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In an earlier paper [5] the authors compared the power of the BLUS test with the probability of a correct decision of the Durbin-Watson bounds test. A method to compute the distribution of the Von Neumann ratio under the null hypothesis and under the alternative hypothesis was given. In the present paper the latter method is used to tabulate the BLUS-test statistic and to compute the exact significance points of the Durbin-Watson test for several examples. Powers of both tests are computed and compared. It appears that, for the cases considered, the power of the exact Durbin-Watson test exceeds that of the BLUS procedure, while the latter is greater than the probability of a correct decision in the Durbin-Watson bounds test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background . Psychotic disorders have a strong negative impact on people's lives, including their financial situation. This study aimed to examine differences in unmet financial needs between people with psychotic disorders, parents, siblings, and controls. Secondly, we aimed to examine whether family clustering contributes to unmet financial needs. Lastly, we aimed to examine to what extent demographic, economic, psychiatric, functional, and cognitive characteristics and substance use predict unmet financial needs in people with psychosis. Methods. Data from the first assessment of people with psychosis ( n = 956), siblings ( n = 889), parents ( n = 858), and controls ( n = 496) included in the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis study were used. Group differences were assessed with Kruskal-Wallis tests (aim 1), while a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis and explorative and confirmative ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted for aims 2 and 3, respectively. Results. Twenty-four percent of people with psychotic disorders reported unmet financial needs. These levels of unmet financial needs were significantly higher than levels for siblings, parents, and controls. We found a negligible influence of (direct) familial clustering on unmet financial needs. Lastly, cannabis and tobacco use significantly and consistently predicted higher levels of unmet financial needs of people with psychosis. Conclusions. Relatively high levels of unmet financial needs occurred in a heterogeneous group of people with psychosis, especially when people used cannabis or tobacco. Unmet financial needs can have detrimental consequences for mental health, stigmatization, leisure time activities, and social engagement. Thus, it is pivotal to recognize unmet financial needs, especially combined with substance use, as a crucial stressor for people with psychosis.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1% of people older than 60 years. One of the abilities that seems vulnerable to the cognitive impairments associated with PD is financial capability. This explorative study aimed to evaluate the extent and type of problems in financial capability of people with PD without a diagnosis of dementia. Participants were 31 people with PD and 62 matched controls. Participants completed an extensive test-battery, including measures for financial capability and cognitive functioning. Compared to controls, the PD-group performed significantly poorer on two financial competence tasks and showed a comparable performance on the other financial capability measures. For 45% of the PD-group, cognitive test performance was indicative of mild cognitive impairment, yet no significant difference was observed in overall cognitive functioning between the PD and control group. In the total sample, only small or medium correlations were found between financial competence and cognition, and between financial capability and the contextual factors of income and financial experience. The findings suggest that in the earlier stages of PD, when cognitive impairments are relatively mild, some problems may be observed in financial competence, yet other domains of financial capability appear less affected. The absence of strong correlations between financial competence and overall cognitive functioning indicates that standard neuropsychological assessments seem inadequate to make financial capability determinations. By offering insight into the financial capability of people in the milder stages of PD, the findings of the present study may aid in the development and provision of tailored support.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) form a heterogeneous, widespread group of disorders, generally characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric disturbances. One of the abilities that seems particularly vulnerable to the impairments in neurodegenerative diseases is the capability to manage one's personal finances. Indeed, people living with neurodegenerative diseases were shown to consistently present with more problems on performance-based financial tasks than healthy individuals. While objective, performance-based tasks provide insight into the financial competence of people living with neurodegenerative diseases in a controlled, standardized setting; relatively little can be said, based on these tasks, about their degree of success in dealing with the financial demands, issues, or questions of everyday life (i.e., financial performance). The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the literature examining