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Prior to and since the 2022 Dobbs decision, U.S. state laws have endorsed individuals surveilling and punishing those associated with abortion care. This practice presents an urgent need to understand the characteristics of abortion stigma, particularly the perspectives of individuals with stigmatizing beliefs. To examine the concept and characteristics of abortion stigma, we interviewed 55 individuals about whether they thought there should be consequences for getting an abortion and, if so, what the consequences should be. Adults from three states (Michigan, Kansas, and Arizona) were purposively sampled to include a range of abortion identities and levels of religious engagement. We used reflexive thematic analysis to code and interpret the data. Participants imagined consequences including financial penalties, incarceration, and forced sterilization. Three themes highlighted how abortion was described as violating the law, women's gender roles, and religious doctrine; accordingly, abortion was imagined as deserving of negative consequences, although abortion was legal in all states during data collection. We argue that these imagined consequences relied on carceral logics and interconnected sexist, racist, and classist stereotypes that reflect and reproduce abortion stigma. This study deepens the understanding of abortion stigma from the perspective of the stigmatizer, underscoring the danger of legislation grounded in stigmatizing beliefs. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843221131544 .

A prominent feature of mainstream television, especially reality programming, is a heterosexual script that outlines women’s and men’s traditional courtship roles. Although frequent media use is believed to produce greater acceptance of this script, existing analyses have not fully delineated contributions of scripted versus reality programming or tested these notions using a holistic heterosexual script scale. We addressed these limitations in two studies. In Study 1, 466 undergraduate women indicated their support of the heterosexual script and their consumption of popular reality programs, sitcoms, and dramas. Heavier viewing of reality programming predicted greater support for the heterosexual script, and heavier viewing of sitcoms predicted weaker support. In Study 2, we used longitudinal data to explore relations between viewing reality television, acceptance of the heterosexual script, and acceptance of sexualized aggression during undergraduate women’s first 2 years in college ( N = 244). We found that reality television consumption was not a direct predictor of acceptance of sexualized aggression but was a significant, indirect predictor through endorsement of the heterosexual script. These studies contribute to our understanding of unique media contributions to endorsement of the heterosexual script and illuminate one process by which women may come to normalize sexual mistreatment. Campus educational programming on sexuality, sexual assault, and healthy relationships may be able to intervene in this normalization through critique of the heterosexual script and media portrayals of dating and relationships. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843211044686

National estimates indicate that approximately 1 in 5 women will experience sexual assault during her time in college. However, measures of assault often exclude "mild" experiences, such as incidents of unwanted touching that were not preceded by force, incapacitation, or coercion. We aimed to document the characteristics of "mild" sexual assault and aggression that college women experience at large parties and bars. In addition, we considered women's descriptions of assaultive and aggressive incidents in the context of campus climate survey items to evaluate the potential for measurement gaps. Across six focus groups (N = 36) at a large, public university in the midwestern U.S., women described routine experiences of "mild" sexual assault and aggression, so common that often only imprecise counts of their frequency (e.g., "all the time") were possible. Our findings document the many forms and frequencies of "mild" assault and aggression in college women's lives, as well as the limits of campus climate surveys in measuring the mundane sexual mistreatment of women in campus life. We develop the term "sexualized aggression" to capture such mistreatment and situate this concept within the larger body of research on campus sexual violence.

This study examined disruptions in caregiving, as well as the association of these disruptions, with cognitive, behavioral, and social outcomes at age 12 in a sample of 136 Romanian children who were abandoned to institutions as infants and who experienced a range of subsequent types of care. Children were found to experience significantly more caregiving disruptions (CGD) earlier in life than later in childhood. More frequent CGD predicted increases in externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 12. Results are discussed in terms of the association between CGD and the long-term development of children who have experienced institutional rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objectives: Multiple reports in the US and worldwide demonstrate substantial decreases in ED utilization for serious conditions during the early surge mitigation phase of the COVID-19 crisis. In Ohio, governmental surge mitigation measures were instituted very early, beginning March 3, 2020, prior to its first reported case. Importantly, these recommendations prompted multiple hospital system wide initiatives to prevent “unnecessary” COVID and non-COVID ED and hospital utilization. However, these strategies may have decreased ED visits for more emergent conditions, causing underutilization of needed resources by high-risk ED populations. Opioid overdose (OD) is a leading cause of accidental death in the US and the effect of early surge mitigation on the population at high risk for opioid overdose death is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of early COVID-19 mitigation measures on ED visits for patients at high risk for opioid overdose. Methods: This study was performed in a major urban Midwestern hospital system with IRB approval. We previously created an algorithm using the electronic health record (EHR, Epic systems) to identify patients presenting to the ED with a high risk of a subsequent opioid. The number of patients from March 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020 (COVID-19 mitigation phase) were compared to patients presenting from March 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019. Total ED visits during that time were also determined. Statistical comparison was by Fisher’s exact test. Results: There were 31,809 ED visits during the COVID-19 mitigation phase compared to 44,297 in 2019, a 29% decrease. We identified 188 patients at high risk for subsequent opioid OD during the COVID-19 mitigation phase compared to 206 during the control period. This represents a significant increase in the percentage of ED visits by high-risk patients for subsequent opioid OD during the COVID-19 mitigation phase (0.59% of ED visits vs. 0.46% of ED visits, p=0.018). Conclusion: The number of patients presenting to the ED at high risk for subsequent opioid OD was not affected by the COVID-19 mitigation measures, resulting in a relative increase in the percentage of high-risk patients seen during that time. Future determination of the effect of surge mitigation strategies on linkage to care and treatment resources available during that time will be important to develop strategies to ensure appropriate resources are in place for these high-risk patients for future pandemic preparedness.

