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Abstract Background Seasonal influenza virus infection is a significant cause of morbimortality in the elderly. However, there is poor vaccine efficacy in this population due to immunosenescence. We aimed to explore several homeostatic parameters in the elderly that could impact influenza vaccine responsiveness. Methods Subjects (> 60 years old) who were vaccinated against influenza virus were included, and the vaccine response was measured by a haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test. At baseline, peripheral CD4 and CD8 T-cells were phenotypically characterized. Thymic function and the levels of different inflammation-related biomarkers, including Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein (LBP) and anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibodies, were also measured. Results Influenza vaccine non-responders showed a tendency of higher frequency of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) before vaccination than responders (1.49 [1.08–1.85] vs. 1.12 [0.94–1.63], respectively, p = 0.061), as well as higher expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 in Tregs and different CD4 and CD8 T-cell maturational subsets. The levels of inflammation-related biomarkers correlated with the frequencies of different proliferating T-cell subsets and with thymic function (e.g., thymic function with D-dimers, r = − 0.442, p = 0.001). Conclusions Age-related homeostatic dysregulation involving the proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets, including Tregs, was related to a limited responsiveness to influenza vaccination and a higher inflammatory status in a cohort of elderly people.

Fungal microorganisms are still a rare cause of bone and joint infections. We report a new case of knee prosthetic joint infection due to Candida albicans in a patient with a previous two-stage right knee arthroplasty for septic arthritis due to S. epidermidis occurred several months ago. Moreover, the treatment in 76 cases of Candida prosthetic joint infection has been discussed. Forty patients were female and mean age at diagnosis was 65.7 (± SD 18) yrs. No risk factors for candidal infection were found in 25 patients. Infection site was the knee in 38 patients and hip in 36; pain was present in 44 patients and swelling in 24. The most frequent species was C. albicans, followed by C. parapsilosis. Eleven patients were only treated with antifungal drugs being the outcome favourable in all of them. Two-stage exchange arthroplasty was performed in 30 patients, and resection arthroplasty in other 30; in three patients one-stage exchange arthroplasty was done. A favourable outcome was found in 58 patients after antifungal plus surgical treatment, in 11 after antifungal treatment alone and in one after surgery alone. The type of treatment is still not clearly defined and an algorithm for treatment in fungal PJI should be established, but various types of surgical procedures may be applied.

El proyecto singular y estratégico INVISO (Industrialización de viviendas sostenibles), que comenzó en el año 2006, pretende optimizar la producción de viviendas por medio de la industrialización de los procesos constructivos, generando el diseño de nuevos materiales y sistemas y elaborando herramientas de diseño y gestión que faciliten este proceso.