self and informant reports of financial performance in people living with neurodegenerative diseases. In total, 22 studies were included that compared the financial performance of people living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis to a (cognitively) normal control group. Overall, the results indicate that people living with neurodegenerative diseases are more vulnerable to impairments in financial performance than cognitively normal individuals and that the degree of reported problems seems to be related to the severity of cognitive decline. As the majority of studies however focused on MCI or AD and made use of limited assessment methods, future research should aim to develop and adopt more comprehensive assessments to study strengths and weaknesses in financial performance of people living with different neurodegenerative diseases., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) are not directly related to objective impairments in cognition. This study examines the role of psychological factors in predicting SCCs in the domains of executive functioning, memory, and attention in older adults. A community sample of 1,219 Dutch adults, aged 40 year or older, completed the BRIEF-A, MSEQ, FEDA, NEO-FFI, DASS-21, and a demographic questionnaire. Participants were randomly divided into exploratory ( n  = 813) and confirmatory samples ( n  = 406). In the exploratory sample, we analyzed whether personality factors, symptoms of depression and anxiety, perceived stress, and demographics could predict SCCs in the different cognitive domains. For this purpose, a two-step regression approach with bootstrapping was used. To independently validate the results, these analyses were repeated in the confirmatory sample. Concerning executive functioning, complaints regarding the ability to regulate behavior and emotional responses were predicted by lower agreeableness levels and higher levels of neuroticism and perceived stress. Complaints regarding the ability to actively solve problems in different circumstances were predicted by a lower conscientiousness level, higher agreeableness level, and more depressive symptoms. Attentional complaints were predicted by lower levels of conscientiousness and extraversion, together with a higher level of neuroticism. For memory, no significant predictors were consistently found. Psychological factors are of influence on the subjective experience of cognitive complaints. In particular personality factors, perceived stress, and symptoms of depression, seem to predict SCCs in the domains of executive functioning and attention. Clinicians should take these factors into account in older adults who have SCCs.

We previously showed that MYC promoted Burkitt lymphoma (BL) growth by inhibiting the tumor suppressor miR-150, resulting in release of miR-150 targets MYB and ZDHHC11. The ZDHHC11 gene encodes three different transcripts including a mRNA (pcZDHHC11), a linear long non-coding RNA (lncZDHHC11) and a circular RNA (circZDHHC11). All transcripts contain the same region with 18 miR-150 binding sites. Here we studied the relevance of circZDHHC11, including this miR-150 binding site region, for growth of BL cells. CircZDHHC11 was mainly present in the cytoplasmic fraction in BL cells and its localization was not altered upon miR-150 overexpression. Knockdown of circZDHHC11 caused a strong inhibition of BL growth without affecting the expression levels of MYC, MYB, miR-150 and other genes. Overexpression of circZDHHC11 neither affected cell growth, nor rescued the phenotype induced by miR-150 overexpression. Genomic deletion of the miR-150 binding site region did not affect growth, nor did it change the effect of circZDHHC11 knockdown. This indicated that the miR-150 binding site region is dispensable for the growth promoting role of circZDHHC11. To conclude, our results show that circZDHHC11 is a crucial factor supporting BL cell growth independent of its ability to sponge miR-150., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background : Subjective everyday hindrances associated with low-frequency noise (LFN) can be high; however, there is still a lot unknown about experienced complaints. This study aims to investigate (1) subjective complaints and (2) coping strategies of individuals reporting everyday hindrances from LFN. Methods : Cognition, depressive symptoms, sleeping, fatigue, stress, and coping questionnaires were administered to participants sampled for their LFN complaints (LFN1 = 181), LFN complainants derived from a community sample (LFN2 = 239), and a comparison group without LFN complaints (CG = 410). Results : Individuals reporting LFN perceptions reported complaints in all domains and showed a higher proportion of above average symptom severity compared to the CG. Most complaints were reported by the LFN1 group, the least by the CG. However, on some sleeping, fatigue, and stress-related variables, a similar or even higher symptom severity was observed in the LFN2 group. Further, all groups used a similar combination of multiple coping strategies, although the LFN1 group scored higher on support seeking. Conclusions : There might be differences in the complaint severity between different LFN subgroups and future investigations of primary and secondary complaints are necessary. Also, more research about the use and success of coping strategies for LFN-related hindrances are needed for clear conclusions.