Metformin is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes to lower blood glucose. Although metformin is a relatively safe and effective drug, its clinical efficacy is variable and under certain circumstances it may contribute to life-threatening lactic acidosis. Thus, additional understanding of metformin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics could provide important information regarding therapeutic use of this widely prescribed drug. Here we report a significant effect of time of day on acute blood glucose reduction in response to metformin administration and on blood lactate levels in healthy mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that while metformin transport into hepatocytes is unaltered by time of day, the kinetics of metformin-induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver are remarkably altered with circadian time. Liver-specific ablation of Bmal1 expression alters metformin induction of AMPK and blood glucose response but does not completely abolish time of day differences. Together, these data demonstrate that circadian rhythms affect the biological responses to metformin in a complex manner.

Three complexes of general formula PtCl2R2 were synthesized, where R is the amine ligand with aromatic substituents. Coordination compounds [Pt(an) 2Cl2] (1), [Pt(pa)2Cl2] (2) and [Pt(aph)2Cl2] (3), where an = 2-aminonaphthalene, pa = 2-aminopyrimidine, aph = 4-anilinophenol, were characterized by on-line coupled TG/DTA-MS, powder XRD and spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, ESI–MS and NMR), and tested against selected Gram(+) and Gram(–) bacteria. The thermal data show that all three compounds contain lattice or absorbed water, and the stability of the anhydrous compounds in nitrogen decreases in the order 2 > 1 > 3. Above 200 °C, the complexes loose characteristic fragments of their ligands. The spectroscopic data are in accordance with the thermal properties of the samples and prove their composition. The compounds are more effective inhibitors of Gram(+) than Gram(−) bacteria.

In total, 20 species within eight genera of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) were collected and identified which 17 species are new records for Iran. Alysiinae: one species, Braconinae: four species in one genus, Euphorinae: four species in three genera, Microgastrinae: three species in one genus, Opiinae: three species in one genus, Orgilinae: five species in one genus., Станом на сьогодні для Ірану відомо 873 види ос-браконід. Однак, ми припускаємо наявність у фауні Ірану 1500 видів з цієї родини, які поширені в різних доволі різноманітних кліматичних зонах та екологічних умовах. За результатами досліджень, які наведені в данй роботі, загалом в 10 провінціях було зібрано 20 видів з восьми родів родини Braconidae (Hymenoptera). З них 17 видів ідентифіковані як нові знахідки для фауни Ірану: Alysiinae – один вид, Braconinae – чотири види з одного роду, Euphorinae – чотири види з трьох родів, Microgastrinae – три види з одного роду, Opiinae – три види з одного роду, Orgilinae – п’ять видів з одного роду. Така значна кількість нових видів для фауни країни свідчить про те, що іранська фауна ос-браконід багата, і з іншого боку – досить мало вивчена, хоча до цього часу було опубліковано кілька робіть по цій групі перетинчастокрилих для Ірану. Продовження досліджень в різних регіонах, особливо в районах, де досі матеріал ретельно не збирався (наприклад, південний захід і північний схід Ірану), призведе до нових знахідок і отримання оновлених результатів. Більшість фауністичних даних по іранських Braconidae були отримані в результаті вибірки матеріалу з ловчих пасток і методом ентомологічного косіння. Однак, в цих випадках види-хазяї для даних браконід залишаються невідомими. Отримання даних щодо відносин «паразит-хазяїн» є необхідним для успішного впровадження програм з біологічного контролю задля метою збереження природних ворогів комах-шкідників та боротьби з цими сільськогосподарськими шкідниками.

