340 mg/kg; 2.2%), and steroid hydrocarbons (60 mg/kg; 0.4%). This information is of great use for the valorization of rice straw to obtain valuable lipophilic compounds of interest for the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. Moreover, this knowledge is also useful for other industrial uses of rice straw, as in pulp and papermaking, since some lipophilic compounds are at the origin of the so-called pitch deposits during pulping. Copyright © 2022 Rosado, Marques, Rencoret, Gutiérrez and del Río., This work was supported by the projects AGL2017-83036-R and PID2020-118968RB-I00 (funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by “ERDF A way of making Europe”) and the Regional Andalusian Government, Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/FEDER (project P20-00017). MJR acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for a FPI fellowship (PRE2018-083267).

The aim of this study was to identify inflammation‐associated markers during the early phase of sepsis in rhesus macaque. Four rhesus macaques were given an intravenous dose of 1010 CFU/kg of E. coli. Blood samples were collected before, or 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after E. coli infusion. Physiological parameters, bacteremia, endotoxemia, C‐reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and plasma cytokines/chemokines were determined for each animal. Bacteremia was present in all animals from 30 minutes to 3 hours after E. coli infusion whereas endotoxin was detected during the full‐time course. CRP and PCT levels remained at detectable levels during the whole experimental window suggesting an ongoing inflammatory process. Signature cytokines and chemokines such as TNF‐α, MIP‐1α, and MIP‐1β peaked about 2 hours after E. coli infusion and decreased thereafter. Plasma IL‐6, IL‐12p40, IFN‐γ, and IL‐1Ra, as well as I‐TAC, MIG, IP‐10 and MCP‐1, remained at detectable levels after 4 hours of E. coli infusion. This nonhuman primate model could be useful for the assessment of new therapeutics aiming to suppress key inflammatory markers throughout sepsis early phases.

Due to their phylogenetic proximity to humans, nonhuman primates (NHPs) are considered an adequate choice for a basic and preclinical model of sepsis. Gram-negative bacteria are the primary causative of sepsis. During infection, bacteria continuously release the potent toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the bloodstream, which triggers an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response leading to death. Our previous research has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using a mouse model of septic shock that Fh15, a recombinant variant of the Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein, acts as an antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) suppressing the LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine storm. The present communication is a proof-of concept study aimed to demonstrate that a low-dose of Fh15 suppresses the cytokine storm and other inflammatory markers during the early phase of sepsis induced in rhesus macaques by intravenous (i.v.) infusion with lethal doses of live Escherichia coli. Fh15 was administered as an isotonic infusion 30 min prior to the bacterial infusion. Among the novel findings reported in this communication, Fh15 (i) significantly prevented bacteremia, suppressed LPS levels in plasma, and the production of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, which are key signatures of inflammation and bacterial infection, respectively; (ii) reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines; and (iii) increased innate immune cell populations in blood, which suggests a role in promoting a prolonged steady state in rhesus macaques even in the presence of inflammatory stimuli. This report is the first to demonstrate that a F. hepatica-derived molecule possesses potential as an anti-inflammatory drug against sepsis in an NHP model. IMPORTANCE Sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria affects 1.7 million adults annually in the United States and is one of the most important causes of death at intensive care units. Although the effective use of antibiotics has resulted in improved prognosis of sepsis, the pathological and deathly effects have been attributed to the persistent inflammatory cascade. There is a present need to develop anti-inflammatory agents that can suppress or neutralize the inflammatory responses and prevent the lethal consequences of sepsis. We demonstrated here that a small molecule of 14.5 kDa can suppress the bacteremia, endotoxemia, and many other inflammatory markers in an acute Gram-negative sepsis rhesus macaque model. These results reinforce the notion that Fh15 constitutes an excellent candidate for drug development against sepsis.