Background: Tissue hypoxia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Current biomarkers often detect irreversible hypoxic cellular injury (i.e. lactate) and are non-specific. A new biomarker is needed which detects tissue hypoxia before irreversible damage occurs., Aims: To investigate the relation between serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA), a marker of hypoxia; and analytic variables, patient related variables and conditions associated with hypoxia, in preterm infants., Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Subjects: Infants with a gestational age < 30 weeks and/or birth weight < 1000 g., Outcome Measures: We collected two remnant blood samples in the first week after birth and measured IMA. IMA/albumin ratio (IMAR) was used to adjust for albumin. We assessed correlations between IMA(R) and analytic variables (albumin, lipemia- and haemolysis index); mean-2 h SpO 2 ; mean-2 h variability of regional splanchnic oxygen saturation (r s SO 2 ), measured using near-infrared spectroscopy; and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)., Results: Sixty-five infants were included. Albumin, the lipemia- and haemolysis index correlated negatively with IMA (r:-0.620, P<0.001; r:-0.458, P<0.001; and r:-0.337, P=0.002). IMAR correlated negatively with SpO 2 (rho:-0.614, P<0.001). Lower r s SO 2 variability correlated with higher IMAR values (rho:-0.785, n=14, P=0.001 and rho:-0.773, n=11, P=0.005). Infants with a hemodynamic significant PDA (hsPDA) had higher IMAR values than infants without PDA (0.13 [0.11-0.28], n=16 vs. 0.11 [0.08-0.20], n=29, P=0.005 and 0.11 [0.09-0.18], n=13 vs. 0.09 [0.06-0.17], n=37, P=0.026)., Conclusions: When adjusted for albumin, the lipemia- and haemolysis index, IMAR has potential value as a marker for systemic hypoxia in preterm infants, considering the associations with SpO 2 , variability of r s SO 2 , and hsPDA., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Crown Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Psychotic disorders have a strong negative impact on multiple aspects of daily life, including people's financial situation. This exploratory study examines the level of financial dissatisfaction and its correlates in a large cohort of people with psychotic disorders. Data from the first assessments of people with psychotic disorders (n = 5271) who were included in the Pharmacotherapy Monitoring and Outcome Survey (PHAMOUS; 2006-2020), which is conducted in the northern Netherlands, were used. The Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA) was used to measure financial dissatisfaction. In addition, sociodemographic and psychiatric characteristics, substance use and global and social functioning were assessed. One-fifth to one-third of people with psychotic disorders report financial dissatisfaction, fluctuating over the year in which they were assessed. These proportions are considerably higher than in the general population. Cannabis and other substance use were associated with higher levels of financial dissatisfaction (small to medium effect). The other significant associations showed (very) small effect sizes. Therefore, we conclude that financial dissatisfaction in people with psychotic disorders appears to be relatively independent of other demographic and psychiatric characteristics, and global and social functioning. These findings are an important first step for increasing knowledge on financial dissatisfaction among people with psychotic disorders. The findings can also contribute to raising awareness about the topic for healthcare professionals working in this field., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1 (PVT1) is a long non-coding RNA located at 8q24.21 immediately downstream of MYC. Both the linear and circular PVT1 transcripts contribute to cancer pathogenesis by binding microRNAs. However, little is known about their roles in B-cell lymphoma. Here we studied their expression patterns, role in growth, and ability to bind miRNAs in B-cell lymphoma. Linear PVT1 transcripts were downregulated in B-cell cell lymphoma lines compared to germinal center B cells, while circPVT1 levels were increased. Two Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines