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We are reporting a rapid, expedient and extracellular method for the synthesis and characterization of lipase immobilized magnetic nanoparticles. This point of view is effortless, financially viable, and steady for a prolonged time, consistent at room temperature. In the present study, an Aspergillus Niger (KP001169) fungi were irradiated in the presence of gamma radiation to produce lipase enzyme and then immobilized into Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, XRD and FTIR analytical techniques. The free and immobilised lipase enzyme activity was tested at varied pH and temperature factors. The data suggest that MNPs-Lipase (5 percent) may be reused in biodiesel synthesis without any treatment with a 15 percent loss of activity after five cycles. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be 45 °C, 6 h and 400 rpm.

Increasing fuel prices and depletion of conventional sources of energy has promoted research in non-conventional sources like biodiesel from non-edible seeds and industrial wastes. The present work focuses on the elicitation of biodiesel from the seeds of capparis spinosa L. The crude bio-oil extracted from the seeds of capparis spinosa L transesterified into biodiesel using calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst derived from oyster shells. The oyster shell powder is characterized before and after calcination using XRD and the calcinated oyster shell is observed through SEM to analyze the size of the particle and morphology. The produced biodiesel was characterized by GC analysis and the fuel properties of biodiesel such as density, flash point, cloud point, pour point and kinematic viscosity, ash content, carbon residue was analyzed and compared with commercial diesel.

Due to various anthropogenic activities, environmental pollution is increasing day by day. Currently human as well as the whole living population is in threat due to Organic pollutants. Several pertaining measures have been done for the reduction of organic pollutants. Various petrochemical activities resulted in the release of organic pollutants into the environment. These organic pollutants are measured as lethal, oncogenic, and unsafe. Hence their reduction is essential for hours with effective and sustainable techniques. Recently, scientists and researchers all over the worldwide are focusing their research activities on these topics due to various emerging environmental problems. Among the several techniques, photocatalytic degradation gained much attention to, the removal of organic pollutants present in the environment. In the present review paper, we had discussed the efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds using various copper-based nanomaterials. We have elaborated in detail about the most efficient copper-based nanoparticles as a photocatalyst used in wastewater treatment for the removal of various organic pollutants. The catalytic activity of copper nanomaterial-based photocatalyst showed high reusable stability, high degradation efficiency up to 99.9% due to their good stability and reusability.

The most serious environmental problem in the world is heavy metal pollution due to industrialization and urbanization. A special concern is to be taken for the removal of heavy metals in the environment. In developing countries, the price effectiveness might be a major factor in the removal of heavy metal toxicity which is a major threat to the environment for several decades. In this study, heavy metal contamination of water bodies has been reviewed here. The toxic effluents from the textile industry, shredding facilities, glass industry, metal industry, refinery, automobile industry, pharmaceutical industry, semiconductor industry, printing industry, catering industry landfill leakage contain a huge amount of heavy metals in their waste. The conventional methods are very expensive, energy-intensive and sometimes generate a toxic byproduct. The current review focuses on the adsorption technique of heavy metals removal using different adsorbent materials from waste naturally. Numerous low-cost adsorbents are widely used such as garlic peel, jack fruit peel, oil palm trunk fiber, rice bran and wheat bran, broad bean peel, groundnut shell, raw agricultural solid waste, papaya seeds, leaf biomass etc. explored for the removal of toxic heavy metal from wastewater. These absorbents materials naturally have their origin by themselves such as zeolites, clay, sphagnum moss and polysaccharide which are found to be efficient agents for the removal of toxic metals like lead Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Hg, Cr, etc. Numerous agricultural wastes like rice husk, neem bark, black gram, waste tea-coffee, walnut-shell, coconut coir, coconut husk, bagasse etc., are widely used for the heavy metal removal in a sustainable nature.

