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Table of contents A1 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in staging and restaging of Prostate Cancer Patients: comparative study with 18F-Choline PET/CT W Langsteger, A Rezaee, W Loidl, HS Geinitz, F Fitz, M Steinmair, G Broinger, L Pallwien-Prettner, M Beheshti A2 F18 Choline PET – CT: an accurate diagnostic tool for the detection of parathyroid adenoma? L Imamovic, M Beheshti, G Rendl, D Hackl, O Tsybrovsky, M Steinmair, K Emmanuel, F Moinfar, C Pirich, W Langsteger A3 [18F]Fluoro-DOPA-PET/CT in the primary diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma A Bytyqi, G Karanikas, M Mayerhöfer, O Koperek, B Niederle, M Hartenbach A4 Variations of clinical PET/MR operations: An international survey on the clinical utilization of PET/MRI T Beyer, K Herrmann, J Czernin A5 Standard Dixon-based attenuation correction in combined PET/MRI: Reproducibility and the possibility of Lean body mass estimation I Rausch, P Rust, MD DiFranco, M Lassen, A Stadlbauer, ME Mayerhöfer, M Hartenbach, M Hacker, T Beyer A6 High resolution digital FDG PET/MRI imaging for assessment of ACL graft viability K Binzel, R Magnussen, W Wei, MU Knopp, DC Flanigan, C Kaeding, MV Knopp A7 Using pre-existing hematotoxicity as predictor for severe side effects and number of treatment cycles of Xofigo therapy A Leisser, M Nejabat, M Hartenbach, G Kramer, M Krainer, M Hacker, A Haug A8 QDOSE – comprehensive software solution for internal dose assessment Wencke Lehnert, Karl Schmidt, Sharok Kimiaei, Marcus Bronzel, Andreas Kluge A9 Clinical impact of Time-of-Flight on next-generation digital PET imaging of Yttrium-90 radioactivity following liver radioembolization CL Wright, K Binzel, J Zhang, Evan Wuthrick, Piotr Maniawski, MV Knopp A10 Snakes in patients! Lessons learned from programming active contours for automated organ segmentation M Blaickner, E Rados, A Huber, M Dulovits, H Kulkarni, S Wiessalla, C Schuchardt, RP Baum, B Knäusl, D Georg A11 Influence of a genetic polymorphism on brain uptake of the dual ABCB1/ABCG2 substrate [11C]tariquidar M Bauer, B Wulkersdorfer, W Wadsak, C Philippe, H Haslacher, M Zeitlinger, O Langer A12 Outcome prediction of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery from P-glycoprotein activity. Pooled analysis of (R)-[11C]-verapamil PET data from two European centres M Bauer, M Feldmann, R Karch, W Wadsak, M Zeitlinger, MJ Koepp, M-C Asselin, E Pataraia, O Langer A13 In-vitro and in-vivo characterization of [18F]FE@SNAP and derivatives for the visualization of the melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 M Zeilinger, C Philippe, M Dumanic, F Pichler, J Pilz, M Hacker, W Wadsak, M Mitterhauser A14 Reducing time in quality control leads to higher specific radioactivity of short-lived radiotracers L Nics, B Steiner, M Hacker, M Mitterhauser, W Wadsak A15 In vitro 11C-erlotinib binding experiments in cancer cell lines with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations A Traxl, Thomas Wanek, Kushtrim Kryeziu, Severin Mairinger, Johann Stanek, Walter Berger, Claudia Kuntner, Oliver Langer A16 7-[11C]methyl-6-bromopurine, a PET tracer to measure brain Mrp1 function: radiosynthesis and first PET evaluation in mice S Mairinger, T Wanek, A Traxl, M Krohn, J Stanek, T Filip, M Sauberer, C Kuntner, J Pahnke, O Langer A17 18F labeled azidoglucose derivatives as “click” agents for pretargeted PET imaging D Svatunek, C Denk, M Wilkovitsch, T Wanek, T Filip, C Kuntner-Hannes, J Fröhlich, H Mikula A18 Bioorthogonal tools for PET imaging: development of radiolabeled 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines C Denk, D Svatunek, T Wanek, S Mairinger, J Stanek, T Filip, J Fröhlich, H Mikula, C Kuntner-Hannes A19 Preclinical evaluation of [18F]FE@SUPPY- a new PET-tracer for oncology T Balber, J Singer, J Fazekas, C Rami-Mark, N Berroterán-Infante, E