had a homozygous deletion including the 5' region of the PVT1 locus, resulting in a complete lack of circPVT1 and 5' linear PVT1 transcripts. Inhibition of both linear and circular PVT1 decreased growth of Burkitt lymphoma, while the effects on Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma were less pronounced. Overexpression of circPVT1 promoted growth of B-cell lymphoma lacking or having low endogenous circPVT1 levels. Contrary to other types of cancer, linear and circular PVT1 transcripts did not interact with miRNAs in B-cell lymphoma. Overall, we showed an opposite expression pattern of linear and circular PVT1 in B-cell lymphoma. Their effect on growth was independent of their ability to bind miRNAs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Anke van den Berg and Joost Kluiver obtained financial support provided by the Dutch Cancer Society., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

(1) Background: The clinical assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is known to show non-trivial base rates of noncredible performance and requires thorough validity assessment. (2) Objectives: The present study estimated base rates of noncredible performance in clinical evaluations of adult ADHD on one or more of 17 embedded validity indicators (EVIs). This study further examines the effect of the order of test administration on EVI failure rates, the association between cognitive underperformance and symptom overreporting, and the prediction of cognitive underperformance by clinical information. (3) Methods: A mixed neuropsychiatric sample (N = 464, ADHD = 227) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment battery on the Vienna Test System (VTS; CFADHD). Test performance allows the computation of 17 embedded performance validity indicators (PVTs) derived from eight different neuropsychological tests. Further, all participants completed several self- and other-report symptom rating scales assessing depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning. The Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory-II were administered to derive embedded symptom validity measures (SVTs). (4) Results and conclusion: Noncredible performance occurs in a sizeable proportion of about 10% up to 30% of individuals throughout the entire battery. Tests for attention and concentration appear to be the most adequate and sensitive for detecting underperformance. Cognitive underperformance represents a coherent construct and seems dissociable from symptom overreporting. These results emphasize the importance of performing multiple PVTs, at different time points, and promote more accurate calculation of the positive and negative predictive values of a given validity measure for noncredible performance during clinical assessments. Future studies should further examine whether and how the present results stand in other clinical populations, by implementing rigorous reference standards of noncredible performance, characterizing those failing PVT assessments, and differentiating between underlying motivations.

This study applied network analysis to explore the relations between neuropsychological functions of individuals in the clinical evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. A total of 319 participants from an outpatient referral context, that is, 173 individuals with ADHD (ADHD group) and 146 individuals without ADHD (n-ADHD group), took part in this study and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. A denser network with stronger global connectivity was observed in the ADHD group compared to the n-ADHD group. The strongest connections were consistent in both networks, that is, the connections between selective attention and vigilance, and connections between processing speed, fluency, and flexibility. Further centrality estimation revealed attention-related variables to have the highest expected influence in both networks. The observed relationships between neuropsychological functions, and the high centrality of attention, may help identify neuropsychological profiles that are specific to ADHD and optimize neuropsychological assessment and treatment planning of individuals with cognitive impairment.