—For domestic consumers, electricity tariffs usually have two components: one is related to the maximum available current/total power (billed in C/day) and the other concerns to the energy consumption (C/kWh). The main switchboard current is usually limited, according to the contracted power level, by way of automatic switches. To avoid main switchboard tripping by current limit violation, Electric Vehicle (EV) owners may decide to increase their contracted power (and the energy bill) or to adopt charging strategies that limit the global consumption (EV plus house needs) to the contracted current/power. In this paper, an Intelligent Electric Vehicle Charging Controller (IEVCC), allowing to use the contracted power to the maximum extent, is presented. A set of user configurable parameters can be used to define the controller behavior, in order to prevent a full switch-off. Two versions are described: a single user version that can be used at private houses and a mesh version that can be used in multi apartment buildings, providing information about consumed energy, time of use, costs and past bills. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Due to their phylogenetic proximity to human, non-human primates (NHP) are considered an adequate choice for basic and pre-clinical model of sepsis. Gram-negative bacteria are the primary causative of sepsis. During infection bacteria continuously release the potent toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the bloodstream, which triggers an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response leading to death. Our previous research has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using a mouse model of septic shock that Fh15, a recombinant variant of the Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein, acts as an antagonist of TLR4 suppressing the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine storm. The present study aimed to demonstrate that Fh15 suppress the cytokine storm and other inflammatory markers during the early phase of an endotoxemia induced in rhesus macaques by i.v. infusion with lethal doses of live E. coli. Fh15 was administrated as isotonic infusion 30 min prior to the bacterial infusion. Among the novel findings reported in this communication, I) Fh15 significantly prevented bacteremia, suppressed LPS levels in plasma and the production of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, which are key signature of inflammation and bacterial infection, respectively, II) notably reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and III) increased innate immune cell populations in blood, which suggest a role in promoting a prolonged steady state in rhesus macaques even in the presence of inflammatory stimuli. This is the first report demonstrating that a F. hepatica-derived molecule possesses potential as anti-inflammatory drug against endotoxemia in an NHP-model.TweetThis is the first communication demonstrating that a F. hepatica-derived molecule possesses potential as anti-inflammatory drug against endotoxemia in an NHP-model.ImportanceSepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria affect 1.7 million adults annually in the United States and is one of the most important causes of death at intensive care units. Although the effective use of antibiotics has resulted in improved prognosis of sepsis, the pathological and deathly effects has been attributed to the persistent inflammatory cascade. There is a present need to develop anti-inflammatory agents that can suppress or neutralize the inflammatory responses and prevent the lethal consequences of sepsis. We demonstrated herein that a small molecule of 14.5kDa can suppress the bacteremia, endotoxemia and many other inflammatory markers in a rhesus macaque model. These results reinforce the notion that Fh15 constitute an excellent candidate for drug development against sepsis.

The posterior arch defects of the cervical spine are rare, and they arise out of deviations of the normal intrauterine development of the spine (4-8 weeks of development). The defects range from a cleft to the total agenesis of the posterior arch, with a reported prevalence of 4% and 0.15%, respectively. The pedicle agenesis is most frequently found in C6. A diagnosis is usually made after a traumatic incident in a previously asymptomatic patient. 35% of a patient's current symptoms are associated with instability or translation of the impaired vertebral segments like headaches, chronic pain, and neurological impairment. The clinical and radiological findings of a patient with an unusual and complex cervical spine malformation are reported. These are rare entities and seldom require surgical treatment. It is imperative for spine surgeons to be aware of these anatomical abnormalities to avoid misinterpretation and thus inappropriate treatment, particularly in acute trauma patients.

La educación universitaria disponible para estudiantes latinoamericanos indígenas se ubica, principal pero no únicamente, en alguno de tres modelos educativos. El convencional, basado en el método científico, no incluye la lengua, los saberes de las culturas indígenas ni sus formas de aprendizaje; el intracultural, que descansa en elementos propios de la cultura originaria para fortalecer su lengua, cultura, forma de pensamiento y cosmovisión; y el intercultural, que intenta combinar las dos anteriores. Reconociendo que la transmisión y creación de conocimiento son componentes transversales presentes en los modelos mencionados, se plantean como elementos articuladores que permiten tender puentes de acercamiento entre ellos. Así, se argumenta que la interculturalidad puede ser el resultado de un proceso en el que diferentes formas de construcción de conocimiento coexisten, en un ambiente seguro, dando oportunidad a la interacción multicultural para la innovación de conocimiento.