Jensen-Jarolim, W Wadsak, M Hacker, H Viernstein, M Mitterhauser A20 Investigation of Small [18F]-Fluoroalkylazides for Rapid Radiolabeling and In Vivo Click Chemistry C Denk, D Svatunek, B Sohr, H Mikula, J Fröhlich, T Wanek, C Kuntner-Hannes, T Filip A21 Microfluidic 68Ga-radiolabeling of PSMA-HBED-CC using a flow-through reactor S Pfaff, C Philippe, M Mitterhauser, M Hartenbach, M Hacker, W Wadsak A22 Influence of 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid on hepatic disposition of [18F]ciprofloxacin measured with positron emission tomography T Wanek, E Halilbasic, M Visentin, S Mairinger, B Stieger, C Kuntner, M Trauner, O Langer A23 Automated 18F-flumazenil production using chemically resistant disposable cassettes P Lam, M Aistleitner, R Eichinger, C Artner A24 Similarities and differences in the synthesis and quality control of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE, 177Lu -HA-DOTA-TATE and 177Lu-DOTA-PSMA (PSMA-617) H Eidherr, C Vraka, A Haug, M Mitterhauser, L Nics, M Hartenbach, M Hacker, W Wadsak A25 68Ga- and 177Lu-labelling of PSMA-617 H Kvaternik, R Müller, D Hausberger, C Zink, RM Aigner A26 Radiolabelling of liposomes with 67Ga and biodistribution studies after administration by an aerosol inhalation system U Cossío, M Asensio, A Montes, S Akhtar, Y te Welscher, R van Nostrum, V Gómez-Vallejo, J Llop A27 Fully automated quantification of DaTscan SPECT: Integration of age and gender differences F VandeVyver, T Barclay, N Lippens, M Troch A28 Lesion-to-background ratio in co-registered 18F-FET PET/MR imaging – is it a valuable tool to differentiate between low grade and high grade brain tumor? L Hehenwarter, B Egger, J Holzmannhofer, M Rodrigues-Radischat, C Pirich A29 [11C]-methionine PET in gliomas - a retrospective data analysis of 166 patients N Pötsch, I Rausch, D Wilhelm, M Weber, J Furtner, G Karanikas, A Wöhrer, M Mitterhauser, M Hacker, T Traub-Weidinger A30 18F-Fluorocholine versus 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose for PET/CT imaging in patients with relapsed or progressive multiple myeloma: a pilot study T Cassou-Mounat, S Balogova, V Nataf, M Calzada, V Huchet, K Kerrou, J-Y Devaux, M Mohty, L Garderet, J-N Talbot A31 Prognostic benefit of additional SPECT/CT in sentinel lymph node mapping of breast cancer patients S Stanzel, G Pregartner, T Schwarz, V Bjelic-Radisic, B Liegl-Atzwanger, R Aigner A32 Evaluation of diagnostic value of TOF-18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspected pancreatic cancer S Stanzel, F Quehenberger, RM Aigner A33 New quantification method for diagnosis of primary hyperpatahyroidism lesions and differential diagnosis vs thyropid nodular disease in dynamic scintigraphy A Koljević Marković, Milica Janković, V Miler Jerković, M Paskaš, G Pupić, R Džodić, D Popović A34 A rare case of diffuse pancreatic involvement in patient with merkel cell carcinoma detected by 18F-FDG MC Fornito, D Familiari A35 TSH-stimulated 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of recurrent/metastatic radioiodine-negative differentiated thyroid carcinomas in patients with various thyroglobuline levels P Koranda, H Polzerová, I Metelková, L Henzlová, R Formánek, E Buriánková, M Kamínek A36 Breast Dose from lactation following I131 treatment WH Thomson, C Lewis A37 A new concept for performing SeHCAT studies with the gamma camera WH Thomson, J O’Brien, G James, A Notghi A38 Whole body F-18-FDG-PET and tuberculosis: sensitivity compared to x-ray-CT H Huber, I Stelzmüller, R Wunn, M Mandl, F Fellner, B Lamprecht, M Gabriel A39 Emerging role 18F-FDG PET-CT in the diagnosis and follow-up of the infection in heartware ventricular assist system (HVAD) MC Fornito, G Leonardi A40 Validation of Poisson resampling software WH Thomson, J O’Brien, G James A41 Protection of PET nuclear medicine personnel: problems in satisfying dose limit requirements J Hudzietzová, J Sabol, M Fülöp