Impairments in executive functions (EFs) are common across disorders and can greatly affect daily functioning. Frontal-midline (FM) theta neurofeedback (NF) has been shown effective in enhancing EFs in healthy adults, prompting interest in exploring its potential as an alternative treatment for EFs in (sub)clinical samples. This study aims to determine the effects of FM theta NF on EFs in a sample of 58 adults (aged 20-60 years) with pronounced subjective EF complaints in daily life. Using a pre/post/follow-up design with a sham NF group, the present study assessed upregulation of FM theta in an eight-session individualized FM theta NF training and its immediate and long-term transfer effects on objective and subjective measures of EFs. These included behavioral performance on EF tasks assessing working memory updating (N-back task), set-shifting (Switching task), conflict monitoring (Stroop task), and response inhibition (Stop-signal task), as well as FM theta power during these tasks, and subjective EFs in daily life (BRIEF-A). The results indicate that there are only differences in FM theta self-upregulation between the NF group and sham group when non-responders are excluded from the analysis. Regarding behavioral transfer effects, NF-specific improvements are found in working memory updating reaction time (RT) and conflict monitoring RT variability at 6-month follow-up, but not immediately after the NF training. The effects on FM theta power during the EF tasks and subjective changes in EFs in daily life were not specific to the NF training. As a next step, research should identify the best predictors to stratify NF training, as well as explore ways to improve NF responsiveness, for instance by increasing neuroplasticity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Smit, Dapor, Koerts, Tucha, Huster and Enriquez-Geppert.)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) forms a major health concern and is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. The behavioural and cognitive deficits associated with AUD have often been related to impairments in risky decision-making. The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude and type of risky decision-making deficits of adults with AUD, as well as to explore the potential mechanisms behind these deficits. To this end, existing literature comparing risky decision-making task performance of an AUD group to a control group (CG) was systematically searched and analysed. A meta-analysis was performed to address overall effects. In total, 56 studies were included. In the majority of studies (i.e., 68%), the performance of the AUD group(s) deviated from the CG(s) on one or more of the adopted tasks, which was confirmed by a small to medium pooled effect size (Hedges' g = 0.45). This review therefore provides evidence of increased risk taking in adults with AUD as compared to CGs. The increased risk taking may be due to deficits in affective and deliberative decision-making. Making use of ecologically valid tasks, future research should investigate whether risky decision-making deficits predate and/or are consequential to the addiction of adults with AUD.

Adequate financial capability is crucial in everyday life. This capability might, however, not be given to adults with ADHD. The present study aims to determine strengths and weaknesses regarding everyday financial knowledge and judgment skills in adults with ADHD. In addition, the impact of income is explored. Forty-five adults with ADHD (M age = 36.6, SD age = 10.2) and 47 adults without ADHD (M age = 38.5, SD age = 13.0) were included and were assessed with the Financial Competence Assessment Inventory. Adults with ADHD showed decreased scores regarding awareness of the arrival of bills, knowledge of own income, having a reserve fund for unexpected expenses, the ability to state long-term financial goals, own preferences for estate management, understanding of assets, legal action for debt, access to financial advice/counseling, and the ability to compare medical insurance plans as compared with adults without ADHD (all p < 0.001). However, no effect of income was found. In conclusion, adults with ADHD have difficulties with many aspects of everyday financial knowledge and skills, which might result in a plethora of personal and legal consequences. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that professionals who support adults with ADHD proactively ask about everyday financial functioning so that assessment, financial support, and coaching can be provided.

