Author: "J. Hay" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

2,561 results on '"J. Hay"'

1. Antenatal preventative pelvic floor muscle exercise intervention led by midwives to reduce postnatal urinary incontinence (APPEAL): protocol for a feasibility and pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Author: D. Bick, J. Bishop, T. Coleman, S. Dean, E. Edwards, H. Frawley, E. Gkini, J. Hay-Smith, K. Hemming, E. Jones, E. Oborn, M. Pearson, V. Salmon, S. Webb, and C. MacArthur
Subjects: Pelvic floor muscle exercises, Pregnancy, Postnatal, Urinary incontinence, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Abstract Background Antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME) in women without prior urinary incontinence (UI) are effective in reducing postnatal UI; however, UK midwives often do not provide advice and information to women on undertaking PFME, with evidence that among women who do receive advice, many do not perform PFME. Methods The primary aim of this feasibility and pilot cluster randomised controlled trial is to provide a potential assessment of the feasibility of undertaking a future definitive trial of a midwifery-led antenatal intervention to support women to perform PFME in pregnancy and reduce UI postnatally. Community midwifery teams in participating NHS sites comprise trial clusters (n = 17). Midwives in teams randomised to the intervention will be trained on how to teach PFME to women and how to support them in undertaking PFME in pregnancy. Women whose community midwifery teams are allocated to control will receive standard antenatal care only. All pregnant women who give birth over a pre-selected sample month who receive antenatal care from participating community midwifery teams (clusters) will be sent a questionnaire at 10–12 weeks postpartum (around 1400–1500 women). Process evaluation data will include interviews with midwives to assess if the intervention could be implemented as planned. Interviews with women in both trial arms will explore their experiences of support from midwives to perform PFME during pregnancy. Data will be stored securely at the Universities of Birmingham and Exeter. Results will be disseminated through publications aimed at maternity service users, clinicians, and academics and inform a potential definitive trial of effectiveness. The West Midlands–Edgbaston Research Ethics Committee approved the study protocol. Discussion Trial outcomes will determine if criteria to progress to a definitive cluster trial are met. These include women’s questionnaire return rates, prevalence of UI, and other health outcomes as reported by women at 10–12 weeks postpartum. Progress to a definitive trial however is likely to be prevented in the UK context by new perinatal pelvic health service, although this may be possible elsewhere. Trial registration https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10833250 . Registered 09/03/2020
Published: 2022
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2. Non-Māori-speaking New Zealanders have a Māori proto-lexicon

Author: Y. Oh, S. Todd, C. Beckner, J. Hay, J. King, and J. Needle
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract We investigate implicit vocabulary learning by adults who are exposed to a language in their ambient environment. Most New Zealanders do not speak Māori, yet are exposed to it throughout their lifetime. We show that this exposure leads to a large proto-lexicon – implicit knowledge of the existence of words and sub-word units without any associated meaning. Despite not explicitly knowing many Māori words, non-Māori-speaking New Zealanders are able to access this proto-lexicon to distinguish Māori words from Māori-like nonwords. What's more, they are able to generalize over the proto-lexicon to generate sophisticated phonotactic knowledge, which lets them evaluate the well-formedness of Māori-like nonwords just as well as fluent Māori speakers.
Published: 2020
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3. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and chemical analysis (EDX and XRF) used in conjunction for cultural conservation: the case of the earliest scientifically described dinosaur Megalosaurus bucklandii

Author: P. F. Wilson, M. P. Smith, J. Hay, J. M. Warnett, A. Attridge, and M. A. Williams
Subjects: Megalosaurus, Conservation, X-ray computed tomography, Dinosaur, Heritage, 3D printing, Fine Arts, Analytical chemistry, QD71-142
Abstract: Abstract This paper demonstrates the combined use of X-ray computed tomography (XCT), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to evaluate the conservational history of the dentary (lower jaw) of Megalosaurus bucklandii Mantell, 1827, the first scientifically described dinosaur. Previous analysis using XCT revealed that the specimen had undergone at least two phases of repair using two different kinds of plaster, although their composition remained undetermined. Additional chemical analysis using EDX and XRF has allowed the determination of the composition of these unidentified plasters, revealing that they are of similar composition, composed dominantly of ‘plaster of Paris’ mixed with quartz sand and calcite, potentially from the matrix material of the Stonesfield Slate, with the trace presence of chlorine. One of the plasters unusually contains the pigment minium (naturally occurring lead tetroxide; Pb2 2+Pb4+O4) whilst the other seems to have an additional coating of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2), indicating that these likely represent two separate stages of repair. The potential of this combined approach for evaluating problematic museum objects for conservation is further discussed as is its usage in cultural heritage today.
Published: 2018
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4. Value Cores for Inner and Outer Alignment: Simulating Personality Formation via Iterated Policy Selection and Preference Learning with Self-World Modeling Active Inference Agents.

Author: Adam Safron, Zahra Sheikhbahaee, Nick J. Hay, Jeff Orchard, and Jesse Hoey
Published: 2022
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5. AI Safety and Reproducibility: Establishing Robust Foundations for the Neuropsychology of Human Values.

Author: Gopal P. Sarma, Nick J. Hay, and Adam Safron
Published: 2018
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6. Integrative Biological Simulation, Neuropsychology, and AI Safety.