Aims: To investigate whether degrading proteases can be found in patent calvarial sutures. Sutural growth and fusion means replacement of the sutural connective tissue, rich in fibronectin and collagen type V, by expanding calvarial bone. Proliferation of one tissue into the border area of another implies the presence of enzymes able to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM). An important family of proteases is the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as is the plasminogen/plasmin system. Methods and results: Expression of two MMPs with substrate specifity for fibronectin and collagen type V and of the plasminogen activator system was studied by immunohistochemistry in samples of human fetal calvariae (age range weeks 19–35 of gestation). In all cases, intense staining for MMPs, urokinase, and urokinase receptor was found in the sutural connective tissue and along the outer and inner borders of calvarial bone. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that degradation of sutural connective tissue takes place during sutural growth. This might facilitate proliferation of calvarial bone. Recently, it was shown that an important regulatory mechanism of sutural growth is apoptosis of osteoblasts in the osteogenic front. Intact fibronectin is known to prevent apoptosis of proliferating osteoblasts while fibronectin degradation induces their apoptosis.

PURPOSE To assess the incidence and patterns of cervical lymph node metastases in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas according to the location, extension, and relation of the primary tumor to the parapharyngeal compartments and tissues arising from different embryological structures as branchial arches and somites. PATIENTS AND METHODS The findings of clinical and CT examinations of 230 patients with histological evidence of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma (44 T1-, 33 T2-, 41 T3-, 112 T4-carcinomas with lymph node involvement in 116 cases) were evaluated retrospectively. Local tumor spread and relation of the primary to the parapharyngeal compartments and to tissues arising from different embryological structures such as branchial arches and somites were analysed and related to cervical lymph node involvement. RESULTS The pattern of cervical lymph node involvement depends upon location and extension of the primary tumor in the adjacent tissues of the larynx and hypopharynx. The density of the lymphatic vessels in these areas determines the likelihood of lymph node involvement. The frequency of NO cases in carcinomas strictly located in the vocal cord (n = 31) was 100%; in the glottic-supraglottic, supraglottic, and transglottic cancer (n = 106) 85%; in larynx-hypopharynx carcinomas (n = 54) 26%; in hypopharynx carcinomas (n = 12) 17%; and in larynx-hypo-oropharynx carcinomas (n = 46) 9%. Tumors in tissues arising from branchial arches 4, 5, and 6 are glottic-supraglottic, transglottic laryngeal, and laryngeal-hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Metastases of these tumors were frequently found in the jugular lymph node chains, particularly if the developed tissue of the "primitive glottis" was invaded by the primary. Upper jugular nodes ipsilateral to a supraglottic or hypopharyngeal primary were usually involved. The frequency of metastases in the jugular lymph node chains decreased in craniocaudal direction. If the tumor invaded the posterior wall of the hypopharynx or tissues.

PURPOSE To assess the incidence and patterns of cervical lymph node involvement according to the location and the relation of the primary tumour to the parapharyngeal fasciae, compartments and tissues arising from different branchial arches. PATIENTS AND METHODS The findings of clinical and CT examinations of 143 patients with histological evidence of oropharyngeal carcinoma were evaluated retrospectively. Local tumour spread, relation of the primary to the parapharyngeal fasciae, compartments and to the borders of tissues arising from different branchial arches were analysed and related to cervical lymph node involvement. RESULTS Lymph drainage of the oropharynx and neighbouring neck regions is determined by the embryological development of the branchial arches and somites. Oropharyngeal carcinomas are tumours arising from tissues of the 2nd and 3rd branchial arches. The lymph of these tissues is collected by the vessels of the jugular neck node chains. If tumour invades tissues arising from the 1st branchial arch (structures of the oral cavity and floor of the mouth) tumour spreads into the ipsilateral lymphatic vessels arising from the 1st branchial arch and the submaxillary lymph nodes. If tumor invades tissues arising from occipital and cervical somites (posterior wall of the nasopharynx, retropharyngeal compartment and recessus submuscularis) metastases in the retropharyngeal and spinal-accessorial lymph nodes may appear. Regarding the tumour invasion of the subdistricts of the oropharynx totally different tumours were found. Tumour invasion of neighbouring structures was documented for the nasopharynx in 15%, for oral cavity and the floor of the mouth in 34%, the larynx in 24% and the hypopharynx in 22% of the cases. From these different patterns of local tumour spread different patterns of lymph node involvement resulted. Nodal involvement was found in 71%. In all these cases metastases in the ipsilateral upper jugular lymph nodes were present. The frequency of metastases in the jugular lymph node chains decreased in cranio-caudad direction (upper jugular group 100%, middle 18%, lower jugular group 5%). The frequency of bilateral jugular lymph node involvement (25%) increased in the some measure as the tumour approached the midline or crossed it. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of regular patterns of spread of oropharyngeal carcinoma is important for treatment procedures, especially for 3-dimensional radiotherapy.