Although low-frequency noise (LFN) is associated with various complaints, there is still much unknown about this phenomenon. This research aims to provide an extensive description of (1) LFN perceptions, (2) LFN-related complaints, and (3) the characteristics of LFN complainants. In an explorative observational cross-sectional survey study, a sample of Dutch adults reporting to experience LFN (n = 190) and a group not experiencing LFN (n = 371) completed a comprehensive questionnaire. Descriptions of LFN perceptions varied individually and were dependent on different circumstances, although some common patterns were observed. Complaints were wide-ranging and individual, with a reported high impact on daily living. Common complaints included sleeping difficulties, fatigue, or annoyance. Societal consequences were described regarding housing, work, and relationships. Attempts to stop or escape the perception were manifold but often unsuccessful. The LFN sample differed regarding sex, education level, and age from the Dutch adult population, indicating more frequent inability to work, less full-time work, and less years lived in their homes. No further differences in occupational or marital status or living circumstances were found. Although this research supports some previous findings and identifies common patterns, it also highlights the individual nature of LFN-related experiences and the heterogeneity of this group. It is advised to pay attention to the complaints of affected individuals, to inform concerned authorities, and to conduct more systematic and multidisciplinary research using standardized and validated measuring instruments.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many normal and oncogenic pathways through a diverse repertoire of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. LncRNAs that are under tight regulation of well-known oncogenic transcription factors such as c-Myc (Myc) are likely to be functionally involved in their disease-promoting mechanisms. Myc is a major driver of many subsets of B cell lymphoma and to date remains an undruggable target. We identified three Myc-induced and four Myc-repressed lncRNAs by use of multiple in vitro models of Myc-driven Burkitt lymphoma and detailed analysis of Myc binding profiles. We show that the top Myc-induced lncRNA KTN1-AS1 is strongly upregulated in different types of B cell lymphoma compared with their normal counterparts. We used CRISPR-mediated genome editing to confirm that the direct induction of KTN1-AS1 by Myc is dependent on the presence of a Myc E-box-binding motif. Knockdown of KTN1-AS1 revealed a strong negative effect on the growth of three BL cell lines. Global gene expression analysis upon KTN1-AS1 depletion shows a strong enrichment of key genes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway as well as co-regulation of many Myc-target genes, including a moderate negative effect on the levels of Myc itself. Our study suggests a critical role for KTN1-AS1 in supporting BL cell growth by mediating co-regulation of a variety of Myc-target genes and co-activating key genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Therefore, KTN1-AS1 may represent a putative novel therapeutic target in lymphoma., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Neuropsychological assessments of attention are valuable sources of information in the clinical evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether the attention performance of adults with ADHD is stable or fluctuates over time, which is of great importance in the interpretation of clinical assessments. This study aimed to explore the stability of attention performance of adults with ADHD in repeated assessments at one-month intervals. Twenty-one adults diagnosed with ADHD took part in this study by completing selective attention and vigilance tests three times, each one month apart. Test scores of participants were compared with and interpreted based on test norms. A considerable proportion of 'below average' performance scores were observed in most of the variables of selective attention and vigilance in all three assessments. Further, selective attention and vigilance performance scores did not differ significantly between the three repeated assessments. Finally, the majority of participants received consistent test score interpretations across the three repeated assessments. This study confirms previous research and highlights abnormal selective attention and vigilance performance in adults with ADHD. Further, this study preliminarily demonstrates relatively stable attention performance across repeated assessments, which has the potential to support clinical assessment, treatment planning, and evaluation.

We previously described involvement of the MYC/miR-150/MYB/ZDHHC11 network in the growth of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells. Here we studied the relevance of this network in the two other B-cell lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Expression levels of the network components were assessed at the RNA and protein level. The effect of modulating levels of the network components on cell growth was determined through GFP competition assay. AGO2-RNA immunoprecipitation was performed to validate targeting by miR-150. Expression levels of MYC, MYB and ZDHHC11 were increased, while miR-150 levels were decreased similar to the pattern observed in BL. The knockdown of MYC, MYB and ZDHHC11 decreased the growth of HL and DLBCL cells. In contrast, overexpression of miR-150 did not induce clear phenotypes in HL, and limited the effects in DLBCL. This could not be explained by the differences in overexpression levels. Furthermore, we showed that in HL, ZDHHC11 and MYB are efficiently targeted by miR-150. To conclude, MYC, MYB and ZDHHC11 are critical for the growth of HL and DLBCL cells consistent with the role observed in BL cells, while low endogenous miR-150 levels appeared to be less critical for the growth of HL and DLBCL cells despite the effective targeting of ZDHHC11 and MYB.

