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With cut-to-length harvesters, tree stems are measured and cut into different timber assortments at the time of felling. These measurement data collected from harvested trees can be used for decision-support at different levels of the forest industry chain and also for forest planning when combined with remote sensing data. The aim of this study was to examine the operational application for predicting merchantable stem volume, basal area, basal area-weighted mean tree height, basal area-weighted mean stem diameter and diameter distribution at stand level with airborne laser scanning data and harvester data from final felling operations. The area-based approach using k-MSN estimation was evaluated for six different variants of spatial partitioning. The results were stand level predictions with relative root mean square errors of 11-14%, 10-15%, 3-4% and 6-7% for merchantable stem volume, basal area, basal area-weighted mean tree height and basal area-weighted mean stem diameter, respectively. Predictions of stem diameter distributions resulted in error indices of 0.13-0.14. The results demonstrate that harvester data from cut forests may serve as ground truth to airborne laser scanning data and provide accurate forest estimates at stand level. The predicted diameter distributions could be useful for improving yield estimates and bucking simulations.

Gastrointestinal infections are a major cause for serious clinical complications in infants. The induction of antibody responses by B cells is critical for protective immunity against infections and requires CXCR5

Free-electron lasers (FELs) provide unique possibilities in investigating matter down to femtosecond time and nanometer length scales, as well as in the regime of non-linear light-matter interaction. Due to the nature of FEL sources, the produced beam is significantly more unstable than beams produced by 3rd generation synchrotrons. As a result, pulse-resolved normalization of measurement data becomes essential and can be challenging. The intensity monitors permanently installed at a facility might indeed accurately measure the pulse intensities at a certain point of the beamline, but cannot precisely normalize experimental data. For example the impact of pointing instabilities and hence different clipping of the beam downstream on the way to the actual experiment is not reflected in the intensity measurement. Here, we show how the integral intensity of the FEL beam transmitted through the sample can be measured by photodiodes providing a proper normalization of measurement data.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a major cause for disease in children, in particular after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Currently, effective therapies for HAdV infections in immunocompromised hosts are lacking. To decipher immune recognition of HAdV infection and determine new targets for immune-mediated control, we used an HAdV infection 3D organoid system, based on primary human intestinal epithelial cells. HLA-F, the functional ligand for the activating NK cell receptor KIR3DS1, was strongly up-regulated and enabled enhanced killing of HAdV5-infected cells in organoids by KIR3DS1

Background and Aims Acute tubular injury accounts for the most common intrinsic cause for acute kidney injury (AKI). The scattered tubular cell (STC) phenotype was discovered as a uniform reaction of tubule cells triggered by injury. Our group was the first to identify an inducible transgenic mouse (PEC-rtTA-mouse) specifically labeling STCs with eGFP. Analysis of the transcriptional factors and associated signaling pathways might reveal the function and role of STCs in AKI. Method Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion murine model of AKI 8, 24, 48 hours and 6 and 12 days after AKI induction. Results Genes expressing proximal tubular proteins and transporters were markedly downregulated during transition into the STC phenotype upon injury; but expression recovered over time and upon resolution and tubular cells re-differentiated into proximal tubule cells. This provides evidence for the first time that the STC phenotype is a transient and reversible phenotype triggered by injury. Among cells in the STC phenotype, we could identify 2 sub-clusters; a highly proliferating sub-cluster that in the cell cycle analysis showed the highest proportion of cycling cells. The second eGFP-positive cluster appeared very early after AKI and expressed a distinct set of genes (defined by 7 anchor genes). Some of the highly up-regulated genes are known markers of STCs hence confirming the specificity of our transgenic mouse line. Conclusion Our study provides gene expression patterns specifically in STCs upon injury and repair at multiple time points and suggests that the STC phenotype is a transient and reversible phenotype triggered by injury.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from esophagogastric varices is a common scenario, especially in patients with portal hypertension induced by liver cirrhosis or other diseases with thrombosis of the splenic vein. However, accessory spleen as pathophysiological cause of a regional, left-sided portal hypertension and consecutive development of isolated gastric varices is rare. We report a case of recurrent gastric variceal bleeding resulting from sinistral portal hypertension associated with an accessory spleen in a patient who had traumatic splenectomy many decades before. The accessory spleen is an extremely rare cause for the development of regional, left-sided portal hypertension leading to isolated gastric varices. Minimally invasive splenectomy is a safe and efficient treatment option.