An anatomical study was carried out to determine the extent to which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could delineate inner ear structures. Anatomical preparations of human petrous temporal bone were examined and compared with the results of MRI in 20 healthy subjects to see whether the structures of the inner ear could be visualized. Imaging of the subjects was carried out in a 1.0-T MRI scanner (Siemens Magnetom Impact). Two strongly T2*-weighted sequences were used: a 3D-PSIF sequence and a 3D-CISS sequence. The 3D data sets were postprocessed using a Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) program. Our investigations show that it is possible to obtain accurate visualization of structures with a diameter of under 1 mm. In all 20 subjects it was possible to identify both the endolymphatic duct and the endolymphatic sac.

Klinische Erfahrungen und Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, dass der AuslOser fUr Tinnitus und HOrstOrungen auch im Bereich der HalswirbelsAule zu suchen ist. In der vorliegenden

The detection of tumour cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of leukaemia and lymphoma patients is a challenge for CSF cytological investigation. Nevertheless, it is generally possible to confirm the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) by conventional microscopic detection of tumour cells. Immunocytochemical staining techniques are a valuable complement of conventional cytology. Immunocytochemical cell phenotyping is indicated for identification of atypical cells in patients with suspected primary CNS lymphoma or malignant haematological disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 27 million people worldwide and leading to severe social-economic problems. One characteristic hallmark of AD--the amyloid plaques--are still being discussed to be one important triggering factor. However, current animal and autopsy studies refer to soluble and highly toxic A block oligomers as the deadly agent for the neurons. Current therapies mainly rely on the abatement of symptoms without antagonizing the etiology of the disease. Potential new approaches address reduced production, increased degradation and/or evacuation of toxic A block peptides from the brain. Among others one important group of target-proteins are the ABC transporters of the blood-brain barrier which contribute importantly to the detoxification of the brain. Changes of specific transport functions evoke important alterations for the known pathogenesis and future therapies of AD, especially approaches that target plaque dissolution and plaque reduction.

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNT) are relatively benign brain lesions that often cause medically intractable epilepsy. There is mounting evidence that multidrug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP) play an important role in the development of resistance to antiepileptic drugs (AED).In the present study, we examined the expression of several multidrug transporters in 14 cases of DNT. The peritumoral brain tissue as well as 9 cases of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) served as controls. P-gp, MRP2, MRP5 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) expression was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using immunohistochemistry.All transporters were overexpressed quantitatively in DNT, but each revealed a different labeling pattern. P-gp and BCRP were predominantly located in the endothelium of brain vessels. MRP5 was detected primarily in endothelial cells, but notably also in neurons. The expression of P-gp, MRP2 and MRP5 was low in AVM, whereas BCRP demonstrated strong staining. Examination of MDR1 gene polymorphisms revealed no correlation with P-gp expression whereas the MRP2 exon 10 G1249A polymorphism was associated with different MRP2 labelling.Our results show that multidrug transporters are overexpressed in DNT. This finding supports the view that several of these transport proteins may play an important role in the mechanisms of drug resistance in epileptic brain tissue.

