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Purpose: Proton radiography may guide proton therapy cancer treatments with beam’s-eye-view anatomical images and a proton-based estimation of proton stopping power. However, without contrast enhancement, proton radiography will not be able to distinguish tumor from tissue. To provide this contrast, functionalized, high- [Formula: see text] nanoparticles that specifically target a tumor could be injected into a patient before imaging. We conducted this study to understand the ability of gold, as a high- [Formula: see text] , biologically compatible tracer, to differentiate tumors from surrounding tissue. Approach: Acrylic and gold phantoms simulate a tumor tagged with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Calculations correlate a given thickness of gold to levels of tumor AuNP uptake reported in the literature. An identity, [Formula: see text] , and [Formula: see text] proton magnifying lens acquired lens-refocused proton radiographs at the 800-MeV LANSCE proton beam. The effects of gold in the phantoms, in terms of percent density change, were observed as changes in measured transmission. Variable areal densities of acrylic modeled the thickness of the human body. Results: A [Formula: see text]-thick gold strip was discernible within 1 cm of acrylic, an areal density change of 0.2%. Behind 20 cm of acrylic, a [Formula: see text] gold strip was visible. A 1-cm-diameter tumor tagged with [Formula: see text] 50-nm AuNPs per cell has an amount of contrast agent embedded within it that is equivalent to a [Formula: see text] thickness of gold, an areal density change of 0.63% in a tissue thickness of 20 cm, which is expected to be visible in a typical proton radiograph. Conclusions: We indicate that AuNP-enhanced proton radiography might be a feasible technology to provide image-guidance to proton therapy, potentially reducing off-target effects and sparing nearby tissue. These data can be used to develop treatment plans and clinical applications can be derived from the simulations.

Ceramics are important materials due to their high strength and hardness, particularly in armor systems such as personnel body armor where they are used extensively. Understanding the failure process for these types of systems is key to improving their performance. To better understand the process of failure in ceramic materials subjected to ballistic impacts, we planned and executed reverse ballistic experiments to study material failure during impact on a silicon carbide target. The primary diagnostic tool we used was proton radiography conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) using their 800 mega-electron-volt (MeV) linear accelerator. Proton radiography at this facility is capable of excellent spatial and temporal resolution with up to 31 frames of data captured with variable frame spacing and gate time. We report and discuss some of the results of these experiments.

Exploding bridgewire detonators are an industry standard technology used for over 75 years and valued for their precise timing and safety characteristics. Despite widespread use, their functional mechanism remains controversial with both shock and non-shock mechanisms attributed. In this work, we reexamine the bridgewire detonator function with a suite of modern diagnostics and compare these observations with the existing literature. Traditional detonator observations consisted of voltage applied to the bridgewire and time dependent current, integral response measurements such as case motion, and more recently Schlieren imaging of the detonator surface. In this work, we add visible light emission, x-ray transmission, proton radiography, and temperature measurements during detonator function in addition to voltage, current, and function times. The addition of in situ observations of light emission, temperature, and density gives us new insight into the mechanisms of explosive bridgewire detonator function. We see a distinct separation in time, location, symmetry, and velocity of bridgewire output and detonation onset. During the time between bridgewire burst and the initiation of detonation, we observe a temperature ramp in the input pellet. In this paper, we present the suite of measurements and comparisons with the literature on integral response measurements.

A pre- and post-collimation scheme has been applied to high energy proton radiography to establish a dark field condition, which defaults to a state of no transmission until a scatterer is placed at the object plane. This technique, dark field proton radiography, provides two additional capabilities to a standard proton radiography setup. First, protons with a high degree of angular dispersion are removed from the beam, reducing the effects of chromatic aberrations and decreasing noise. Second, protons below the same threshold are removed from the beam downstream of the objects, effectively making the transmission highly sensitive to small amounts of scatter at the object plane. Initial results indicate that the system is highly sensitive to the presence of thinner materials and improves sensitivity to subtle areal density variations in thick objects.