Author: Gopal P. Sarma, Adam Safron, and Nick J. Hay
Published: 2019

7. The Glasgow Microenvironment Score and risk and site of recurrence in TNM I–III colorectal cancer

Author: P. G. Alexander, H. C. van Wyk, K. A. F. Pennel, J. Hay, D. C. McMillan, P. G. Horgan, C. S. D. Roxburgh, J. Edwards, and J. H. Park
Subjects: Cancer Research, Oncology
Abstract: Background Glasgow Microenvironment Score (GMS) stratifies long-term survival into three groups based on tumour phenotype: peritumoural inflammation (Klintrup–Mäkinen (KM)) and tumour stroma percentage (TSP). However, it is not known if the location of disease recurrence is influenced by the GMS category. Methods Seven hundred and eighty-three TNM I–III colorectal cancers (CRC) were included. GMS (GMS0—high KM; GMS1—low KM, low TSP; GMS2—low KM, high TSP) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS) and disease recurrence were assessed using Cox regression analysis. Results Of the 783 patients, 221 developed CRC recurrence; 65 developed local recurrence + systemic disease. GMS was independent for CSS (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.17–1.92, p p = 0.01). Higher GMS category was associated with T-stage, N-stage, emergency presentation and venous invasion. GMS was independent for local+systemic recurrence (HR 11.53, 95% CI 1.45–91.85, p = 0.04) and distant-only recurrence (HR 3.01, 95% CI 1.59–5.71, p = 0.002). GMS 2 disease did not appear to have statistically better outcomes with adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk disease. Conclusion Although confounded by a higher rate of T4 and node-positive disease, GMS 1 and 2 are associated with an increased risk of local and distant recurrence. GMS is an independent poor prognostic indicator for recurrent colorectal cancer. Higher GMS patients may benefit from enhanced postoperative surveillance.
Published: 2022

8. Quinoline-benzofuran and quinoline-benzothiophene derivatives as antiplasmodium agents

Author: J Hay, K de Villiers, D Taylor, T Olivier, W van Otterlo, and M Blackie
Subjects: Plasmodium falciparum, benzothiophene, 4-aminoquinoline, β-hematin, benzofuran, General Chemistry
Abstract: Two series of coupled heterocyclic systems have been synthesised and found to be efficacious against the NF54 chloroquine sensitive strain of P. falciparum in an in vitro assay. Quinolines were coupled with benzofurans in the first series and benzothiophenes in the second series. Compounds with an amide linkage are more efficacious by one order of magnitude than the ester equivalent. No other clear pattern was discernible. Compounds were also tested for toxicity using an MTT assay. All compounds tested showed selectivity towards P. falciparum. Barring one, all compounds tested showed greater efficacy than chloroquine against β-hematin inhibition. But no correlation was observed between β-hematin inhibition and efficacy against P. falciparum.
Published: 2023

9. macroH2A2 antagonizes epigenetic programs of stemness in glioblastoma

Author: Ana Nikolic, Francesca Maule, Anna Bobyn, Katrina Ellestad, Seungil Paik, Sajid A. Marhon, Parinaz Mehdipour, Xueqing Lun, Huey-Miin Chen, Claire Mallard, Alexander J. Hay, Michael J. Johnston, Christopher J. Gafuik, Franz J. Zemp, Yaoqing Shen, Nicoletta Ninkovic, Katalin Osz, Elodie Labit, N. Daniel Berger, Duncan K. Brownsey, John J. Kelly, Jeff Biernaskie, Peter B. Dirks, Darren J. Derksen, Steven J. M. Jones, Donna L. Senger, Jennifer A. Chan, Douglas J. Mahoney, Daniel D. De Carvalho, and Marco Gallo
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: Self-renewal is a crucial property of glioblastoma cells that is enabled by the choreographed functions of chromatin regulators and transcription factors. Identifying targetable epigenetic mechanisms of self-renewal could therefore represent an important step toward developing effective treatments for this universally lethal cancer. Here we uncover an epigenetic axis of self-renewal mediated by the histone variant macroH2A2. With omics and functional assays deploying patient-derived in vitro and in vivo models, we show that macroH2A2 shapes chromatin accessibility at enhancer elements to antagonize transcriptional programs of self-renewal. macroH2A2 also sensitizes cells to small molecule-mediated cell death via activation of a viral mimicry response. Consistent with these results, our analyses of clinical cohorts indicate that high transcriptional levels of this histone variant are associated with better prognosis of high-grade glioma patients. Our results reveal a targetable epigenetic mechanism of self-renewal controlled by macroH2A2 and suggest additional treatment approaches for glioblastoma patients.
Published: 2023

10. Three years on, COVID-19 and the skin: long-term impacts, emerging trends and clinical practice

Author: Esther E Freeman, Ignacio Garcia-Doval, Luigi Naldi, and Roderick J Hay
Subjects: Dermatology
Published: 2023

11. World Health Organization strategic framework for integrated control and management of skin-related neglected tropical diseases: what does this mean for dermatologists?