Solar-reflective “cool” walls reduce absorption of sunlight by the building envelope, which may decrease cooling load in warm weather and increase heating load in cool weather. Changes to annual heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy use depend on climate, wall construction, wall orientation, building geometry, HVAC efficiency, and operating schedule. Changes to annual energy cost and energy-related emissions further vary with local energy prices and emission factors. We used EnergyPlus to perform over 100,000 whole-building energy simulations, spanning 10 different building categories, three building vintages, 16 California climate zones, and 15 United States (U.S.) climate zones. Cool walls yielded annual source energy, energy cost, and emission savings in all California climate zones and in warm U.S. (ASHRAE) climate zones. In California, annual whole-building HVAC energy cost savings were 4.0–27% in single-family homes, 0.5–3.8% in medium office buildings, and 0.0–8.5% in stand-alone retail stores. In warm U.S. climates—zones 1A (Miami, FL) through 4B (Albuquerque, NM)—annual HVAC energy cost savings were 1.8–8.3% in single-family homes, 0.3–4.6% in medium office buildings, and 0.5–11% in stand-alone retail stores. California and U.S. fractional source energy and emission savings were comparable to fractional energy cost savings. Per unit surface area modified, cool-wall savings often exceeded cool-roof savings because building codes typically prescribe much less wall insulation than roof insulation.

The recognitions of phases and precise grain boundaries based on metallographic images are useful for conducting micromechanical simulations, such as finite element analysis and peridynamics. In this work, those processes are automatized by using a Sobel operator for identifying edges, which is normalized by different proposed Gaussian filters (on intensity, rugosity, or both). After that, a threshold is used to discretize the edges. Different neighboring pixel configurations, sensitive to edge intensity, are proposed for thinning and cleaning the discretized edges, and hence, grain boundaries with a one-pixel thickness are obtained. Then, the phase is selected by averaging color of each delimited grain. Finally, the precision on the phase recognition was found to increase from 75.61 to 83.6% for the unmodified and the normalized Sobel operator, respectively.

The effect of the application of a 3 mT electromagnetic field (EMF) during the welding of a 2205 duplex stainless steel on the resistance to fatigue damage was investigated on samples subjected to high cycle fatigue (HCF) and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) conditions. Ferrite grain refinement, high volume fraction of regenerated austenite in the heat affected zone and smaller columnar grains in the weld metal were induced by (EMF) application during gas metal arc welding. The improved microstructure evolution during the thermal cycle increased the number of microstructural barriers, hindering the nucleation and growth of microstructurally short fatigue cracks.

Aims Aim of this study is to report severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), as a possible cause for type 1 diabetes by providing an illustrative clinical case of a man aged 45 years presenting with antibody‐negative diabetic ketoacidosis post‐recovery from COVID‐19 pneumonia and to explore the potential for SARS‐CoV‐2 to adhere to human islet cells. Methods Explanted human islet cells from three independent solid organ donors were incubated with the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein receptor biding domain (RBD) fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a control‐GFP, with differential adherence established by flow cytometry. Results Flow cytometry revealed dose‐dependent specific binding of RBD‐GFP to islet cells when compared to control‐GFP. Conclusions Although a causal basis remains to be established, our case and in vitro data highlight a potential mechanism by which SARS‐CoV‐2 infection may result in antibody‐negative type 1 diabetes.

17 páginas.- 6 figuras.- 5 tablas.- referencias.- We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)., Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal crop used for human nutrition worldwide. Harvesting and processing of rice generates huge amounts of lignocellulosic by-products such as rice husks and straw, which present important lignin contents that can be used to produce chemicals and materials. In this work, the structural characteristics of the lignins from rice husks and straw have been studied in detail. For this, whole cell walls of rice husks and straw and their isolated lignin preparations were thoroughly analyzed by an array of analytical techniques, including pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). The analyses revealed that both lignins, particularly the lignin from rice husks, were highly enriched in guaiacyl (G) units, and depleted in p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and syringyl (S) units, with H:G:S compositions of 7:81:12 (for rice husks) and 5:71:24 (for rice straw). These compositions were reflected in the relative abundances of the different interunit linkages. Hence, the lignin from rice husks were depleted in β–O–4′ alkyl-aryl ether units (representing 65% of all inter-unit linkages), but presented important amounts of β–5′ (phenylcoumarans, 23%) and other condensed units. On the other hand, the lignin from rice straw presented higher levels of β–O–4′ alkyl-aryl ethers (78%) but lower levels of phenylcoumarans (β–5′, 12%) and other condensed linkages, consistent with a lignin with a slightly higher S/G ratio. In addition, both lignins were partially acylated at the γ-OH of the side-chain (ca. 10–12% acylation degree) with p-coumarates, which overwhelmingly occurred over S-units. Finally, important amounts of the flavone tricin were also found incorporated into these lignins, being particularly abundant in the lignin of rice straw., his study has been funded by the Spanish Project AGL2017-83036-R (financed by Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER). MJR thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for a FPI fellowship (PRE2018-083267). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).

