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There is a paucity of data on the clinical experience of priapism. Moreover, little work has explored differences in practice patterns between urologists and emergency medicine (EM) physicians. Our primary objective was to understand the priapism patient population and identify targets that may guide clinical translational efforts.A retrospective chart review was performed on two priapism datasets from June 2008-July 2018-one focused on patients managed by urology and another on patients managed exclusively by EM physicians. Primary areas of interest included the duration of priapism and acute interventions during the consultation. Time to presentation, prior interventions and evaluation was also documented.Over the course of 10 years, there were 396 encounters for priapism in 95 unique patients. Urology was consulted 199 times in 83 unique patients and EM physicians managed 197 encounters in 15 unique patients. In the urology cohort, median duration of priapism was 6 hours, and 72% of patients required further intervention. For the EM cohort, median duration of priapism was 4 hours and 89% of patients required further intervention. Amongst all patients, nine patients presented 4 or more times for a total of 294 encounters.Urology and EM managed a similar number of encounters, but EM patients had a shorter duration of priapism. Understanding the role of the EM physician and the urologist can help tailor joint curriculum efforts for initial priapism management while focusing on more complex management for urology trainees. A small proportion of patients accounted for the majority of visits secondary to recurrent ischemic priapism indicating a need to target prevention of these episodes on an outpatient basis.

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Oncolytic virotherapy using vaccinia virus (Vv) has shown some encouraging antitumor responses in mouse models and patients, but the breadth of efficacy in clinical trials has been somewhat limited. Given that antitumor effects have correlated with increased host immune responses, we hypothesized that improved therapeutic outcomes may be achieved by using oncolytic virus (OV) in combination with a potent immune agonist reagent. In this study, we carried out a preclinical evaluation of a genetically engineered strain of oncolytic vaccinia virus (Vvdd) for its capacity to induce antitumor responses when combined with an agonist antibody (Ab) specific for the costimulatory molecule 4-1BB (CD137). In immune-competent syngeneic mouse models of cancer, this combination therapy significantly reduced the growth of established subcutaneous tumors relative to either treatment alone. Importantly, the development of pulmonary metastatic lesions was also reduced. Tumor growth inhibition was associated with increased numbers of CD11b+ and CD11c+ myeloid cells in the tumor draining lymph nodes, greater infiltration of CD8+ effector T and natural killer (NK) cells, and a more sustained presence of neutrophils at the tumor site. Depletion of T or NK cells or neutrophils reduced efficacy, confirming their contribution to an effective therapeutic response. We further extended this conclusion through results from IFNγ-deficient mice. In summary, our findings offered a proof-of-concept for a combinatorial approach to enhance the antitumor efficacy of an OV, suggesting a strategy to improve their use as an immunotherapeutic treatment for cancer. Cancer Res; 72(7); 1651–60. ©2012 AACR.

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We numerically study the melting process of a solid layer heated from below such that a liquid melt layer develops underneath. The objective is to quantitatively describe and understand the emerging topography of the structures (characterized by the amplitude and wavelength), which evolve out of an initially smooth surface. By performing both two-dimensional (achieving Rayleigh number up to $Ra=10^{11}$ ) and three-dimensional (achieving Rayleigh number up to $Ra=10^9$ ) direct numerical simulations with an advanced finite difference solver coupled to the phase-field method, we show how the interface roughness is spontaneously generated by thermal convection. With increasing height of the melt the convective flow intensifies and eventually even becomes turbulent. As a consequence, the interface becomes rougher but is still coupled to the flow topology. The emerging structure of the interface coincides with the regions of rising hot plumes and descending cold plumes. We find that the roughness amplitude scales with the mean height of the liquid layer. We derive this scaling relation from the Stefan boundary condition and relate it to the non-uniform distribution of heat flux at the interface. For two-dimensional cases, we further quantify the horizontal length scale of the morphology, based on the theoretical upper and lower bounds given for the size of convective cells known from Wang et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 125, 2020, 074501). These bounds agree with our simulation results. Our findings highlight the key connection between the morphology of the melting solid and the convective flow structures in the melt beneath.