Author: Rie R Yotsu, L Claire Fuller, Michele E Murdoch, Chandrakant Revankar, Yves Thierry Barogui, Venkata Ranganandha Rao Pemmaraju, Jose-Antonio Ruiz-Postigo, Daniel Argaw Dagne, Kingsley Asiedu, and Roderick J Hay
Subjects: Dermatology
Abstract: Skin-related neglected tropical diseases, or skin NTDs, comprise a group of NTDs that produce signs and symptoms on the skin, and includes at least nine diseases and disease groups. The World Health Organization launched the ‘Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a strategic framework for integrated control and management of skin-related neglected tropical diseases’ in June 2022, which this article summarises and sets out the way forward including guidance on how dermatologists and dermatological communities along with public health communities may support this initiative to contribute towards achieving skin care for everyone everywhere.
Published: 2022

12. A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention

Author: P. J. Rasch, H. Hirasawa, M. Wu, S. J. Doherty, R. Wood, H. Wang, A. Jones, J. Haywood, and H. Singh
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: A modeling protocol (defined by a series of climate model simulations with specified model output) is introduced. Studies using these simulations are designed to improve the understanding of climate impacts using a strategy for climate intervention (CI) known as marine cloud brightening (MCB) in specific regions; therefore, the protocol is called MCB-REG (where REG stands for region). The model simulations are not intended to assess consequences of a realistic MCB deployment intended to achieve specific climate targets but instead to expose responses to interventions in six regions with pervasive cloud systems that are often considered candidates for such a deployment. A calibration step involving simulations with fixed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is first used to identify a common forcing, and then coupled simulations with forcing in individual regions and combinations of regions are used to examine climate impacts. Synthetic estimates constructed by superposing responses from simulations with forcing in individual regions are considered a means of approximating the climate impacts produced when MCB interventions are introduced in multiple regions. A few results comparing simulations from three modern climate models (CESM2, E3SMv2, and UKESM1) are used to illustrate the similarities and differences between model behavior and the utility of estimates of MCB climate responses that were synthesized by summing responses introduced in individual regions. Cloud responses to aerosol injections differ substantially between models (CESM2 clouds appear much more susceptible to aerosol emissions than the other models), but patterns in precipitation and surface temperature responses were similar when forcing is imposed with similar amplitudes in the same regions. A previously identified La Niña-like response to forcing introduced in the Southeast Pacific is evident in this study, but the amplitude of the response was shown to markedly differ across the three models. Other common response patterns were also found and are discussed. Forcing in the Southeast Atlantic consistently (across all three models) produces weaker global cooling than that in other regions, and the Southeast Pacific and South Pacific show the strongest cooling. This indicates that the efficiency of a given intervention depends on not only the susceptibility of the clouds to aerosol perturbations, but also the strength of the underlying radiative feedbacks and ocean responses operating within each region. These responses were generally robust across models, but more studies and an examination of responses with ensembles would be beneficial.
Published: 2024
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13. A Hybrid Surrogate Modeling Approach for Vehicle Crash Simulations

Author: J. Hay, L. Schories, and J. Fehr
Subjects: Control and Systems Engineering
Published: 2022

14. A Bayesian approach to incorporate structural data into the mapping of genotype to antigenic phenotype of influenza A(H3N2) viruses

Author: William T. Harvey, Vinny Davies, Rodney S. Daniels, Lynne Whittaker, Victoria Gregory, Alan J. Hay, Dirk Husmeier, John W. McCauley, and Richard Reeve
Subjects: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Computational Theory and Mathematics, Ecology, Ecology,Evolution & Ethology, Modeling and Simulation, Genetics, Infectious Disease, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Surface antigens of pathogens are commonly targeted by vaccine-elicited antibodies but antigenic variability, notably in RNA viruses such as influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2, pose challenges for control by vaccination. For example, influenza A(H3N2) entered the human population in 1968 causing a pandemic and has since been monitored, along with other seasonal influenza viruses, for the emergence of antigenic drift variants through intensive global surveillance and laboratory characterisation. Statistical models of the relationship between genetic differences among viruses and their antigenic similarity provide useful information to inform vaccine development though accurate identification of causative mutations is complicated by highly correlated genetic signals that arise due to the evolutionary process. Here, using a sparse hierarchical Bayesian analogue of an experimentally validated model for integrating genetic and antigenic data, we identify the genetic changes in influenza A(H3N2) virus that underpin antigenic drift. We show that incorporating protein structural data into variable selection helps resolve ambiguities arising due to correlated signals, with the proportion of variables representing haemagglutinin positions decisively included, or excluded, increased from 59.8% to 72.4%. The accuracy of variable selection judged by proximity to experimentally determined antigenic sites was improved simultaneously. Structure-guided variable selection thus improves confidence in the identification of genetic explanations of antigenic variation and we also show that prioritising the identification of causative mutations is not detrimental to the predictive capability of the analysis. Indeed, incorporating structural information into variable selection resulted in a model that could more accurately predict antigenic assay titres for phenotypically-uncharactrised virus from genetic sequence. Combined, these analyses have the potential to inform choices of reference viruses, the targeting of laboratory assays, and predictions of the evolutionary success of different genotypes, and can therefore be used to inform vaccine selection processes.
Published: 2023
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15. Antibiotics Commonly Used for Skin Infections

Author: Roderick J. Hay, Hui Min Liew, and Victoria J. Hogarth
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, business.industry, Antibiotics, medicine, Skin infection, medicine.disease, business, Dermatology
Published: 2022