Debate about what proportion of the Earth to protect often overshadows the question of how nature should be conserved and by whom. We present a systematic review and narrative synthesis of 169 publications investigating how different forms of governance influence conservation outcomes, paying particular attention to the role played by Indigenous peoples and local communities. We find a stark contrast between the outcomes produced by externally controlled conservation, and those produced by locally controlled efforts. Crucially, most studies presenting positive outcomes for both well-being and conservation come from cases where Indigenous peoples and local communities play a central role, such as when they have substantial influence over decision making or when local institutions regulating tenure form a recognized part of governance. In contrast, when interventions are controlled by external organizations and involve strategies to change local practices and supersede customary institutions, they tend to result in relatively ineffective conservation at the same time as producing negative social outcomes. Our findings suggest that equitable conservation, which empowers and supports the environmental stewardship of Indigenous peoples and local communities represents the primary pathway to effective long-term conservation of biodiversity, particularly when upheld in wider law and policy. Whether for protected areas in biodiversity hotspots or restoration of highly modified ecosystems, whether involving highly traditional or diverse and dynamic local communities, conservation can become more effective through an increased focus on governance type and quality, and fostering solutions that reinforce the role, capacity, and rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities. We detail how to enact progressive governance transitions through recommendations for conservation policy, with immediate relevance for how to achieve the next decadeâ s conservation targets under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. © 2021 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. We are thankful for funding and support provided by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (IUCN CEESP), particularly the Chair, Kristen Walker Painemilla, and Deputy Chair, Ameyali Ramos Castillo. We are grateful for advice and voluntary contributions provided by members of the CEESP Theme on Human Wellbeing and Sustainable Livelihoods and especially to Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend for constructive comments. ND and BC were supported through the “Just Conservation” project funded by the Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity (CESAB) of the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB), https://www.fondationbiodiversite.fr/. NGC’s time was funded through the Darwin Initiative RESPeCT project (No. 25-019). We are grateful to Samantha Cheng at the American Museum of Natural History for her time and advice on use of Colandr software and to Andy Wright https://www.madebyawdesign.com/ for the illustration of Figure 5. For images in Figure 5 we thank: the MIHARI Network https://mihari-network.org/ who permitted use of images of a fisherwoman speaking and Mangrove reforestation at Belo-sur-Mer, southwestern Madagascar; and Holladay Photo for the image of the Kahana community, Koolauloa, Oahu doing a traditional Hawaiian fishing practice called Hukilau.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal crop used for human nutrition worldwide. Harvesting and processing of rice generates huge amounts of lignocellulosic by-products such as rice husks and straw, which present important lignin contents that can be used to produce chemicals and materials. In this work, the structural characteristics of the lignins from rice husks and straw have been studied in detail. For this, whole cell walls of rice husks and straw and their isolated lignin preparations were thoroughly analyzed by an array of analytical techniques, including pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). The analyses revealed that both lignins, particularly the lignin from rice husks, were highly enriched in guaiacyl (G) units, and depleted in p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and syringyl (S) units, with H:G:S compositions of 7:81:12 (for rice husks) and 5:71:24 (for rice straw). These compositions were reflected in the relative abundances of the different interunit linkages. Hence, the lignin from rice husks were depleted in β–O–4′ alkyl-aryl ether units (representing 65% of all inter-unit linkages), but presented important amounts of β–5′ (phenylcoumarans, 23%) and other condensed units. On the other hand, the lignin from rice straw presented higher levels of β–O–4′ alkyl-aryl ethers (78%) but lower levels of phenylcoumarans (β–5′, 12%) and other condensed linkages, consistent with a lignin with a slightly higher S/G ratio. In addition, both lignins were partially acylated at the γ-OH of the side-chain (ca. 10–12% acylation degree) with p-coumarates, which overwhelmingly occurred over S-units. Finally, important amounts of the flavone tricin were also found incorporated into these lignins, being particularly abundant in the lignin of rice straw.