The Los Alamos National Laboratory Advanced Imaging team is currently in the process of designing a novel neutron imaging system for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The team has been providing 2D neutron imaging of the burning fusion fuel at NIF for years, revealing possible multi-dimensional asymmetries in the fuel shape of the inertial confinement fusion reactions, and therefore calling for additional views along new lines of sight. The selection of an ideal scintillator material for a position-sensitive detector system is the key component for the new design. The new imaging system will require several technological challenges to be met: high spatial resolution, high light output, and fast scintillator response to capture a primary fusion neutron image as well as lower-energy down-scattered neutrons. A comprehensive study of advanced scintillator materials has been carried out at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center and the OMEGA Laser Facility in Rochester, NY. Neutron radiography using a fast-gated CCD camera system delivers resolution and light output measurements. We conclude the feasibility of a monolithic scintillator over a pixelated counterpart, and present the first resolution measurement of a deuterated plastic scintillator - a promising candidate for the new design.

Emerging approaches to short-pulse laser-driven neutron production offer a possible gateway to compact, low cost, and intense broad spectrum sources for a wide variety of applications. They are based on energetic ions, driven by an intense short-pulse laser, interacting with a converter material to produce neutrons via breakup and nuclear reactions. Recent experiments performed with the high-contrast laser at the Trident laser facility of Los Alamos National Laboratory have demonstrated a laser-driven ion acceleration mechanism operating in the regime of relativistic transparency, featuring a volumetric laser-plasma interaction. This mechanism is distinct from previously studied ones that accelerate ions at the laser-target surface. The Trident experiments produced an intense beam of deuterons with an energy distribution extending above 100 MeV. This deuteron beam, when directed at a beryllium converter, produces a forward-directed neutron beam with ∼5 × 109 n/sr, in a single laser shot, primarily due to ...

Neutrons are unique particles to probe samples in many fields of research ranging from biology to material sciences to engineering and security applications. Access to bright, pulsed sources is currently limited to large accelerator facilities and there has been a growing need for compact sources over the recent years. Short pulse laser driven neutron sources could be a compact and relatively cheap way to produce neutrons with energies in excess of 10 MeV. For more than a decade experiments have tried to obtain neutron numbers sufficient for applications. Our recent experiments demonstrated an ion acceleration mechanism based on the concept of relativistic transparency. Using this new mechanism, we produced an intense beam of high energy (up to 170 MeV) deuterons directed into a Be converter to produce a forward peaked neutron flux with a record yield, on the order of ${10}^{10}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{n}/\mathrm{sr}$. We present results comparing the two acceleration mechanisms and the first short pulse laser generated neutron radiograph.

Neutrons are a unique tool to alter and diagnose material properties and excite nuclear reactions with a large field of applications. It has been stated over the last years, that there is a growing need for intense, pulsed neutron sources, either fast or moderated neutrons for the scientific community. Accelerator based spallation sources provide unprecedented neutron fluxes, but could be complemented by novel sources with higher peak brightness that are more compact. Lasers offer the prospect of generating a very compact neutron source of high peak brightness that could be linked to other facilities more easily. We present experimental results on the first short pulse laser driven neutron source powerful enough for applications in radiography. For the first time an acceleration mechanism (BOA) based on the concept of relativistic transparency has been used to generate neutrons. This mechanism not only provides much higher particle energies, but also accelerated the entire target volume, thereby circumventing the need for complicated target treatment and no longer limited to protons as an intense ion source. As a consequence we have demonstrated a new record in laser-neutron production, not only in numbers, but also in energy and directionality based on an intense deuteron beam. The beam contained, for the first time, neutrons with energies in excess of 100 MeV and showed pronounced directionality, which makes then extremely useful for a variety of applications. The results also address a larger community as it paves the way to use short pulse lasers as a neutron source. They can open up neutron research to a broad academic community including material science, biology, medicine and high energy density physics as laser systems become more easily available to universities and therefore can complement large scale facilities like reactors or particle accelerators. We believe that this has the potential to increase the user community for neutron research largely.

Neutrons are unique to diagnose materials and excite nuclear reactions with a large field of applications. For the first time a new ion acceleration mechanism (BOA) has been used to generate intense, directed neutron beams.