Introducción: la toxicidad hepática asociada al uso creciente de productos de "remedios naturales" es un fenómeno emergente. Objetivos: valoración de las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y demográficas de los casos de hepatotoxicidad secundarios a productos herbales (PH) y suplementos dietéticos (SD). Pacientes y métodos: análisis de los casos de hepatotoxicidad debida a PH y SD incluidos en el Registro Español de Hepatotoxicidad. Resultados: trece casos de un total de 521 casos (2%) de reacciones adversas hepáticas incluidas en el registro entre 1994 y 2006, eran secundarios a PH/SD, representando el décimo grupo terapéutico responsable por orden de frecuencia, por delante de analgésicos, ansiolíticos y antipsicóticos. Nueve pacientes (69%) eran mujeres y la edad media fue de 45 años. Nueve pacientes (69%) presentaron ictericia. El tipo de daño más frecuente fue el hepatocelular (12; 92%) y un 31% de los casos presentaron datos de hipersensibilidad. La sustancia más comúnmente involucrada en los casos de daño hepático fue la Camellia sinensis (23%) seguida de Rhamnus purshianus e isoflavonas (Fitosoja®, Biosoja®) con dos casos cada uno (15%). Tres casos (23%) presentaron re-exposición positiva. Conclusiones: la hepatotoxicidad originada por PH/SD no es excepcional, y su perfil es la hepatitis aguda hepatocelular ictérica predominantemente en mujeres. La frecuente ocurrencia de reexposición positiva en estos pacientes indica un bajo índice de sospecha y un retraso o ausencia de diagnóstico de este tipo de reacción adversa.Background: toxic liver damage associated with the use of natural remedies is a growing health problem. Objectives: to analyze the demographics, and clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients developing liver injury related to these remedies. Patients and methods: all DILI cases associated with the use of herbal remedies (HR) or dietary supplements (DS) submitted to the Spanish Registry were analyzed. Type of liver damage, severity, and outcome were specifically evaluated. Results: thirteen cases out of 521 DILI cases (2%) submitted to the Spanish Liver Toxicity Registry between 1994 and 2006 were related to HR/DS, which ranked as the 10th therapeutic group with a greater number of cases and above pain killers, anxiolytics, and antipsychotic drugs. Nine patients (69%) were female (mean age 45 years). Nine cases (69%) had jaundice at presentation. The predominating type of liver damage was hepatocellular (12; 92%), and 31% of cases exhibited the common features of hypersensitivity. Camellia sinensis (3, 23%) was the main causative herb, followed by Rhamnus purshianus and isoflavones (Fitosoja®, Biosoja®) (2 cases each, 15%). Three cases (23%) were rechallenged with the offending product. Conclusions: the incidence of hepatic damage related to HR/DS is not so rare, the most common profile of affected patients being a woman with acute hepatocellular hepatitis. Low suspicion regarding the putative role of herbs in hepatotoxicity makes diagnosis more difficult, and probably increases the incidence of inadvertent rechallenge in these patients.

Presentamos nuestra experiencia inicial en el tratamiento de la incontinencia fecal (IF) mediante neuromodulación de raíces sacras (NRS), a través de los resultados de un estudio prospectivo realizado con 26 pacientes en el que se comparan los valores basales en la escala de continencia de Wexner-Cleveland y en la capacidad para el retraso de la defecación, con los obtenidos tras un año de terapia con NRS. El estudio inicial de cada paciente incluía anamnesis, exploración general, ecografía y manometría rectal, así como unos diarios de continencia y de calidad de vida específicos para la IF de 3 semanas. Antes de la terapia con NRS, el valor medio en la escala Wexner-Cleveland fue de 15,00 ± 1,81 y el 62,50% de los pacientes tenía una capacidad de retraso de la defecación menor de 1 minuto. Tras un año de terapia con NRS, el valor medio en la escala de Wexner-Cleveland fue de 4,87 ± 2,54 (p = 0,0031) y el 75,01% de los pacientes presentaba una capacidad de retraso defecatorio mayor de 15 minutos (p = 0,0018). Hacemos, además, una descripción detalla de la técnica quirúrgica de la NRS, haciendo referencia a sus indicaciones y finalizamos revisando las distintas opciones terapéuticas para la IF mostrando nuestro algoritmo terapéutico para esta patología. La NRS es una técnica eficaz para el tratamiento de la IF en pacientes seleccionados que no han respondido a tratamiento conservador, biofeedback o correcciones anatómicas (esfinteroplastia), con una mínima morbilidad y susceptible de realizarse en un programa de cirugía ambulatoria.We present our initial experience in the treatment of fecal incontinence (FI) with sacral root neuromodulation (SRN) by reporting the results of a prospective study with 26 patients where baseline Wexner-Cleveland scale scores and ability to delay defecation were compard to results after one year with SRN. The initial study of patients included history taking, general examination, anal ultrasonography, and manometry, and a three-week diary of continence and quality of life specific for FI was used. Before SRN the mean baseline Wexner-Cleveland score was 15.00 ± 1.81, and 62.50% of patients could only delay defecation for less than a minute. After a year with NRS the mean Wexner-Cleveland score was 4.87 ± 2.54 (p = 0.0031), and 75.01% of patients could delay defecation above fifteen minutes (p = 0.0018). We also describe the surgical technique and its indications, and finally review the various therapeutical options for FI and show our algorithm for this condition. SRN is an effective technique for the treatment of FI in properly selected patients with no response to medical therapies (including biofeedback) or anatomic correction (sphincteroplasty), with efficacy, little morbidity, and a short hospital stay.