16. Editorial: toward an improved understanding of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa

Author: Phillipa J. Hay, Rebecca J. Park, and Stephen W. Touyz
Subjects: Psychiatry, medicine.medical_specialty, therapy, business.industry, RC435-571, chronic, Psychiatry and Mental health, longstanding, Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses), treatment resistant, Medicine, eating disorder anorexia nervosa, business, Treatment resistant
Published: 2022

17. Alumni perceptions of registered psychological counsellor training at a South African university

Author: C. Joubert and J. Hay
Subjects: programme evaluation, transformation in African higher education, social justice, General Medicine, registered counsellor
Abstract: In this article the strengths, caveats and suggestions for improvement of a BEd Hons programme in Educational Psychology presented at a traditional South African university from the viewpoint of 10 alumni students who were part of the 2016 cohort, are explored. The programme under investigation has been running since 2003 and is aimed at training mid-level psychological counsellors who have to pass the Health Professions Council of South Africa’s (HPCSA) board examination for Psychology to formally qualify as registered counsellors. The HPCSA instituted the category of registered counsellor early in the 2000s to provide a route to basic psychological support for the majority of citizens without access to registered psychologists. In order to achieve the aim of this research, qualitative individual telephone interviews were conducted in 2017 to gather data from the counsellor alumni of the 2016 cohort. In total, 10 of a possible 26 participants voluntarily participated in the study. The perceptions of the participants were analysed, and findings suggest that the BEd Hons programme has the following strengths: weekly supervision by experienced lecturers enabled knowledge obtained through theoretical coursework to be applied during the practicum; various professional skills were also gained during the practicum, enabling students to feel competent in the workplace. A very strong focus on clients from disadvantaged communities was also seen as a particular strength. Some caveats were inadequate information about the psychological and job-related implications of the programme. Suggestions indicated that the organisation of the theoretical and practicum components could be reconsidered so as to optimise the programme in future. Furthermore, it was found that transformation in this type of higher education programme is needed on a theoretical and practical level by ensuring broadened access to the programme and listening to the voices of the students regarding the curriculum. Keywords: registered counsellor, programme evaluation, transformation in African higher education, social justice
Published: 2022

18. Estimation of forest height, biomass and volume using support vector regression and segmentation from lidar transects and Quickbird imagery.

Author: Gang Chen 0015, Geoffrey J. Hay, and Yanlian Zhou
Published: 2010
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19. Audiology, Medicine, and Pharmacy Interprofessional Preliminary Interviews and Discussions: Improving Hearing Health Care in Rural Alabama

Author: Emma B. Brothers, Marcia J. Hay-McCutcheon, Peter J. Hughes, and M. Louanne Friend
Subjects: Rural Population, Speech and Hearing, Hearing, Alabama, Quality of Life, Humans, Audiology, Pharmacy, Hearing Loss, Delivery of Health Care, Research Articles
Abstract: Purpose: Access and affordability of hearing health care varies depending on residency and individual financial means. Those living in rural areas have limited health care resources and experience higher levels of poverty compared to those living in urban regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of interprofessional collaboration among physicians and audiologists and pharmacists and audiologists to improve access and affordability of hearing health care in rural communities. Method: Sixteen family physicians and medicine residents and 15 community pharmacists participated in the study. Physicians and residents completed an online survey to assess education regarding hearing health care and their understanding of hearing loss intervention. They also participated in small virtual focus group discussions. Pharmacists participated in virtual discussions based on guided questions. Results: The discussions with both physicians and pharmacists highlighted the need for more education, resources, and awareness of the negative impact of hearing loss on overall quality of life. Comments from these discussions were placed within the socio-ecological model of health behavior to increase understanding of hearing health behavior. Conclusions: Increased collaboration among medical professionals has the potential to improve access to hearing health care for those living in audiologically underserved regions of the country. Further research will identify how to increase effective and sustainable hearing health care resources in rural communities.
Published: 2022

20. Imported Skin Diseases

Author: William R. Faber, Roderick J. Hay, Bernard Naafs, William R. Faber, Roderick J. Hay, Bernard Naafs
Published: 2012

21. 336P Prognostic and predictive value of Immunoscore in stage III colorectal cancer in the combined SCOT and IDEA-HORG studies

Author: D. Church, J. Hay, O.J. Sansom, null N. Maka, K.A. Oien, T.J. Iveson, M.P. Saunders, J. Edwards, A. Harkin, I. Boukovinas, E. Moustou, I. Messaritakis, M. Chondrozoumaki, V. Georgoulias, I. Boquet, F. Pages, A. Catteau, J. Galon, C. Kelly, and I. Souglakos
Subjects: Oncology, Hematology
Published: 2022