Depuis la crise financiere mondiale de 2008, la viticulture est devenue un secteur visible de l’economie rurale britannique tirant profit des opportunites offertes par le marche des consommateurs de la classe moyenne en quete de plaisirs hedonistiques et cosmopolites incarnes par les vins effervescents. Ces nouveaux producteurs ont beneficie de conditions climatiques, politiques, sociales et geographiques favorables pour positionner leurs produits sur le marche des vins de qualite. Sur la base d’une enquete anthropologique collaborative, l’article discute les differentes strategies opportunes developpees par les producteurs de vins effervescents britanniques dans le contexte paradoxal de l’obtention recente d’une PDO (denomination d’origine protegee) et du Brexit.

In this article we ethnographically investigate how diasporic Iranians in Aotearoa/New Zealand deployed a variety of foodways in emphasizing varied identity constructs in different contexts and to different audiences. We argue that Iranian migrants experienced a cleft habitus that prompted hyper-reflexivity and associated strategic identity discourses and performances. Moreover, we analyze their diasporic reflexivity and practices through ‘bottom-up’ national identity constructions and performances and its four modalities of talking, choosing, consuming, and performing the nation. Diasporic Iranians frequently highlighted what they considered to be ideally Iranian-as-Persian in attempts to position themselves as secular Iranians/Muslims and in contradiction to the host society’s prevalent prejudices concerning ‘fundamentalist Arabs’, ‘Middle Easterners’ and ‘Muslims’. In doing this, they strategically consumed foods (most notably pork and red wine) considered to be ‘taboo’ under Islamic religious beliefs and did so especially in contexts dominated by their Pākehā (New Zealand European) hosts; they also invented new food symbolisms and rituals in collective celebrations (such as Yalda) to draw attention to a glorious imagined past–Persian and Iranian–which was often not recognized by their host society and which positioned the diasporic Iranians as secular and cultural. As such we address a marked lacuna in research investigating the food-identity-nationalism nexus among diasporic Iranians in general and in Aotearoa/New Zealand specifically.

This paper examines evolutions of domestic foodwork and associated status among diasporic Iranian women in contemporary Aotearoa/New Zealand. Drawing on feminist food studies, as well as on Bourdieu’s notion of cultural and symbolic capitals, we examine the two-fold, oppression-empowerment aspects of domestic foodwork, specifically its transformation from a socio-cultural obligation in the origin home to a means of agentic liberation and social empowerment in diaspora. Furthermore, we explore how this transformation is strategically negotiated by some women to successfully generate positions of enhanced respect, status, and private influence both within the domestic sphere and the wider diasporic Iranian community in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

The breaking of internal gravity waves in the abyssal ocean is thought to be responsible for much of the mixing necessary to close oceanic buoyancy budgets. The exact mechanism by which these waves break down into turbulence remains an active area of research and can have significant implications on the mixing efficiency. Recent evidence has suggested that both shear instabilities and convective instabilities play a significant role in the breaking of an internal gravity wave in a high Richardson number mean shear flow. We perform a systematic analysis of the stability of a configuration of an internal gravity wave superimposed on a background shear flow first considered by Howland et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 921, 2021, A24), using direct–adjoint looping to find the perturbation giving maximal energy growth on this evolving flow. We find that three-dimensional, convective mechanisms produce greater energy growth than their two-dimensional counterparts. In particular, we find close agreement with the direct numerical simulations of Howland et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 2021, in press), which demonstrated a clear three-dimensional mechanism causing breakdown to turbulence. The results are shown to hold at realistic Prandtl numbers. At low mean Richardson numbers, two-dimensional, shear-driven mechanisms produce greater energy growth.

Fine wine – together with its producers and consumers – form a nexus that is frequently accorded divine provenance and sacred status along a continuum from the implicit to the explicit. This is evident at three moments of New Zealand history – in the explicit Christian ethos of nineteenth century European colonization; in the implicit sacredness and increasing dominance of romantic nationalism assigned to native flora and fauna (and to a lesser, more ambiguous, extent also to indigenous peoples) in the early twentieth century onward; and in the late twentieth century turn toward the cults of neo-liberalism and reflexive individualism. In all these instances the production, consumption and promotion of divine and/or fine wines are collusive modalities in the elite praxis – latent, overt and hegemonic – of prominent socio-political agents and institutions.