Biotin, a well-known binding unit for the proteins avidin and streptavidin, was combined with the chelating ligand terpyridine via polymeric and nonpolymeric spacers. An omega-amino-functionalized terpyridyl-poly(ethylene glycol) was prepared and utilized for complex formation with iron(II), nickel(II), and ruthenium(II) ions. The biocompatibility of the complex formation was investigated in aqueous media. Moreover, biotin was functionalized with a methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) as a model system. The compounds were characterized by UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy as well as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The systems represent a new combination of strong noncovalent binding units from both biology and synthetic supramolecular chemistry.

Activated microglia are a prominent component of the senile plaques in end-stage Alzheimer's disease, but whether microglia contribute to the initiation of the lesions remains unknown. In a previous postmortem study of non-demented elderly cases, we found that amyloidogenesis is advanced by at least 10 years in carriers of the apoEepsilon4 allele. To determine whether microglia are involved in the initial stages of beta-amyloid pathogenesis and whether apoE genotype influences microglial activation, we quantified HLA-DR-immunoreactive microglia in the medial temporal lobe of 229 non-demented humans of various APOE genotypes who had died between 50 and 91 years of age. Our results show that the number of HLA-DR-immunoreactive microglia increases with advancing age in both the gray matter and the white matter. In contrast to amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, there is no significant correlation between apoE genotype and density of microglia, although apoEepsilon4 homozygotes tended to have more microglia than did other apoE groups. In sections double-immunostained for Abeta and activated microglia, activated microglia were associated with dense-cored plaques but not with diffuse plaques, suggesting that microglial activation is a relatively late event in the genesis of beta-amyloid. Activation of microglia thus appears not to be the initial impetus for Abeta-deposition in the elderly.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the postnatal growth pattern of the sphenoid sinus.83 cerebral MRI examinations of infants and children aged 5 months to 14 years were retrospectively reviewed for pneumatization and growth of sphenoid sinus.A continuous increase of pneumatization and growth of the sphenoid sinus was demonstrated between infancy and adolescence including considerable individual variations. Even in children less than two years old remarkable spatial extends of this sinus could be found in some cases.Diagnosis of an acute or chronical sinusitis in pediatric patients should alert the clinician to the possibility of a sphenoidal participation.

Editor,—In the literature Onodi cells occur in 3.4–51% of people.1 2 The paranasal sinus “Anatomic terminology group” defines the Onodi cell as the most posterior ethmoid cell which pneumatises laterally and superiorly to the sphenoid and is intimately associated with the optic nerve. Using this definition the incidence of Onodi cells is 8–14%.3-5 The occurrence of optic neuropathy caused by a pathological process in an Onodi cell is explained by the close relation to the optic nerve, because it often runs within the small cavity of the Onodi cell.6 Orbital inflammation associated with paranasal sinusitis is a well known cause of optic neuropathy,7 but an isolated mucocele of an Onodi cell causing optic neuropathy is rare.8 9 We report a case of acute visual loss caused by an isolated mucocele of an Onodi cell. ### CASE REPORT A 41 year old man was referred to our …

From 1988 to 2/1997 we had introduced intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in 298 patients. In most cases non-invasive nasal mask ventilation was possible, in 21 patients (7%) a tracheostoma was necessary. These 21 patients were analysed retrospectively due to age, sex, diagnose, ventilation mode, course of illness, home care and costs.We had 13 male and 8 female patients, aged 49 years on average (min. 2, max. 84). 90% had neuromuscular diseases especially muscle dystrophies. Ventilation therapy was performed volume controlled with the cannula unblocked during daytime and blocked at night. Eighteen patients had industrial cannulas (72% Shiley, 28% Rüsch), 3 patients used silver cannulas. Daily ventilation amounted 24 hours in 7 patients, 6 to 14 hours in 14 patients. During the observed time 7 patients remained in stable health situation, in 9 patients the underlying disease was progressive and 5 of them died. IPPV was performed 50.7 months on an average, in living patients 68.8 months, in died 7.6 months. Fifteen patients lived at home, 5 were cared in nursing home, 1 patient stayed in hospital. Outside the hospital the bigger part of costs was paid by sick funds and care funds, the smaller part by social welfare offices. Often costs were divided. Total costs for caring about 24 hours ventilated patient at home amounted up to 21,000 German marks each month.