22. A systematic review of worldwide data on tinea capitis: analysis of the last 20 years

Author: María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, Erick Martínez-Herrera, Ditte Marie Saunte, Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira, Edwin Chávez-Gutiérrez, Roberto Arenas, V M Espinosa-Hernández, Jacek C Szepietowski, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán, Eduardo García-Salazar, Roderick J. Hay, and D C Vega-Sánchez
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Asia, 030106 microbiology, Population, Dermatology, medicine.disease_cause, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Trichophyton, Epidemiology, Humans, Microsporum, Medicine, Europe, Eastern, Microsporum canis, education, Tinea Capitis, Trichophyton tonsurans, Geophilic, education.field_of_study, biology, business.industry, Arthrodermataceae, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Europe, Infectious Diseases, Dermatophyte, Tinea capitis, business, Demography
Abstract: Dermatophyte infections are the most common fungal infections in humans; among them, tinea capitis (TC) - the most contagious fungal infection - is caused by anthropophilic, zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the different aetiological variants involved in TC and the overall epidemiology of the causes of this infection in the last two decades. We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase databases for articles published from July 2000 to August 2019 using the following search terms: 'Tinea capitis', 'Africa', 'America', 'Asia', 'Europe', 'Oceania', and the names of the countries on each continent. The flow of information through the different phases in this systematic review was depicted using a PRISMA flow diagram, which mapped the number of records identified, included and excluded, and the reasons for exclusion. Our findings indicate that the frequency of different aetiologic agents of TC in the reported studies varied globally, from 0.4-87.7% in Africa, 0.2-74.0% in North America, 0.0-91.2% in Eastern Asia, 0.0-69.0% in Eastern Europe and 2.9-86.4% in Oceania. Microsporum canis is the most frequent reported zoophilic agent worldwide, while Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton tonsurans are the predominant anthropophilic agents. Over time, the frequency of these latter fungal infections has increased globally, and these fungi have become the major species globally. Anthropophilic transmission - the most prevalent type of transmission - could be explained by two factors: (i) the socioeconomic status of affected countries and population groups with associated risk factors and (ii) movement of populations importing new causes of infection to areas where they had not been encountered previously. We observed that intercontinental migration and travel; globalization; environmental, climatic and ecological changes; and accelerated evolution of health technologies may influence the observed epidemiological changes and, consequently, contributed to the variations in the global status of TC.
Published: 2020

23. Mycetoma – a history of the first contributions to the description of the disease and its pathogenesis

Author: Roderick J. Hay
Subjects: Medical knowledge, Medical terminology, History, 030231 tropical medicine, India, Disease, Maduromycosis, Sudan, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Physicians, Humans, Effective treatment, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mycetoma, Mexico, Paleopathology, History, Ancient, Folklore, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, History, 19th Century, General Medicine, History, 20th Century, Genealogy, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology
Abstract: Tracking the history of the discovery of mycetoma is not simple because identifying the roots of medical knowledge depends on utilising sources that employ imprecise and sometimes confusing descriptions when compared with those based on modern medical terminology. Ancient sources of information include writings, such as poetry, archaeology and paleopathology, as well as legend and folklore. The earliest precise descriptions of mycetoma were recorded in the mid-19th century by medical officers working in southern India. But interest in the disease spread rapidly both among doctors in India and elsewhere, from Algeria to Mexico to Sudan. Although over time the names of organisms have changed, the clinical and pathological descriptions still stand as testament to those early detailed studies. Some of the conclusions of the early investigators, particularly the general lack of effective treatment and the difficulty in diagnosis, remain true today.
Published: 2020

24. Accessibility to Hearing Healthcare in Rural and Urban Populations of Alabama: Perspectives and A Preliminary Roadmap for Addressing Inequalities

Author: M Caroline Yuk, Xin Yang, and Marcia J. Hay-McCutcheon
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Inequality, Hearing loss, media_common.quotation_subject, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Resource (project management), Nursing, Health care, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cognitive skill, Social isolation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, 030505 public health, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outreach, InformationSystems_MISCELLANEOUS, medicine.symptom, 0305 other medical science, business, Psychology
Abstract: Hearing loss is a growing public health concern and has been associated with poor cardiovascular health, diabetes, increased social isolation and poor cognitive functioning. Addressing this issue, especially in rural communities, will require increased awareness of hearing loss and its link to emotional and physical well-being. The purpose of this study was to understand the challenges that those with hearing loss living in rural and urban communities experience and to examine the feasibility of using primary care physicians to assist with improving access to hearing healthcare in rural communities. One hundred thirty-four participants were recruited from rural and urban counties in West Central and South Alabama. All participants completed a hearing evaluation and a Healthcare and Hearing Healthcare Accessibility Questionnaire. Over half of the adults in the study with hearing loss did not have access to hearing healthcare because of distance to a hearing healthcare professional. Other reasons for participants not having access to hearing healthcare included financial constraints, lack of awareness of having a hearing loss, lack of time to see a hearing healthcare provider, and not knowing how to access a provider. Results, however, revealed that most adults in the study had access to a primary care professional. The primary care provider, therefore, could be a valuable resource for the dissemination of information related to hearing healthcare. Collaborative work with primary care providers will help to develop and expand hearing healthcare awareness, research and services provided through the Here Hear Alabama project, a rural outreach initiative in West Central and South Alabama.
Published: 2020

25. Status update of the endemic and critically endangered cave catfish Clarias cavernicola Trewavas 1936, from the Aigamas Cave system, Namibia

Author: Tor F. Næsje, FJ Jacobs, Clinton J. Hay, and PG Jacobs
Subjects: geography, education.field_of_study, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Population, Fish species, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, Scuba diving, Fishery, Critically endangered, Cave, Threatened species, Clarias cavernicola, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Catfish
Abstract: Knowledge of population sizes of threatened fish species is essential for formulation and implementation of effective conservation and management policies. Visual counts (VC) from two SCUBA diving ...
Published: 2020