Turbulent mixing exerts a significant influence on many physical processes in the ocean. In a stably stratified Boussinesq fluid, this irreversible mixing describes the conversion of available potential energy (APE) to background potential energy (BPE). In some settings the APE framework is difficult to apply and approximate measures are used to estimate irreversible mixing. For example, numerical simulations of stratified turbulence often use triply periodic domains to increase computational efficiency. In this setup however, BPE is not uniquely defined and the method of Winters et al. (1995, J. Fluid Mech., 289) cannot be directly applied to calculate the APE. We propose a new technique to calculate APE in periodic domains with a mean stratification. By defining a control volume bounded by surfaces of constant buoyancy, we can construct an appropriate background buoyancy profile $b_\ast(z,t)$ and accurately quantify diapycnal mixing in such systems. This technique also permits the accurate calculation of a finite amplitude local APE density in periodic domains. The evolution of APE is analysed in various turbulent stratified flow simulations. We show that the mean dissipation rate of buoyancy variance $\chi$ provides a good approximation to the mean diapycnal mixing rate, even in flows with significant variations in local stratification. When quantifying measures of mixing efficiency in transient flows, we find significant variation depending on whether laminar diffusion of a mean flow is included in the kinetic energy dissipation rate. We discuss how best to interpret these results in the context of quantifying diapycnal diffusivity in real oceanographic flows., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, accepted to J. Fluid Mech

Many environmental flows arise due to natural convection at a vertical surface, from flows in buildings to dissolving ice faces at marine-terminating glaciers. We use three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a vertical channel with differentially heated walls to investigate such convective, turbulent boundary layers. Through the implementation of a multiple-resolution technique, we are able to perform simulations at a wide range of Prandtl numbers $Pr$. This allows us to distinguish the parameter dependences of the horizontal heat flux and the boundary layer widths in terms of the Rayleigh number $Ra$ and Prandtl number $Pr$. For the considered parameter range $1\leq Pr \leq 100$, $10^6 \leq Ra \leq 10^9$, we find the flow to be consistent with a 'buoyancy-controlled' regime where the heat flux is independent of the wall separation. For given $Pr$, the heat flux is found to scale linearly with the friction velocity $V_\ast$. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for the parameterisation of heat and salt fluxes at vertical ice-ocean interfaces., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, submitted to J. Fluid Mech

We study direct numerical simulations of turbulence arising from the interaction of an initial background shear, a linear background stratification and an external body force. In each simulation the turbulence produced is spatially intermittent, with dissipation rates varying over orders of magnitude in the vertical. We focus analysis on the statistically quasi-steady states achieved by applying large-scale body forcing to the domain, and compare flows forced by internal gravity waves with those forced by vertically uniform vortical modes. By considering the turbulent energy budgets for each simulation, we find that the injection of potential energy from the wave forcing permits a reversal in the sign of the mean buoyancy flux. This change in the sign of the buoyancy flux is associated with large, convective density overturnings, which in turn lead to more efficient mixing in the wave-forced simulations. The inhomogeneous dissipation in each simulation allows us to investigate localised correlations between the kinetic and potential energy dissipation rates. These correlations lead us to the conclusion that an appropriate definition of an instantaneous mixing efficiency, are the volume-averaged turbulent viscous dissipation rate and fluctuation density variance destruction rate respectively) in the wave-forced cases is independent of an appropriately defined local turbulent Froude number, consistent with scalings proposed for low Froude number stratified turbulence.