We present experimental data illustrating how heat load affects the performance of a cryogenically cooled monochromator under intense X-ray Free-Electron Laser pulses. The measurements are in good agreement with a depth-uniform model of X-ray dynamical diffraction taking beam absorption and heat deformation of the crystals into account., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Optics Express

The mechanical properties of the stoichiometric B2β-phase of NiAl are well established, however the effect of off- stoichiometric composition on the fracture toughness has not yet been systematically studied over the entire composition range of 40-50% Al. Here we use microbending tests on notched cantilever beams FIB-milled from NiAl single crystals with an aluminized as well as an oxidation-induced composition gradient to determine the influence of the Al concentra- tion on the mechanical properties. The fracture toughness is maximal for the stoichiometric composition. It decreases with increasing Ni-content in the Ni-rich composition range, where plastic deformation is observed to accompany the fracture process. In contrast, no plasticity is observed in Al-rich NiAl, which shows a nearly concentration-independent, low fracture toughness. The theoretical fracture toughness according to Griffith, however, shows only a very weak composition dependence in both, the Ni- and Al-rich composition range. The differences in fracture toughness could furthermore not be explained solely based on the different hardening contributions of Ni-antisites in the Ni-rich and structural vacancies in the Al-rich crystals. Atomistic fracture simulations show that crack propagation in NiAl takes place by the nucleation and migration of kinks on the crack front. The low fracture toughness of Al-rich NiAl can thus be understood by the dual effect of structural vacancies as strong obstacles to dislocation motion and as source of crack front kinks.

Invited Feature Paper In fracture mechanics, established methods exist to model the stability of a crack tip or the kinetics of crack growth on both the atomic and the macroscopic scale. However, approaches to bridge the two scales still face the challenge in terms of directly converting the atomic forces at which bonds break into meaningful continuum mechanical failure stresses. Here we use two atomistic methods to investigate cleavage fracture of brittle materials: (i) we analyze the forces in front of a sharp crack and (ii) we study the bond breaking process during rigid body separation of half crystals without elastic relaxation. The comparison demonstrates the ability of the latter scheme, which is often used in ab initio density functional theory calculations, to model the bonding situation at a crack tip. Furthermore, we confirm the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics in the nanometer range close to crack tips in brittle materials. Based on these observations, a fracture mechanics model is developed to scale the critical atomic forces for bond breaking into relevant continuum mechanical quantities in the form of an atomistically informed scale-sensitive traction separation law. Such failure criteria can then be applied to describe fracture processes on larger length scales, e.g., in cohesive zone models or extended finite element models.

This paper analyzes the impact of investments in the German autobahn network on West German regions’ labor market performance. To address problems of endogeneity and reverse causation, we use historical instrumental variables from an 1890 plan for the railroad network and a 1937 plan for the autobahn and major roads network. We find a statistically and economically significant positive causal effect of regional changes in autobahn kilometers on employment and the wage bill. According to our IV results, a one-standard-deviation increase in the growth of autobahn length between 1937 and 1994 led to employment growth of between 2.7 and 3.4% and to wage bill growth of between 3.0 and 3.7% over the period from 1994 to 2008. The results are robust to an alternative regional demarcation and identification strategy as well as to alternative estimation methods.