Self and proxy reported questionnaires indicate that people living with a neurodegenerative disease (NDD) have more difficulties with financial decision-making (FDM) than healthy controls. Self-reports, however, rely on adequate insight into everyday functioning and might, therefore, be less reliable. The present study provides a comprehensive overview and meta-analysis of studies evaluating FDM in people living with an NDD. For this, the reliability of performance-based tests to consistently identify FDM difficulties in people living with an NDD compared to healthy controls is evaluated. Furthermore, the associations between FDM and disease severity, performances on standard measures of cognition and demographics are evaluated. All 47 included articles, consistently reported lower performances on performance-based FDM tests of people living with an NDD (including Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis or Huntington's disease) compared to healthy controls. The majority of studies, however, focused on Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment (k = 38). FDM performance appears to be related to cognitive decline, specifically in working memory, processing speed and numeracy., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

ADHD has a debilitating influence on everyday functioning, including the capability to make financial decisions. The capability to make financial decisions is a multidimensional construct that includes financial knowledge, financial judgment, financial performance and related contextual factors. So far, the majority of studies in adults with ADHD focused on financial performance, while the other aspects of financial capability were less explored. The current study aims to partly bridge this gap by examining the ability of financial judgment in adults with ADHD. Thirty-nine adults with ADHD and 83 adults without ADHD were included. All participants were assessed with the Financial Competence Assessment Inventory (FCAI) and Financial Decision-Making Interview (FDMI) which both assess the four abilities of financial judgment, i.e., understanding, appreciation, reasoning and communication. The results show that adults with ADHD, compared to adults without ADHD, obtained significantly lower scores on understanding (according to the FCAI and FDMI). Furthermore, adults with ADHD showed a significantly lower appreciation, reasoning and communication (according to the FCAI) than adults without ADHD. In conclusion, adults with ADHD have difficulties with financial judgment especially with the ability to understand information that is relevant for a financial situation or transaction. Furthermore, adults with ADHD were found to have problems with appreciating, reasoning and communicating about practical information that partly relates to their own financial situation (as assessed with the FCAI). A careful assessment of financial capability in adults with ADHD, therefore, appears warranted in clinical practice., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The increasing number of university students seeking diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and findings of an increased stimulant misuse among university students, has raised concerns regarding the credibility of the symptoms of those students. However, most of our current knowledge refers to university students in North America and less is known about this issue on European campuses. The present survey aimed to collect opinions on feigning ADHD and to estimate the prevalence of stimulant misuse among 1071 university students in the Netherlands. The majority of students expressed liberal attitudes towards feigning ADHD. Also, a substantial number of respondents considered feigning ADHD themselves or know someone who feigns ADHD. Furthermore, 68% of students assumed benefits of taking stimulants without prescription and 16% have indeed already taken stimulants without prescription. Feigning ADHD and misuse of prescription medication are prevalent issues among Dutch students. The results underline the need for a careful diagnostic evaluation of individuals for ADHD. Furthermore, efforts are required in order to prevent stimulant drug trafficking and misuse among university students., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Numerous studies showed that adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from impairments in a range of cognitive functions when compared to healthy controls. However, only little is known about the neuropsychological functions when compared to various clinical control groups and whether a distinct neuropsychological profile can be identified for adult ADHD., Method: This retrospective study examined data of 199 outpatients referred for clinical evaluation of adult ADHD, allocated either to an ADHD group (n = 78) or to one of two clinical comparison groups, depending on whether they show indications (n = 71) or no indications (n = 50) for the presence of psychiatric disorders other than ADHD. All individuals performed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery., Results: Data analysis revealed impairments in a range of cognitive functions in a substantial number of patients of all three groups. However, profiles of neuropsychological impairments were similar between groups. Furthermore, significant small- to medium-sized correlations between basic and higher-order cognitive functions were revealed in the ADHD group and the clinical comparison group with indications for psychiatric disorders other than ADHD., Conclusion: Neuropsychological impairments are prominent in psychiatric outpatients seeking a clinical evaluation of adult ADHD but are not specific for ADHD. It is concluded that neuropsychological test performance may have limited incremental value to support the psychiatric differential diagnosis. Furthermore, a clinical trajectory may need to take into account that deficits in a range of higher-order cognitive functions can be substantially explained by deficits in basic cognitive functions., (© 2020. The Author(s).)