Successful commerce of science and technology requires standardization of measurement. Today more than ever, there is need for a new Optical Laser Damage standard to increase the efficiency of commerce in the optical industry. The current Laser Damage Standard, ISO 21254, is overly complicated for a general seller/buyer and can produce ambiguous results. To address the challenges to efficient commerce from ISO 21254, OEOSC Task Force 7 (TF7) is developing a new US laser damage standard. The new standard is based on a measurement theory approach and introduced and examined. The optical manufacturer (seller) directly benefits from an operationally effective means to determine acceptance criteria around the ability of categorizing optics that will meet customer’s requirements. OEOSC Task Group TF7 is seeking broad industry support to develop the most useful and robust standard possible. The new US Laser Damage Standard will benefit the optical manufacturing industry and customers alike that use optics susceptible to laser damage in their applications by providing a clear unambiguous pass or fail result. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the path forward in the development of the US laser damage standard.

Building structures constitute obstacles for the entrance and distribution of marine aerosol in the atmosphere of Havana City (tropical coastal climate). Due to the shielding effect caused by building structures, a considerable decrease in chloride deposition is determined at a short distance from the sea. Heavier and larger-sized chloride aerosol particles can settle down in the vicinity of breaking waves. The annual average wind speed showed significant influence in increasing chloride deposition at the exposure site close to the sea, where the effect of building structures is negligible and the predicted levels of corrosivity of the atmosphere are high, very high and extreme. Air temperature was the main climatic factor influencing chloride deposition (when temperature decreases, chloride deposition increases). Penetration of marine aerosol is eight times lower in Havana City with respect to other sites without obstacles. Airborne salinity distribution inside the city is different than outside the city.

New Zealand’s increasingly heterogeneous population places manifold demands on the education sector to integrate children who do not speak English as a first language. Limited research exists on how minority language children acquire English within early childhood education settings and how teachers support this development. This article reports on research which shows teachers rely predominantly on centres’ philosophies and sociocultural practices as per Te Whāriki, and on children’s perceived natural ability to learn by “osmosis”. Lack of structural support and knowledge suggests there is a need for further research and targeted support for children and teachers.

In previous years, this committee reported on the need for a US National Laser damage standard, addressing the needs of domestic industry. In 2017, a process was reported that connected the measurement of the active defect density in a small area, a, with the likely density of such defects over a larger area, A. This was presented as the basis of a Type 1, go/no-go test. 2018’s achievement, is development of process starting from a user’s requirements and flowing into test parameters. This year’s report covers the resulting test procedure that implements the test process a useful workable standard.

Wine, Terroir and Utopia critically explores these three concepts from multi-disciplinary and intersecting perspectives, focusing on the ways in which they collide to make new worlds, new wines, new places and new peoples. Wine, terroir and utopia are all rooted in natural, spatial and temporal realities, yet all are unable to exist without purposeful human intervention. This edited volume highlights the theoretical and analytical lens of diverse scholars, who critically discuss a dazzling array of intersecting realities and imaginaries - economic, political, cultural, social and geological - and in doing this challenge many of our deeply-held responses to utopia. Drawing on an impressive range of international examples from South Africa to Bordeaux to New Zealand, the chapters adopt a range of theoretical and methodological approaches. This volume will be of great interest to upper level students, researchers and academics in the fields of Sociology, Geography, Tourism, Hospitality, Wine Studies and Cultural Studies. It will also greatly appeal to practitioners and enthusiasts in the worlds of wine production, consumption and marketing.

Atmospheric corrosion behaviors of reinforcement steel in reinforced concrete in a coastal city as Havana was carried out. Concrete quality was characterized before to expose the reinforced concrete specimens in outdoor exposure condition. An outdoor exposure site at a distance of 10 m from the sea was selected in coastal city of Havana, Cuba. Three reinforced concrete specimens (RCS), one for each water/cement ratio 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 with concrete covering thicknesses 20 and 40 mm were exposed to outdoor exposure condition. Corrosivity categories of the atmosphere in the outdoor exposure site were Very high (C5) and Extreme (CX). Atmospheric corrosion behaviors of reinforcement steel in reinforced concrete specimens served to obtain service life from the sum of Time-to-corrosion-initiation and Time to corrosion with induced cracking in reinforced concrete structures in a coastal city as Havana, Cuba. Compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity are necessary test but not enough in the concrete quality characterization. Percentage of effective capillary porosity should be determined as a deeper factor for concrete quality characterization. Designs conditions for the concrete elaboration with a quality high and more durable were established, before to carry out the building works in a coastal city as Havana City, as well as in all shoreline north and south of Cuba with the purpose to increase the service life in reinforced concrete structures.