Chemical elements with an atomic mass unit ranging from 63.5 – 200.6 (relative atomic mass) and a relative density exceeding 5.0 are generally termed as heavy metals. Since they are non-biodegradable inorganic contaminants, physical and chemical methods of degradation are ineffective. Heavy metals cannot be degraded easily due to their physical and chemical properties, such as the rate of oxidation & reduction reactions, rate of solubility, formation of complexes with other metal ions, etc. They are flexible, and easily accumulated in the environment. In the case of bioaccumulation, they are highly lethal to the organisms. The process of removal of toxic and hazardous material from the environment using plants and microorganisms is termed bioremediation. The disposal of toxic contaminants using plants is termed phytoremediation. Microbial bioremediation consists of the removal of toxic elements with the application of microorganisms during which the toxic substance is converted into either end products or nontoxic and non-hazardous forms or recovery of metals.&nbsp

The quest for green and sustainable biofuel to serve as alternative to the conventional fossil fuel have remained a grey area in biotechnology. The Chlorella vulgaris was isolated from the African Regional Aquacultural Centre Aluu, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Sugarcane Molasses modified Bold Basal medium was used to cultivate the Microalgae mixotrophically. The algal culture was incubated at room temperature for 15 days with continuous aeration and 12:12 hour photoperiod under artificial illumination of 2000 lux. The proximate composition of the biomass showed 6.28%wt, 67.37% wt and 11.35%wt of moisture, volatile organic matter and Fixed carbon content respectively. The ultimate composition of Chlorella biomass revealed that Carbon was 42.46% while Oxygen content was 27.93%. Nitrogen content was 6.62% while Sulphur content was 0.82% while hydrogen content was 6.74%. The study further identified that algal biomass from C. vulgaris has the potential of serving as both nutraceuticals and bioenergy feedstock. There is need for further studies around the algae oil oriented optimization as a veritable tool for biotechnological advancements.

Present investigation comprises of synthesis of a novel proline containing cyclic heptapeptide – Euryjanicin A, which was previously isolated from the marine sponge – Prosuberites laughlini. Naturally isolated cyclic heptapeptide was synthesized using solution phase peptide technique. All the coupling reactions were performed at room temperature via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) – coupling reagent and triethylamine (Et3N) – base. The chemical structure of the finally synthesized cyclic heptapeptide was elucidated using FTIR, 1H & 13C NMR and mass spectral data, as well as elemental analyses. The newly synthesized peptide was subjected to anticancer activity against HeLa (Human Colon) cancer cell line and showed potent anticancer activity. Keywords: Marine natural product, Euryjanicin A – cyclic heptapeptide, Solution phase synthesis, Anticancer activity

Presently, biodiesel is considered as an effective alternate fuel owing to its high sustainability and robustness. This paper concentrates on the biodiesel production from waste beef tallow rendered from subcutaneous and intramuscular wastes discarded from leather tanneries and slaughterhouses. The maximum fat content was estimated to be 92.5% and 3.05%, whereas maximum rendering efficiency was determined to be 92% and 75% for subcutaneous and intramuscular wastes, respectively. The rendered waste tallow was converted into biodiesel using ethanol as a solvent and l-valine amido ethyl methyl imidazolium bromide ([l-Vaemim]Br) as a novel ionic liquid catalyst. The most optimised reaction parameters are as follows: molar ratio of 1:7.5, catalyst concentration of 20 wt% of tallow, reaction temperature of 75 °C and reaction time of 160 min. Properties of the produced biodiesel have been tested in accordance with ASTM Standards, where the results were found to be within the permissible range. The engine characteristics of biodiesel exhibited increased heat release rate and maximum cylinder pressure, reduced emission levels than compared to ordinary diesel; in addition, its performance characteristics were similar to diesel, thereby making it a suitable replacement for existing fossil fuel.

Solid concentration is considered as one of the most important parameters governing the anaerobic digestion process. In this present study, four solid concentration levels (10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of...