Due to their phylogenetic proximity to human, non-human primates are considered an adequate choice for basic and pre-clinical model of sepsis. Gram-negative bacteria are the primary causative of sepsis. During infection, bacteria continuously release the potent toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the bloodstream, which triggers an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response leading to death. Our previous research has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using a mouse model of septic shock that Fh15, a recombinant variant of the Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein, acts as an antagonist of TLR4 suppressing the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine storm. The present communication is a proof-of concept study aimed to demonstrate that a low-dose of Fh15 suppresses the cytokine storm and other inflammatory markers during the early phase of sepsis induced in rhesus macaques by i.v. infusion with lethal doses of live E. coli. Fh15 was administrated as isotonic infusion 30 min prior to the bacterial infusion. Among the novel findings reported in this communication, I) Fh15 significantly prevented bacteremia, suppressed LPS levels in plasma and the production of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, which are key signature of inflammation and bacterial infection, respectively, II) reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and III) increased innate immune cell populations in blood, which suggest a role in promoting a prolonged steady state in rhesus macaques even in the presence of inflammatory stimuli. This is the first report demonstrating that a F. hepatica-derived molecule possesses potential as anti-inflammatory drug against sepsis in an NHP-model. This research was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Grant/Award Number: 1SC1AI155439-01, Office of Research Infrastructure Program of NIH (ORIP-NIH) 2016-2021, Grant/Award Number: P40OD12271; National Institute on Minorities Health and Health Disparities, Grant/Award Number: 5R25GM061151, G12MD007600 and R25GM061838.

This paper shows the status of the Ethernet-based communication solutions, focused on optical links, for the automotive industry. First, the implementation of a product compatible with the 1000BASE-RHC according to the IEEE Std 802.3bv is presented, which is the first able to transmit 1Gbps over POF for automotive. Second, a new architecture to achieve up to 25Gbps for automotive is described. The proposed Multi-Gigabit system leverages existing technologies, as VCSELs, multi-mode fibers and photodiodes already developed for the data centers industry.

Yucatec Maya world vision reflects an ecological dimension present in words and concepts that guide their management decisions in their traditional food production systems. Professionals working in different activities related to sustainable community development, require good understanding of agroecological concepts in Maya, especially in their interaction/conversations with local Maya people. This paper explores conspicuous ecological concepts in Maya language used in traditional systems such as the milpa and contrasts them with concepts used in academic papers related to natural resources management. The ecological/agroecological concepts analyzed are ecosystem, dynamic equilibrium, niche, competition, carrying capacity, sustainability/resilience and participatory action research. &nbsp, La cosmovisión de los Mayas Yucatecos refleja una dimensión ecológica tal y como se muestra a través de palabras y conceptos que guían el manejo de sus sistemas de producción de alimentos. Las actividades de diferentes profesionistas relacionadas con el desarrollo comunitario sostenible, en poblaciones maya-hablantes de la península de Yucatán, requieren del uso de términos ecológicos en su interacción con los pobladores. El presente trabajo hace una exploración de los términos ecológicos más conspicuos en lengua Maya, usados en contextos prácticos por maya-hablantes en sistemas tradicionales como la milpa, y los compara con el uso de esos conceptos en publicaciones académicas relacionadas con el manejo de recursos naturales. Los conceptos ecológicos/agroecológicos analizados son: ecosistema, equilibrio dinámico, nicho, competencia, capacidad de carga, sostenibilidad/resiliencia e investigación acción participativa.

Introduction Oxidative stress is the imbalance between reactive species produced in the body during metabolic reactions and antioxidant agents that have the ability to neutralize or prevent the formation of these species. One of the effects of oxidative stress is the normal and physiological process of cell aging that arises from the accumulation of tissue damage caused by free radicals. Objectives To assess whether the activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) are influenced by the hydrotherapy sessions. Methodology 37 subjects aged 60 years old and above, of both genders, were divided into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group underwent 15 hydrotherapy sessions supervised by a physical therapist. Two peripheral venous blood samples were collected at two different times: T0, instant before the intervention and T1, instant after the last session. The activity of SOD, GPx and GR enzymes were determined, respectively, with the Ransod superoxide dismutase, Ransel glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase commercial kits, from Randox Laboratories Limited, United Kingdom. The assay was performed as described in the kits and the sample results were obtained by spectrophotometric reading. Results SOD activity at T1 tended to decrease slightly compared to T0 (1437.64 ± 593.46 vs 1421.41 ± 705.39 U/g Hb). At T1, there was a statistically significant increase in GPx activity (48.14 ± 17.22 vs 57.72 ± 19.99 U/g Hb) and in GR activity (78.44 ± 21.26 vs 100.18 ± 30.85 U/L). Regarding gender, both genders tended to have higher values of GPx and GR at T1. Conclusion According to the obtained results, we conclude that the practice of hydrotherapy presents as a positive stimulus in the antioxidant activity of aged individuals suggesting that a regular and moderate practice of exercise induces a higher quality of life.