Human mononuclear phagocytes comprise phenotypically and functionally overlapping subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, but the extent of their heterogeneity and distinct markers for subset identification remains elusive. By integrating high-dimensional single-cell protein and RNA expression data, we identified distinct markers to delineate monocytes from conventional DC2 (cDC2s). Using CD88 and CD89 for monocytes and HLA-DQ and FcεRIα for cDC2s allowed for their specific identification in blood and tissues. We also showed that cDC2s could be subdivided into phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets based on CD5, CD163, and CD14 expression, including a distinct subset of circulating inflammatory CD5−CD163+CD14+ cells related to previously defined DC3s. These inflammatory DC3s were expanded in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and correlated with disease activity. These findings further unravel the heterogeneity of DC subpopulations in health and disease and may pave the way for the identification of specific DC subset-targeting therapies. Using high-dimensional protein and RNA single-cell analyses, Dutertre et al. analyze human dendritic cell and monocyte subsets and identify markers that delineate them and unravel their heterogeneity. They also reveal the presence of inflammatory CD14+ DC3s, a subset of cDC2s, that correlate with disease progression and may be functionally involved in systemic lupus erythematosus immunopathology. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.

We use two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of Boussinesq stratified shear layers to investigate the influence of the minimum gradient Richardson number $Ri_{m}$ on the early time evolution of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability to its saturated ‘billow’ state. Even when the diffusion of the background velocity and density distributions is counterbalanced by artificial body forces to maintain the initial profiles, in the limit as $Ri_{m}\rightarrow 1/4$, the perturbation growth rate tends to zero and the saturated perturbation energy becomes small. These results imply, at least for such canonical inflectional stratified shear flows, that ‘marginally unstable’ flows with $Ri_{m}$ only slightly less than 1/4 are highly unlikely to become ‘turbulent’, in the specific sense of being associated with significantly enhanced dissipation, irreversible mixing and non-trivial modification of the background distributions without additional externally imposed forcing.

Review of Nadim Bakshov, Against Capitalist Education.

Increasing the lifespan of structures is of great importance for civil construction, either because of economic aspects or security to the users. Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the most recurring problems, especially in environments with high chloride content. One of the most effective alternatives to protect reinforcement against corrosion is the hot-dip galvanizing of steel bars, with the addition of a zinc coating that is consumed before steel entering in reaction. In this paper, it was investigated the comparison between unprotected steel bars and hot-dip galvanized ones, immersed in four types of concrete with different water/cement ratio, and subjected to accelerated corrosion test executed by the CAIM procedure. It was observed corrosion decreased for all types of concrete, reaching 70.5% of reduction for the richest mixture, showing that the hot-dip galvanizing may be an important alternative to the wired concrete structures, particularly when used in combination with mixtures of greater durability. El aumento de la vida útil de las estructuras es de gran importancia para la construcción civil, sea por razones económicas o de seguridad de los usuarios. La corrosión de refuerzo es uno de los problemas más recurrentes, especialmente en entornos con alto contenido de iones cloruro. Una de las alternativas más eficaces para proteger el refuerzo contra la corrosión es la galvanización en caliente de barras de acero, con la adición de recubrimiento de zinc que se ingiere antes del acero entrar en reacción. En este trabajo, fue investigado la comparación entre las barras de acero sin protección y las galvanizadas en caliente, inmersas en cuatro tipos de hormigón con diferentes relaciones agua/cemento, y se somete a procedimiento de ensayo de corrosión acelerada ejecutado por el método CAIM. Se observó la disminución de la corrosión para todos los tipos de hormigón, alcanzando el 70,5% de la reducción de la muestra más rica, mostrando que el galvanizado por inmersión en caliente puede ser una alternativa importante para las estructuras de hormigón, especialmente cuando se utiliza en combinación con mezclas de mayor durabilidad.

Objective Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to be liable to infection. However, the association between diabetes and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has not been well studied. We sought to determine the effects of DM on CRS culture results and quality of life (QOL) after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).