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has taken more than 2 million lives on a global scale. Over 10 million people were confirmed with COVID-19 infection. The well-known spot of primary infection includes the lungs and the respiratory system. Recently it has been reported that the cardiovascular system and coagulation mechanisms were the second major targets of biological system affected due to the viral replication. The replication mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 involves the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2- (ACE2) surface receptors of endothelial cells belonging to various organs which act as the binding site for the viral spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 virus has been recently listed as a primary risk factor for the following cardiovascular conditions such as pericarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmias, myocardial injury, cardiac arrest, heart failure and coagulation abnormalities in the patients confirmed with COVID-19 viral infection. Direct and indirect type of tissue damage were the two major categories detected with cardiovascular abnormalities. Direct myocardial cell injury and indirect damage to the myocardial cell due to inflammation were clinically reported. Few drugs were clinically administered to regulate the vital biological mechanism along with symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy.

The paper mainly focusses on the Life cycle assessment of Hydrogen produced by electrolysis process, the paper includes the properties of Hydrogen and its major production methods and electrolysis was considered to be best in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents. GHG's and other emissions are also accounted for each process later Hydrogen produced by Water splitting method and high temperature electrolysis was found to be better than other conventional methods. Also, the life cycle assessment focuses the environmental aspects of the production processes. The feasibility of Hydrogen fuel is also analyzed. The transportation of the produced fuel and the storage of Hydrogen is also discussed in this paper. We will be also discussing the drawbacks of using pure hydrogen in regular I.C engines. As a solution we compared the properties of Hydrogen in conventional I.C and S.I engines and it was found to have no better properties except lower emissions. Finally, we discussed about the safety norms of Hydrogen and its usage

The exhaustion of conventional fossil fuels and huge environmental degradation due to repeated use of fossil fuels as a result of large-scale urbanization has raised concerns over its use; thus, search for fuel which is both renewable and sustainable is the need of the hour. In this regard, biomass derived fuels known as biofuels appears to be the most promising path; with variety of routes available for processing such as transesterification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction etc.; Among these, Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) seems to be encouraging [6]. Among the varied sorts of biomass, microalgae will soon become the major energy source for biofuel production in the near future due to its potential. We will be conducting a Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algal Biomass. It will help us explore overall cost profile including capital and operating cost to determine the economic viability of the large-scale production process and provides both quantitative and qualitative understanding of the impacts that proposed technology wear the financial viability of a conversion strategy by combining process modelling and engineering design with economic evaluation. This work involves in identifying suitable methods for the cultivation and harvesting of microalgae (Chlorella) based on Indian market with suitable equipment for algal cultivation, processing, and hydrothermal Liquefaction, separation and post-separation process. A viable renewable energy source to supply required power to all processes from start to end was calculated and estimated. A techno-economic analysis of the entire process was conducted to calculate the Minimum Fuel Selling Price (MFSP) of diesel blend stock.

In recent times, increased consumption of fossil fuels due to overpopulation, increasing energy demand have resulted in global warming and climate changes due to the emission of greenhouse gases from these fuels. To compensate for the requirement of fossil fuel, renewable biofuels especially, biodiesel are preferred for satisfying the energy demand. Since biodiesel from edible feedstocks is deemed against "food vs. fuel" policies, first-generation biofuels are not regarded as suitable and sustainable, inspite of growing energy demand. Following this, Second generation biodiesel production from lingo-cellulosic-based feedstocks is the least recommended because of their meticulous procedures and high capital investments. Considering these setbacks, edible feedstocks have been replaced with microbial feedstocks, which are later on used for extracting oil and then transesterified into biodiesel. Even though biodiesel from microbes have their setbacks, they are widely appreciated due to their merits which include short life span, ability to grow on multiple environments and ability to remediate different polluted environmental conditions. Presently, this paper focuses on summarizing the production of biodiesel from various microbial species.