Introduction: performing anal endosonography in complex fistula-in-ano allows us to design a personalized surgical strategy in each case, thereby improving results. However, there are doubts in the literature as to its utility in recurrent complex fistulas. The aim of this study was to compare the utility of anal ultrasonography in the study of primary versus recurrent complex fistula-in-ano. Patients and method: prospective study of patients diagnosed and treated for complex fistula-in-ano. Physical examination and anal ultrasonography provided data on primary track, internal opening, horseshoe extension and the presence of secondary tracks or cavities in a protocol designed specifically for the study. These assessments were subsequently contrasted with operative findings. Results: we included 35 patients, 19 (54.3%) with primary complex anal fistulas and 16 (45.7%) with recurrent fistulas. According to the operative findings, fistulas were classified as high transsphincteric in 28 patients (80%), suprasphincteric in 6 (17.1%) and extrasphincteric in one patient (2.9%), with no differences between groups. Physical examination correctly classified 28 of the 35 fistulous tracks, in contrast to the 32 (91.4%) correctly described on ultrasonography (80%). We did not find any statistically significant differences between the primary and the recurrent fistula groups with regard to sensibility, positive predictive value and accuracy of the anal ultrasonography for any of the parameters studied. Conclusion: the accuracy of anal ultrasonography does not decrease in recurrent complex fistula-in-ano.

The influence of diet on yolk protein composition and egg survival was studied using the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, as an experimental model. Females were fed to satiation with a high essential fatty acid (EFA) diet during four different periods in the annual cycle: from September to February (vitellogenesis, Group A), from February to April (spawning, Group B), from April to September (postvitellogenesis, Group C) and all the year round (Group D). During the remaining months groups were fed with a low EFA diet. The percentage of egg viability and the hatching rates were observed in every group. The two major yolk proteins, lipovitellin (LV) and phosvitin (PV), were isolated from the ovary and their changes were studied by SDS-gel electrophoresis. In fish fed the diet enriched with EFA only for two months (group B) a decrease was observed of the 8 kDa PV components associated with a diminished egg viability and hatching. However, no modification of vitellogenin (VTG) plasma levels and no improvement in fish growth were observed under the dietary conditions used.

Introduction: performing anal endosonography in complex fistula-in-ano allows us to design a personalized surgical strategy in each case, thereby improving results. However, there are doubts in the literature as to its utility in recurrent complex fistulas. The aim of this study was to compare the utility of anal ultrasonography in the study of primary versus recurrent complex fistula-in-ano. Patients and method: prospective study of patients diagnosed and treated for complex fistula-in-ano. Physical examination and anal ultrasonography provided data on primary track, internal opening, horseshoe extension and the presence of secondary tracks or cavities in a protocol designed specifically for the study. These assessments were subsequently contrasted with operative findings. Results: we included 35 patients, 19 (54.3%) with primary complex anal fistulas and 16 (45.7%) with recurrent fistulas. According to the operative findings, fistulas were classified as high transsphincteric in 28 patients (80%), suprasphincteric in 6 (17.1%) and extrasphincteric in one patient (2.9%), with no differences between groups. Physical examination correctly classified 28 of the 35 fistulous tracks, in contrast to the 32 (91.4%) correctly described on ultrasonography (80%). We did not find any statistically significant differences between the primary and the recurrent fistula groups with regard to sensibility, positive predictive value and accuracy of the anal ultrasonography for any of the parameters studied. Conclusion: the accuracy of anal ultrasonography does not decrease in recurrent complex fistula-in-ano.