To assess the incidence and patterns of cervical lymph node metastases in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas according to the location, extension, and relation of the primary tumor to the parapharyngeal compartments and tissues arising from different embryological structures as branchial arches and somites.The findings of clinical and CT examinations of 230 patients with histological evidence of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma (44 T1-, 33 T2-, 41 T3-, 112 T4-carcinomas with lymph node involvement in 116 cases) were evaluated retrospectively. Local tumor spread and relation of the primary to the parapharyngeal compartments and to tissues arising from different embryological structures such as branchial arches and somites were analysed and related to cervical lymph node involvement.The pattern of cervical lymph node involvement depends upon location and extension of the primary tumor in the adjacent tissues of the larynx and hypopharynx. The density of the lymphatic vessels in these areas determines the likelihood of lymph node involvement. The frequency of NO cases in carcinomas strictly located in the vocal cord (n = 31) was 100%; in the glottic-supraglottic, supraglottic, and transglottic cancer (n = 106) 85%; in larynx-hypopharynx carcinomas (n = 54) 26%; in hypopharynx carcinomas (n = 12) 17%; and in larynx-hypo-oropharynx carcinomas (n = 46) 9%. Tumors in tissues arising from branchial arches 4, 5, and 6 are glottic-supraglottic, transglottic laryngeal, and laryngeal-hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Metastases of these tumors were frequently found in the jugular lymph node chains, particularly if the developed tissue of the "primitive glottis" was invaded by the primary. Upper jugular nodes ipsilateral to a supraglottic or hypopharyngeal primary were usually involved. The frequency of metastases in the jugular lymph node chains decreased in craniocaudal direction. If the tumor invaded the posterior wall of the hypopharynx or tissues.

Noninvasive intermittent ventilation is usually performed in patients with severe ventilatory pump disorder. From 1988 to 3/1995 we treated 163 patients with the aim of home mechanical ventilation (HMV).In March 1993 115 of these 163 patients practiced HMV, 22 had already died and 26 had rejected or broken off ventilation therapy. The 115 patients were classified in three main diagnostic groups: Scoliosis or chest wall disease (n = 76), COPD (n = 11) and neuromuscular disease (n = 28). The mean pCO2 at rest of all patients before ventilation therapy was 56 (+/- 12) Torr and fell to 46 (+/- 5) Torr in the course of therapy. The maximum statical inspiration pressure PImax rose from average 3, 8 (+/- 2, 3) to 4, 9 (+/- 2, 0) kPa. There was a probability of surviving two years after onset of ventilation therapy of 85% in the scoliosis group, of 60% in the neuromuscular group and of 30% in the COPD group.According to results of others home ventilation therapy was very successful in patients with chest wall disease. In some patients with neuromuscular disorder quality of life could be improved and life prolonged. Only half of the COPD patients could be treated successfully, whereas the other half had no benefit from noninvasive ventilation therapy.

To assess the incidence and patterns of cervical lymph node involvement according to the location and the relation of the primary tumour to the parapharyngeal fasciae, compartments and tissues arising from different branchial arches.The findings of clinical and CT examinations of 143 patients with histological evidence of oropharyngeal carcinoma were evaluated retrospectively. Local tumour spread, relation of the primary to the parapharyngeal fasciae, compartments and to the borders of tissues arising from different branchial arches were analysed and related to cervical lymph node involvement.Lymph drainage of the oropharynx and neighbouring neck regions is determined by the embryological development of the branchial arches and somites. Oropharyngeal carcinomas are tumours arising from tissues of the 2nd and 3rd branchial arches. The lymph of these tissues is collected by the vessels of the jugular neck node chains. If tumour invades tissues arising from the 1st branchial arch (structures of the oral cavity and floor of the mouth) tumour spreads into the ipsilateral lymphatic vessels arising from the 1st branchial arch and the submaxillary lymph nodes. If tumor invades tissues arising from occipital and cervical somites (posterior wall of the nasopharynx, retropharyngeal compartment and recessus submuscularis) metastases in the retropharyngeal and spinal-accessorial lymph nodes may appear. Regarding the tumour invasion of the subdistricts of the oropharynx totally different tumours were found. Tumour invasion of neighbouring structures was documented for the nasopharynx in 15%, for oral cavity and the floor of the mouth in 34%, the larynx in 24% and the hypopharynx in 22% of the cases. From these different patterns of local tumour spread different patterns of lymph node involvement resulted. Nodal involvement was found in 71%. In all these cases metastases in the ipsilateral upper jugular lymph nodes were present. The frequency of metastases in the jugular lymph node chains decreased in cranio-caudad direction (upper jugular group 100%, middle 18%, lower jugular group 5%). The frequency of bilateral jugular lymph node involvement (25%) increased in the some measure as the tumour approached the midline or crossed it.Knowledge of regular patterns of spread of oropharyngeal carcinoma is important for treatment procedures, especially for 3-dimensional radiotherapy.