Energy demand has increased due to the development of industrialization and urbanization. As a result, renewable energy sources satisfy the energy demand of human, social and economic development since fossil fuels are limited in natural resources and causing global warming in the environment. In current scenarios, scientists worldwide focus on renewable energy sources like solar, biomass, wind, hydropower, geothermal, etc. Consequently, developing countries are run-down in conventional fossil fuel resources and import them from other countries. A decentralized stand-alone solar system installed in rural areas is a technically feasible solution to overcome the issues. Solar energy system offers many merits in producing electricity since it has zero fuel cost and zero-emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) - greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere. Solar thermal energy is used for drying, cooking, heating, and electricity generation. Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are the preferred method for electricity production in the past decades. Choosing the suitable photovoltaic cell for a specific application needs proper knowledge of their basic mechanisms and functions. This paper has reviewed the broad-minded expansion of solar PV technologies from the first generation to current configurations.

This work deals about the production and biodiesel LCA analysis. The use of biodiesel can help us reduce dependency on petroleum from foreign nationals, fossil fuels limited supply and to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The product and the process from the environment will accessed for its impact through life cycle analysis. The product's emission, consumption of raw material, energy usage will be evaluated. Biodiesel utilizes various feedstock including fats from animal, unused vegetable oil, used cooking oil. Usage of discarded cooking oil has some advantages such as helps in reducing waste and disposal problems. Different methods would be reviewed and the best environment friendly method will be discussed after the comparisons.

Microalgae-based biofuels are an appropriate alternative to fossil fuels due to their sustainable merits over terrestrial feedstock. Microalgae is a unicellular and simple multicellular autotrophic microorganism consists of high nutrition and photosynthetic utilization degree. Microalgae are abundant in the environment in seawater, freshwater, and wastewater. Microalgae is a promising feedstock to produce biofuel since they are capable of mitigating CO2 emission and accumulating lipids for their high biomass productivity. Many microalgal species contain high content of lipids and require a simple cultivation process than other plant crops for the production of biofuels. Microalgae can produce several biofuels such as biodiesel, biomethanol, biohydrogen, bioethanol, etc. The production of biofuels from microalgae is a potential process to encounter future energy demand since microalgae are cultivated year by year. The current review paper clearly describes the different culturing methods of microalgae, different harvesting techniques used in microalgae separation, and then finally, different biofuel produced from microalgal species.

Cadmium contamination in industrial wastewater is an environmental issue posing a great threat to human and animal life. However, the available methods for the removal of cadmium at lower concentrations are limited. Such processes are often accompanied by sludge formation and lead to heavy metal wastage. This paper focuses on the application of an electrosorption process using modified activated carbon felt (MACF) electrodes for the removal and recovery of lower concentration of cadmium from a simulated wastewater sample without sludge formation. Activated carbon felt (ACF) electrodes were treated with 20% HNO3 for removing surface impurities and improving the surface area. The effect of the electrode modification was analyzed by performing various characterizations including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic models have also been studied. The effect of operating parameters including pH, voltage, initial concentration and time were analyzed and optimized using Box-Behnken design and were obtained as 6.42, 1.44 V, 0.50 mg/L and 131.51 min respectively. During the regeneration of electrodes, a concentrated cadmium solution of 18.55 mg/L was obtained, which showed the possibility of cadmium recovery. The maximum cadmium removal was 60.60% at the optimized conditions, revealing the significance of electrosorption for heavy metal treatment.

This chapter discusses the recent trends in nano-biocatalysis aiding to improve biofuels/bioenergy production. In the recent advances, nano-biocatalysis has experienced an escalation in the field of nanotechnology since the biocatalytic process is limited due to the unsteadiness of the enzymes and their short lifetime. In the majority of techniques for acquiring nanoparticles, that enclose enzymes, are based on the ‘nano-entrapment’ method, which using the water-in-oil microemulsion scheme directs isolated nanoparticles through polymerization in the water phase or water-oil interface. In a different study, the addition of 5-nm gold nanoparticles enhanced the competence of hydrogen fermentation significantly, and the maximum hydrogen yield reached 36.3% in contrast with the blank test. The activity of photosynthetic hydrogen-producing microalgae was also improved using nanoparticles. A new efficient method described the reconstitution of apoenzymes on cofactor functionalized nanomaterials that are conductive and associated with electrodes.