26. High‐frequency sequences within a retrogradational deltaic succession: Upper Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation, Western Canada Foreland Basin

Author: Michael J. Hay and A. Guy Plint
Subjects: Sea level change, 010506 paleontology, Stratigraphy, palaeogeography, Ecological succession, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Cretaceous, Paleontology, Dunvegan Formation, Sequence stratigraphy, Cenomanian, Palaeogeography, Foreland basin, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, delta sedimentation, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Geology, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, regression, Marine transgression
Abstract: After prograding for several hundred kilometres during Middle Cenomanian time, the Dunvegan delta complex in north‐west Alberta and adjacent British Columbia experienced stepwise transgression, commencing at about the Middle to Late Cenomanian boundary. Progressive drowning of the delta complex is recorded by Dunvegan allomembers B and A, each comprised of three simple depositional sequences, bounded by composite subaerial unconformity/flooding surfaces. Each sequence represents an array of deltaic depositional environments. Delta‐front sandstones preserve little evidence, such as hummocky cross‐stratification, for powerful storm wave action, although wave and combined‐flow ripples are common. Delta‐front sandstone bodies tend to be smaller and lobate in the lower part of the studied interval, and larger and more linear near the top. This suggests increasingly effective wave‐driven redistribution of sand as more open‐marine conditions were gradually established. The top surfaces of allomembers B and A are locally incised by sandstone‐filled palaeovalleys up to 19 m deep; river incision may have been a response to relative sea‐level fall and/or a change in the ratio of discharge to sediment load. Overall, the shoreline described a broad arc, open to the south east, with the sense of shoreline migration north‐west to south‐east. For each sequence, the shoreline migrated an average of 80 km between transgressive and regressive limits. The transgressive limit shows a progressive landward offset of about 15 km per sequence, culminating in complete drowning of the delta system above sequence A3. Isopach maps show that syn‐depositional tectonic subsidence rotated the basin down to the south‐west; palaeogeographic maps show, however, that the sea floor sloped to the south‐east, implying that sediment redistribution effectively filled all tectonically generated accommodation and maintained a south‐east inclined depositional surface. Transgressions and regressions across this surface were therefore driven primarily by eustasy rather than pulses of tectonic subsidence. Simple calculations based on inferred alluvial gradients of 10–20 cm/km suggest that eustatic excursions of ca 8–16 m would have been sufficient to generate sequence thicknesses on the order of 10 m. Limited geochronologic and biostratigraphic control suggests that the six simple sequences that form Dunvegan allomembers B and A each represent an average of about 41 kyr, suggesting that the orbital obliquity cycle was the primary control on high‐frequency sea‐level cycles.
Published: 2020

27. Trophic leprosy ulcers – what is a secondary infection?

Author: Roderick J. Hay
Subjects: business.industry, Secondary infection, Immunology, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Leprosy, medicine.disease, business, General Environmental Science, Trophic level
Published: 2020

28. The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies

Author: Millicent H. Osti, C. Bernigaud, Shelley F. Walton, Rie Roselyne Yotsu, W. Rehmus, Norihisa Ishii, Antoine Mahé, J. Yoshizumi, Karolyn A. Wanat, Toby Maurer, Lucia Romani, Olivier Chosidow, Daniel T. Engelman, Giuseppe Micali, P. A. Nair, Aileen Y. Chang, Margot J. Whitfeld, L.C. Fuller, Andrew C Steer, David M. Pariser, Roderick J. Hay, Hermann Feldmeier, Michele E. Murdoch, Dev Tilakaratne, Scott A. Norton, M. M.A. Mahdi, Stephen L. Walker, M. Tuicakau, Francesco Lacarrubba, Franck Boralevi, G. Estrada-Chavez, and Asha C. Bowen
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, Standardization, Administration, Topical, MEDLINE, Delphi method, Evidence‐Based Dermatology, Dermatology, Sarcoptes scabiei, Guideline, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Scabies, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life (healthcare), Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, Medical physics, Skin, biology, business.industry, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Clinical research, business
Abstract: Summary Background Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of standardization of diagnostic methods. Objectives To develop consensus criteria for the diagnosis of common scabies that could be implemented in a variety of settings. Methods Consensus diagnostic criteria were developed through a Delphi study with international experts. Detailed recommendations were collected from the expert panel to define the criteria features and guide their implementation. These comments were then combined with a comprehensive review of the available literature and the opinion of an expanded group of international experts to develop detailed, evidence‐based definitions and diagnostic methods. Results The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies include three levels of diagnostic certainty and eight subcategories. Confirmed scabies (level A) requires direct visualization of the mite or its products. Clinical scabies (level B) and suspected scabies (level C) rely on clinical assessment of signs and symptoms. Evidence‐based, consensus methods for microscopy, visualization and clinical symptoms and signs were developed, along with a media library. Conclusions The 2020 IACS Criteria represent a pragmatic yet robust set of diagnostic features and methods. The criteria may be implemented in a range of research, public health and clinical settings by selecting the appropriate diagnostic levels and subcategories. These criteria may provide greater consistency and standardization for scabies diagnosis. Validation studies, development of training materials and development of survey methods are now required. What is already known about this topic? The diagnosis of scabies is limited by the lack of accurate, objective tests. Microscopy of skin scrapings can confirm the diagnosis, but it is insensitive, invasive and often impractical.Diagnosis usually relies on clinical assessment, although visualization using dermoscopy is becoming increasingly common.These diagnostic methods have not been standardized, hampering the interpretation of findings from clinical research and epidemiological surveys, and the development of scabies control strategies. What does this study add? International consensus diagnostic criteria for common scabies were developed through a Delphi study with global experts.The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria categorize diagnosis at three levels of diagnostic certainty (confirmed, clinical and suspected scabies) and eight subcategories, and can be adapted to a range of research and public health settings.Detailed definitions and figures are included to aid training and implementation. The 2020 IACS Criteria may facilitate the standardization of scabies diagnosis., What is already known about this topic? The diagnosis of scabies is limited by the lack of accurate, objective tests. Microscopy of skin scrapings can confirm the diagnosis, but it is insensitive, invasive and often impractical.Diagnosis usually relies on clinical assessment, although visualization using dermoscopy is becoming increasingly common.These diagnostic methods have not been standardized, hampering the interpretation of findings from clinical research and epidemiological surveys, and the development of scabies control strategies. What does this study add? International consensus diagnostic criteria for common scabies were developed through a Delphi study with global experts.The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria categorize diagnosis at three levels of diagnostic certainty (confirmed, clinical and suspected scabies) and eight subcategories, and can be adapted to a range of research and public health settings.Detailed definitions and figures are included to aid training and implementation. The 2020 IACS Criteria may facilitate the standardization of scabies diagnosis.
Published: 2020