Plastisch-asthetisch-chirurgische (PAC-)Operationen nehmen weltweit stetig zu. Dabei ist nach wie vor strittig, wie haufig KlientInnen mit einer PAC-Operation psychisch erkrankt sind und/oder unbewusst mit der Operation die Losung psychischer Konflikte anstreben. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Vorliegen psychischer Belastungssymptome bei 56 weiblichen PAC-Aspirantinnen. Sie widmet sich erstmalig Unterschieden von PAC-Patientinnen mit psychischen Belastungen (MPB) vs. solchen ohne psychische Belastungen (OPB) in ihren Erwartungen an die Operation, im Personlichkeitsprofil, Korpererleben, der Haufigkeit generalisierter Angste sowie Aspekten der Vorgeschichte. Psychometrische Testverfahren (BSI, NEO-FFI, FBeK, GAD-7) und ein selbst konstruierter Fragebogen kamen zum Einsatz. Die Halfte der Probandinnen erwies sich als psychisch belastet von klinisch relevantem Ausmas. PAC-Aspirantinnen MPB verbanden gegenuber solchen OPB mit der Operation haufiger Erwartungen auf Verbesserungen in den Bereichen Gesellschaft, Sexualitat und Partnerschaft. PAC-Patientinnen MPB zeichneten sich durch ein anderes Personlichkeitsprofil, ein negatives Korpererleben sowie mehr generalisierte Angste aus. Sie nannten haufiger ein schlechtes Aggressionsmanagement und Hanseleien in der Kindheit, ihre Eltern hatten besonders viel Wert auf die eigene Erscheinung gelegt. Die Differenzierung einer PAC-Gesamtstichprobe in Patientinnen MPB vs. OPB erwies sich als sinnvoll. Psychische Belastungssymptome bei PAC-Patientinnen standen in Verbindung mit an die Operation geknupften unrealistischen Hoffnungen auf Verbesserungen in interpersonellen Beziehungen. Diese Patientinnen wurden vermutlich auch von einer Psychotherapie profitieren. Methodische Einschrankungen der Studie, insbesondere die geringe Rucklaufquote, werden diskutiert.

Subsequent to a randomised, double-blind, double dummy clinical trial assessing the efficacy of silexan compared to placebo and paroxetine in patients suffering from generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), a 1week follow-up phase was added in order to assess possible withdrawal symptoms of silexan after abrupt discontinuation.Participants received silexan 80 mg/d, silexan 160 mg/d, paroxetine 20 mg/d, or placebo at a ratio of 1:1:1:1. Study medication was discontinued after the 10 week active treatment phase of the original trial. Whereas paroxetine was tapered as indicated, silexan administration was discontinued abruptly. Assessment of possible withdrawal effects was done using the Physician Withdrawal Checklist questionnaire (PWC-20).During the 1 week down-titration phase, mean total PWC-20 scores had reduced by 0.19 in placebo, 0.23 in silexan 80, 0.65 in silexan 160, and 0.51 in paroxetine. The median change in all four groups was 0.00. In none of the treatment groups withdrawal effects occurred after discontinuation.Values assessed for the silexan groups indicate the absence of a dependency potential of this preparation.

We report on a fiber-based, Yb-doped, ultrafast laser system capable of outputting 100 W average power at a repetition rate of 500 kHz. The system uses chirped pulse amplification, employing a custom-made pulse-stretching fiber and a grating based compressor, to generate highly energetic, 330 fs pulses at 1030 nm. A diode-pumped photonic-crystal rod delivers amplification of pulses up to 400 μJ while maintaining near diffraction-limited mode quality. The system is highly robust and offers excellent short and long term power stability.