An alternate host for mycobacteria is Mycobacterium smegmatis which is used frequently. It is a directly budding eco-friendly organism not emulated as human infection. It is mainly useful for the investigation of various microorganisms in the sort of Mycobacteria in cell culture laboratories. Some Mycobacterium species groups that is normal, unsafe ailments, likely to Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. At present, various laboratories are clean and culture this type of species to make an opinion that fascinating route of harmful Mycobacteria. This publication provides aggregate data on cell shape, genome studies, ecology, pathology and utilization of M. smegmatis.

© 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. In the current study, anaerobic digestion method efficiency on biogas production and chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation was assessed through a sequence of laboratory-scale batch experimentations to compute the role of chosen process parameters, viz., solid concentration (5–15%), pH (5–9), temperature (30–60 °C), and co-digestion (0–40% of poultry manure). Biogas production and COD degradation were significantly dependent on the selected process parameters with independent conditions to accomplish active performance of the process. Central composite design (CCD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted for evaluation and optimizing of the combined performance of system considering two responses. Among various combinations, it was observed that solid concentration of 7.38%, pH value as 7, temperature at 48.43 °C, and co-digestion as 29% produce biogas of 6344 ml and COD degradation as 38%. Confirmation experiment performed shows a deviation of 4.93% maximum between the predicted and experimental results.

The focus of research on using microalgae as a feedstock for producing biofuel is started in the earlier stage of 1970s on the account of their high availability and high lipid content. Microalgae are one of the best alternative sources for first- and second-generation biofuels production, due to their ability to be cultivated on marginal lands, fastest growing biomass, high productivity, and potential to utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) from various sources. The steps involved in the biodiesel production from microalgae include mass cultivation, microalgae harvesting, extraction of lipid, and conversion of fatty acids into biodiesel by transesterification process. In microalgae, the total lipid composition ranges upto 85% of their dry weight, which can be increased up to 90% by the supplement of nutrients to the microalgal growth media. Recently, nanobiocatalysts play a significant role in the efficiency of microalgae-based biofuel production. This chapter describes the various types of nanobiocatalysts used for microalgae-based biodiesel production using transesterification process and their merits in the current industrial application.

Microbial biomass (MB) was co-digested with different animal manures namely, chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM) and cow dung (CD) at the ratios of 1:1:1:1, 2:1:1:1 and 3:1:1:1, and analyzed for biogas production. Maximum biogas yield and methane concentration were found at the ratio of 1:1:1:1. The optimization of biogas production was carried out using different pH values, temperatures, and substrate concentrations. The yield of methane was measured at different temperatures (35, 40, 50 and 55 ˚C). The optimum was 40 ˚C giving 62% CH4/d yield on the 6th day. The result of this study showed that co-digestion with microbes is beneficial for maximizing biogas production when compared to the anaerobic digestion of animal manure alone. A digester with a three-stage anaerobic digesting facility was designed, fabricated and analyzed for biogas production using the co-digestion of yeast biomass with pig manure. The reactor had separate chambers for hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis. Each of them was optimized independently for simultaneous production and improvement of biogas and to analyze the performance of the reactor. The average methane yield with a three-stage anaerobic digester was 0.442 L/gVS. Higher volatile solids (VS) reduction of about 68% was seen at the third stage pf anaerobic digesting. Based on the findings from this study, the three stage anaerobic digestion was identified to be advantageous for high solids anaerobic digestion of microbial biomass with animal manure. Solid organic matters in the substrate was solubilized which leads to the formation of improved biogas production and volatile fatty acids.