29. Skin Disease in the Tropics and the Lessons that can be Learned from Leprosy and Other Neglected Diseases

Author: Roderick J. Hay
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Dermatology, Disease, Skin Diseases, tinea, tropics, Tropical Medicine, Health care, Scabies, Humans, Medicine, ntds, Mycetoma, Intensive care medicine, skin disease, integumentary system, business.industry, Neglected Diseases, Tropics, General Medicine, medicine.disease, scabies, RL1-803, Neglected tropical diseases, Leprosy, business, leprosy, mycetoma
Abstract: Skin disease is a common illness in most tropical regions where the pattern of clinical, presentations is dominated by infections. Along with common diseases such as pyodermas and fungal infections, a group of conditions known collectively as the neglected tropical diseases of the skin or Skin NTDs, which are the targets for worldwide control or elimination are also seen in health care facilities. These diseases range from the common, such a scabies, to those that are less frequent including leprosy and mycetoma. The initiative to use skin presentations of tropical diseases as a route to diagnosis by front line health workers is both logical and welcome. However, this requires training and monitoring and as the work gets under way, it is critically important that time invested in this programme is backed by firm and lasting commitment at regional and national levels.
Published: 2020

30. Ersatzmodellbasierte Effektivitätsbewertung integraler Sicherheitssysteme

Author: J. Hay, L. Schories, E. Bayerschen, P. Wimmer, O. Zehbe, S. Kirschbichler, and J. Fehr
Published: 2022

31. COVID-19 first lockdown as a window into language acquisition: Associations between caregiver-child activities and vocabulary gains

Author: L. Anderson, Karolina Mieszkowska, A. De Carvalho, C. Hendriks, Ewa Haman, N. Olesen, Michael C. Frank, S. Gibson, S. Custode, R. Farah, Karli M. Nave, K. Vincent, Nayeli Gonzalez-Gomez, Nivedita Mani, Haifa Alroqi, Lynn K. Perry, Agnieszka Dynak, N. Dimitrova, A. Almohammadi, Magdalena Łuniewska, Caroline F. Rowland, Suzanne Aussems, Natalia Kartushina, Marina Kalashnikova, N. J. Aldrich, Junko Kanero, M. D. Barokova, M. Zivan, C. Keller, Julien Mayor, Anne-Caroline Fiévet, Alexander N. Veraksa, Cara H. Cashon, K. Golway, K. Alaslani, Grzegorz Krajewski, Naomi Havron, Catherine E. Laing, H. Gendler-Shalev, Jeanne L. Shinskey, E. Andonova, L. Munoz, Christopher T. Fennell, Margarita Gavrilova, Mireille Babineau, Erin E. Hannon, Christina Bergmann, Rebecca A. Lundwall, D. Santos Oliveira, T. Horowitz-Kraus, J. Hay, and A. Aktan-Erciyes
Subjects: multi-country, Psycholinguistics, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), BF Psychology, business.industry, passive screen exposure, book reading, Window (computing), COVID-19 pandemic, BF, computer.software_genre, Language acquisition, P1, vocabulary development, Artificial intelligence, business, Psychology, computer, Natural language processing
Abstract: Published on 06 Feb 2022 The COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting closure of daycare centers worldwide, led to unprecedented changes in children’s learning environments. This period of increased time at home with caregivers, with limited access to external sources (e.g., daycares) provides a unique opportunity to examine the associations between the caregiver-child activities and children’s language development. The vocabularies of 1742 children aged 8-36 months across 13 countries and 12 languages were evaluated at the beginning and end of the first lockdown period in their respective countries (from March to September 2020). Children who had less passive screen exposure and whose caregivers read more to them showed larger gains in vocabulary development during lockdown, after controlling for SES and other caregiver-child activities. Children also gained more words than expected (based on normative data) during lockdown; either caregivers were more aware of their child’s development, or vocabulary development benefited from intense caregiver-child interaction during lockdown, or both. We discuss these results in the context of the extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight limitations of the study. Funding for Polish sample: grant from National Science Center NCN (Poland), no 2018/31/B/HS6/03916. NK was partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme [project number 223265].
Published: 2022