The term “slut” is commonly used as a disparaging remark against women in the United States. The goal of this study was to examine how the use of that term affects perceptions of both the “slut” and the “shamer” as well as how clothing choice and social class of the targets, as well as feminist identity of the participant, affect these judgments. We presented 186 self-identified feminist and non-feminist female college students with a Facebook interaction in which one woman calls another woman a “slut.” The interaction included a photograph of the target, in which she was dressed either “provocatively” or “conservatively.” Her visible Facebook profile information suggested she was part of either a lower or higher socioeconomic class. Participants generally had negative perceptions about the “shamer,” but results showed that both social class and clothing had an effect on how women perceived both the “slut” and the “shamer.” Participants’ feminist identity also played a role in shaping perceptions: self-identified feminists were more willing to spend time with the “slut” and found the “shamer” less justified in her actions than did non-feminist participants.

For many years, a connection between circadian clocks and cancer has been postulated. Here, we describe an unexpected function for the circadian repressor CRY2 as a component of an FBXL3-containing E3 ligase that recruits T58-phosphorylated c-MYC for ubiquitylation. c-MYC is a critical regulator of cell proliferation; T58 is central in a phosphodegron long recognized as a hotspot for mutation in cancer. This site is also targeted by FBXW7, though the full machinery responsible for its turnover has remained obscure. CRY1 cannot substitute for CRY2 in promoting c-MYC degradation; their unique functions may explain prior conflicting reports that have fueled uncertainty about the relationship between clocks and cancer. Thus, we demonstrate that c-MYC is a target of CRY2-dependent protein turnover, suggesting a molecular mechanism for circadian control of cell growth and a new paradigm for circadian protein degradation.

Romance and control are often conflated by the media, and individuals may believe that certain controlling or jealous behaviors by men toward women are romantic and can be a sign of love and commitment in heterosexual relationships. The current study explored three types of romantic beliefs among women: endorsement of the ideology of romanticism, highly valuing romantic relationships, and the belief that jealousy is good. The goal was to determine whether these beliefs would be related to finding controlling behaviors romantic as well as to reported experiences of both physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV). We surveyed 275 heterosexual-identified women, aged 18 to 50, and measured their endorsement of romantic beliefs, the extent to which they romanticized controlling behavior, and experiences of physical and psychological abuse within their current or most recent romantic relationship. Romantic beliefs were related to romanticizing controlling behaviors, which, in turn, was related to experiences of IPV. There was also a significant indirect relationship between romantic beliefs and experiences of IPV. The data indicate that seemingly positive romantic ideologies can have insidious negative effects. Findings may be useful for clinicians and those who advocate for prevention of IPV as they illustrate a need to refocus traditional ideas of healthy relationships at the societal level.

There is little recent research on women’s adoption of rape avoidance behaviors, and there has been no known investigation into how adoption of these behaviors relates to various system justification beliefs or experiences of sexual objectification. We surveyed 294 U.S. women aged 18 to 40 to assess experiences of objectification, belief in a just world, gender-specific system justification, benevolent sexism, rape myth acceptance, and engagement in rape avoidance behaviors. Belief in a just world, gender-specific system justification, and benevolent sexism were conceptualized and analyzed as a “system justification” latent factor due to similarities between constructs regarding how they influence worldview, particularly regarding fairness and relations between dominant and subordinate groups. Our hypothesized model had good fit to the data and illustrated that experiencing objectification was related to increased rape myth acceptance and system justification, which, in turn, were related to implementation of rape avoidance behaviors. Further, system justification was significantly positively related to rape myth acceptance. Results show the continued importance of understanding the role of objectification in the endorsement of rape myths and assessments of societal fairness, as well as how women’s attitudes about society may ultimately affect their assessment of rape myths and their personal behavior. This research provides new information and groundwork for researchers developing rape education programming in addition to those interested in the complex relationship between women’s experiences and behavioral outcomes.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections remain highly prevalent. CT reinfection occurs frequently within months after treatment, likely contributing to sustaining the high CT infection prevalence. Sparse studies have suggested CT reinfection is associated with a lower organism load, but it is unclear whether CT load at the time of treatment influences CT reinfection risk. In this study, women presenting for treatment of a positive CT screening test were enrolled, treated, and returned for 3- and 6-month follow-up visits. CT organism loads were quantified at each visit. We evaluated for an association of CT bacterial load at initial infection with reinfection risk and investigated factors influencing the CT load at baseline and follow-up in those with CT reinfection. We found no association of initial CT load with reinfection risk. We found a significant decrease in the median log(10) CT load from baseline to follow-up in those with reinfection (5.6 CT/ml vs. 4.5 CT/ml; P = 0.015). Upon stratification of reinfected subjects based upon presence or absence of a history of CT infections prior to their infection at the baseline visit, we found a significant decline in the CT load from baseline to follow-up (5.7 CT/ml vs. 4.3 CT/ml; P = 0.021) exclusively in patients with a history of CT infections prior to our study. Our findings suggest repeated CT infections may lead to possible development of partial immunity against CT.