Mycoses are common complications of haematological neoplasias. For successful antimycotic treatment, a knowledge of preferential underlying disease, frequency, species and site of the mycosis is of importance.Postmortem material comprising clinical data, autopsy protocols and histological sections obtained between 1976 and 1990 from 1,053 patients with leukaemia and malignant lymphomas following antineoplastic therapy was analysed retrospectively.Autopsy revealed systemic mycoses in 184 patients (17.5%). Between 1976 and 1990, the incidence of fungal infections increased from 12% to 30%, most being found in acute leukaemia (24%). Myeloproliferative syndrome (18%), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (16%), Hodgkin's disease (10%) and plasmocytoma (2.5%) were less frequently associated with mycoses. With no preference for any particular malignancy in evidence, aspergillosis predominated at histology (85 cases), while candidosis occurred in 75 cases. A combination of two mycoses (aspergillosis and candidosis) (14 patients), zygomycosis (eight patients) and cryptococcosis (two patients) were much less common. While aspergillosis caused mostly pulmonary (81 cases) and cerebral (18 cases) infections, candidosis most frequently affected the GI tract (83 cases). The fungal infection was regarded as the main cause of death in some 76% of the cases. An analysis of bone marrow of patients with mycosis (184 cases) revealed a predominance of hypoplasia (54%) over tumour infiltration (34%) and normal bone marrow (12%). In malignancies with no mycoses (869 cases) in contrast, hypoplasia was significantly less common (19%) than infiltration (59%) or normal bone marrow (22%) (p0.001).The incidence of mycoses in haematological neoplasias in our post mortem series has continued to increase. Bone marrow hypoplasia in particular predisposes to fungal infection. The lungs are the organs of predilection, and aspergillosis is likely to be the infection presenting.

Die Laserchirurgie hat sich in den letzten Jahren in man­cher Hinsicht als eine echte Alternative zu konventio­nell-chirurgischen Techniken erwiesen und erbringt — entsprechende Erfahrung vorausgesetzt — beispielsweise in der Chirurgie der Papillomatosis des Larynx und der Trachea als kurative Masnahme bei umschriebener und palliativer Chirurgie bei ausgedehnten Malignomen gute Ergebnisse.

Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die Strukturelemente der Pars cartilaginea tubae auditivae an hochaufgelosten Kernspintomogrammen zu identifizieren und nach Morphologie sowie Signalverhalten zu charakterisieren.

Zur Therapie der Rhinitis sicca wird als Ersatz des fehlenden Nasensekretes das Zufuhren von Flussigkeiten oder Ersatzlosungen von ausen angewendet. Dabei sind bisher schon Losungen der verschiedensten Zusammensetzung benutzt worden. Deren gravierender Mangel ist, das der Feuchtigkeitsgewinn zu kurzfristig ist. Ursache dafur ist die kurze Haftzeit von Flussigkeiten auf Schleimhauten. Dies trifft auch fur Inhalationen zu. Bei den nasalen Schleimhauten kommt erschwerend hinzu, das der mucoziliare Transport fur einen schnellen Abtransport der Flussigkeit sorgt.

The sphenoidal sinus is an important space for surgical procedures. It is opened in inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses, and the neurosurgeon passes through this sinus in order to reach the hypophyseal region. We report here some characteristics and new measurements of the sphenoidal sinus and hypophyseal region.

Sphenoidal sinus, clinical anatomy: mean values of measurements and research. The ostium of the sinus is situated 4.8 mm paramedian, 4 mm behind the sphenoid sinus with a width of 13.8 mm. Conchal types were estimated in 3%, presellar types in 23.8%, sellar types in 28.6% and postsellar sinuses in 47.6%. The ostium of the sphenoid sinus has a distance to the anterior wall of the Sella turcica mean = 14.6 mm. Included are length values of the sinus, the prominences in the side wall, and the recessus. Our results are discussed with the results of earlier researchers.