The Covid-19 Pandemia is not a turning point for e-health It might seem meaningful that this e-health approach will also continue in mental health care after the Covid-19, given the obvious pragmatic advantages. But several issues could at least delimitate a future use of e-health technology in psychiatry/psychotherapy: Patient with severe depression and suicidality seem not to be the right target group Same with other serious mental disorders First contact patients (depending among others on their personality characteristics), often have problems to open themselves at phone or video contacts In Germany (and probably other European countries?) a relative high percentage of psychiatrists/psychotherapists are reluctant or at least ambivalent against video based interventions A quite high percentage of psychiatrists/psychotherapists in Germany believe that a relevant proportion of their patients might not accept this very technical approach of doctor-patient-interaction. Currently in Germany, probably also in some other European countries, complain that some legal and billing issues are not fully solved. Some of these problems could decrease in the future and insofar it is difficult to make a valid prediction of the place of e-health technology in psychiatry/psychotherapy. Beside this one point seems of great importance to me: the current e-health success, driven by the Covid-19 Pandemia, should not be the direction of more cost saving psychiatry/psychotherapy, generally neglecting the need for personal interaction between patients and therapists.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Summary Background: Postgraduate teaching of psychiatric residents in the important field of psychopharmacology and pharmacotherapy is insufficient regarding number of hours of theoretical teaching and practical training, content and structure and varies widely. Education based on controlled trials (evidence-based) may interfere with daily life real world experience and questions of doctors. Method: Data available from national psychiatric societies and from the literature are presented as well as a recently proposed German curriculum and learning catalogue. The latter includes general pharmacology including pharmacokinetics, neurobiological principles, clinical pharmacology of different classes of psychotropics (antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, hypnotics, stimulants etc.), special aspects (e.g. pregnancy, geriatric patients) as well as ethical, legal and economic aspects. About 160 hours of theoretical education are proposed, clinical teaching should be interactive, with vignettes and supervision covering about 300 hours. There is a need for standardization of psychopharmacology-pharmacopsychiatry teaching at the European level.

It is well known that fatigue life of metallic materials involves processes at different stages. Two main regimes can be distinguished: The first is governed by plastic deformation and related dislocation processes like cyclic saturation and strain localization. The second regime is mainly dominated by crack initiation and propagation. Whether an infinite fatigue life is obtained or not is therefore ultimately determined by the complex interplay of plastic deformation processes, the formation of small crack nuclei and their subsequent interaction with the surrounding material’s microstructure. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the transition from plastic deformation to crack initiation in the high- and very high-cycle fatigue regime in more detail. Three plain carbon steels with different ferrite to pearlite ratios were investigated in order to determine the influence of different microstructures on the transition from cyclic deformation to crack initiation in the high and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. A new method was developed where the changes in the dissipated energy are used to account for irreversible plastic deformation during ultrasonic fatigue loading. At very small fatigue amplitudes, which still lead to VHCF-failure, the cyclic deformation regime covers the main part of the fatigue life. In this regime dislocation interactions lead to the accumulation of irreversible plastic deformation followed by small crack nuclei that initiate at phase or grain boundaries (GBs), marking the transition to the damage regime. In order to better understand the fundamental mechanisms at the transition between both regimes, idealized atomistic simulations were performed. To model fatigue-induced plastic deformation various defects, i.e. dislocations and vacancies, were placed in the vicinity of a GB. These defects generally decrease the globally applied critical stress for crack initiation whilst the local critical stress stays mainly unchanged in the same range as the theoretical GB strength. Based on the experimental results and on the general findings from the atomistic simulations it is concluded that an infinite fatigue life is obtained either when cyclic irreversible deformation is too small to build up the necessary stresses for crack initiation or when the formed crack nuclei cannot overcome the next microstructural barriers.

Die Medizintechnik muss sich den sich stetig andernden Rahmenbedingungen der medizinischen Versorgung in Deutschland und Europa stellen. Zusatzlich zu den Aspekten des demografischen Wandels der Gesellschaft und des Fachkraftemangels in der Pflege und Arzteschaft sind deutlich steigende regulatorische Anforderungen fur das Inverkehrbringen von Medizinprodukten zu erwarten. Die aktuelle und zukunftige Situation wird Einfluss auf das Ausmas innovativer Medizinprodukte in der Versorgungsrealitat nehmen.

Hintergrund Das Kompetenznetz Schizophrenie (KNS) wurde von 1999–2011 vom Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gefordert. Ziel war es, eine bessere horizontale und vertikale Vernetzung der wesentlichen Einrichtungen zur Erforschung und Routineversorgung der Schizophrenie zu erreichen, um hierauf aufbauend offene Forschungsfragen zu bearbeiten, die Ergebnisse in die klinische Praxis zu transferieren und so die Versorgung und die Lebensqualitat schizophren Erkrankter zu verbessern.