Although there is a widespread belief that women are judged more harshly for sexual activity than men, research on the existence of the sexual double standard has been mixed. We investigated the sexual double standard and “slut-shaming” by asking participants to provide perceptions of both a target of “slut-shaming” and a “shamer.” Male and female participants viewed a blinded Facebook conversation in which the male or female target, or “slut,” was shamed by either a male or female “shamer.” We found evidence for a reverse sexual double standard; male “sluts” were judged more harshly. Furthermore, the “shamer” was negatively evaluated, especially when shaming a woman. Our participants also indicated a belief in a societal sexual double standard. They perceived the “shamer” to be more judgmental and less congratulatory when the “slut” was female. Furthermore, qualitative data indicated that female “sluts” were believed to be labeled as such for lower levels of sexual behavior (e.g., sexy clothing or dancing), than was the case for male “sluts” (e.g., sex with multiple partners). Our data indicate that individual beliefs are changing more quickly than social perceptions.

This work is a comparative study on the synthesis of carbonaceous structures with different ordering, aided by an atmospheric pressure plasma in contact with methylene blue aqueous solutions, by utilizing two different inert plasma gases, argon and helium respectively. The study follows the diagnosis of the two plasmas by optical emission spectroscopy, their different degradation effects on methylene blue solutions and the characterization of the carbonaceous structures obtained as a result of plasma treatment with transmission electron microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The carbon based structures obtained with the helium plasma have a higher degree of ordering and are larger in size compared to the Ar plasma ones. The bacterial growth inhibition assays show opposite behaviours: one structure inhibits the growth while the other favours it.

Novel [Fe(4-benzyl-2-hydroxyphenyl-propylidene)2ethylene-diamine], and [Fe (2,4,6-trihydroxy-benzyl-4-metoxiphenyl-methylidene)2ethylene-diamine] complexes were synthesized by reacting FeII salt with the indicated Schiff-base ligands. The compounds were characterized by57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, FTIR, UV-VIS, TG-DTA-DTG, MS, AFM, XRD, cyclic voltammetry and biological activity measurements. 295 K and 78 K Mossbauer spectra revealed that iron is dominantly in high spin FeII state in both complexes while simultaneously a minor low spin FeII was also present in both complexes, furthermore a minor high spin FeIII was observed in [Fe(2,4,6-trihydroxy-benzyl-4-metoxiphenyl- methylidene) 2ethylene-diamine], too.

Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) regulate physiology by sensing lipophilic ligands and adapting cellular transcription appropriately. A growing understanding of the impact of circadian clocks on mammalian transcription has sparked interest in the interregulation of transcriptional programs. Mammalian clocks are based on a transcriptional feedback loop featuring the transcriptional activators circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1), and transcriptional repressors cryptochrome (CRY) and period (PER). CRY1 and CRY2 bind independently of other core clock factors to many genomic sites, which are enriched for NR recognition motifs. Here we report that CRY1/2 serve as corepressors for many NRs, indicating a new facet of circadian control of NR-mediated regulation of metabolism and physiology, and specifically contribute to diurnal modulation of drug metabolism.

Objectification has been conceptualized as a form of insidious trauma, but the specific relationships among objectification experiences, self-objectification, and trauma symptoms have not yet been investigated. Participants were women with ( n = 136) and without ( n = 201) a history of sexual trauma. They completed a survey measuring trauma history, objectification experiences (body evaluation and unwanted sexual advances), constructs associated with self-objectification (body surveillance and body shame), and trauma symptoms. The relationships among the variables were consistent for both women with and without a history of sexual trauma. Our hypothesized path model fit equally well for both groups. Examination of the indirect effects showed that experiencing unwanted sexual advances was indirectly related to trauma symptoms through body shame for those with and without a history of sexual trauma. Additionally, for women with a history of sexual trauma, the experience of body evaluation was indirectly related to trauma symptoms through the mediating variables of body surveillance and body shame. The data indicate that the experience of sexual objectification is a type of gender-based discrimination with sequelae that can be conceptualized as insidious trauma. Clinicians may consider the impact of these everyday traumatic experiences when working with women who have clinical symptoms but no overt trauma history.

The correlation table (Table 1) erroneously listed the N as 160; n for correlations (using pairwise deletion) ranged between 279 and 293 and is now included in the table.