32. Predicting the effectiveness of community anti‐poaching patrols for conserving threatened wildlife in the Lao PDR

Author: Eric J. Hay, Marit E. Kragt, Gabriela Scheufele, Michael Renton, and Jeffrey Bennett
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Agroforestry, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Wildlife, Poaching, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geography, Agriculture, Research council, Threatened species, Community-based conservation, South east asia, business, Data limitations
Abstract: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Grant/Award Number: FST/2011/003; Australian Research Council, Grant/Award Number: DE160101306
Published: 2019

33. Nix, Willie

Author: Fred J. Hay
Published: 2021

34. G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies

Author: D. Visioni, A. Robock, J. Haywood, M. Henry, S. Tilmes, D. G. MacMartin, B. Kravitz, S. J. Doherty, J. Moore, C. Lennard, S. Watanabe, H. Muri, U. Niemeier, O. Boucher, A. Syed, T. S. Egbebiyi, R. Séférian, and I. Quaglia
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) has proposed multiple model experiments during phases 5 and 6 of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), with the latest set of model experiments proposed in 2015. With phase 7 of CMIP in preparation and with multiple efforts ongoing to better explore the potential space of outcomes for different solar radiation modifications (SRMs) both in terms of deployment strategies and scenarios and in terms of potential impacts, the GeoMIP community has identified the need to propose and conduct a new experiment that could serve as a bridge between past iterations and future CMIP7 experiments. Here we report the details of such a proposed experiment, named G6-1.5K-SAI, to be conducted with the current generation of scenarios and models from CMIP6 and clarify the reasoning behind many of the new choices introduced. Namely, compared to the CMIP6 GeoMIP scenario G6sulfur, we decided on (1) an intermediate emission scenario as a baseline (the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2-4.5), (2) a start date set in the future that includes both considerations for the likelihood of exceeding 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels and some considerations for a likely start date for an SRM implementation, and (3) a deployment strategy for stratospheric aerosol injection that does not inject in the tropical pipe in order to obtain a more latitudinally uniform aerosol distribution. We also offer more details regarding the preferred experiment length and number of ensemble members and include potential options for second-tier experiments that some modeling groups might want to run. The specifics of the proposed experiment will further allow for a more direct comparison between results obtained from CMIP6 models and those obtained from future scenarios for CMIP7.
Published: 2024
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35. A global gridded dataset for cloud vertical structure from combined CloudSat and CALIPSO observations

Author: L. Bertrand, J. E. Kay, J. Haynes, and G. de Boer
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The vertical structure of clouds has a profound effect on the global energy budget, the global circulation, and the atmospheric hydrological cycle. The CloudSat and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) missions have taken complementary, colocated observations of cloud vertical structure for over a decade. However, no globally gridded dataset is available to the public for the full length of this unique combined data record. Here we present the 3S-GEOPROF-COMB product (Bertrand et al. 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8057791), a globally gridded (level 3S) community data product summarizing geometrical profiles (GEOPROF) of hydrometeor occurrence from combined (COMB) CloudSat and CALIPSO data. Our product is calculated from the latest release (R05) of per-orbit (level-2) combined cloud mask profiles. We process a set of cloud cover, vertical cloud fraction, and sampling variables at 2.5, 5, and 10° spatial resolutions and monthly and seasonal temporal resolutions. We address the 2011 reduction in CloudSat data collection with Daylight-Only Operations (DO-Op) mode by subsampling pre-2011 data to mimic DO-Op collection patterns, thereby allowing users to evaluate the impact of the reduced sampling on their analyses. We evaluate our data product against CloudSat-only and CALIPSO-only global-gridded data products as well as four comparable surface-based sites, underscoring the added value of the combined product. Interest in the product is anticipated for the study of cloud processes, cloud–climate interactions, and as a candidate baseline climate data record for comparison to follow-up satellite missions, among other uses.
Published: 2024
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36. UrbanWatch: A 1-meter resolution land cover and land use database for 22 major cities in the United States

Author: Yindan Zhang, Gang Chen, Soe W. Myint, Yuyu Zhou, Geoffrey J. Hay, Jelena Vukomanovic, and Ross K. Meentemeyer
Subjects: Soil Science, Geology, Computers in Earth Sciences
Published: 2022

37. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. Abrams, Ana Vukovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Jennifer O Lam, Mona Pathak, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Asadollah Gholamian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Babak Eshrati, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Atte Meretoja, Lorenzo Monasta, Ronan A. Lyons, Neda Kianipour, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Yasir Waheed, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Kevin S Ikuta, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Christopher Troeger, Jordi Alonso, Alireza Ahmadi, Navid Manafi, Caroline Stein, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jason Nguyen, Moses K. Muriithi, Aziz Rezapour, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Adrian Pana, H. Dean Hosgood, Noore Alam, James L. Fisher, Mariam Molokhia, Susan F. Rumisha, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ayman Grada, Emma Nichols, Babak Asghari, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ferrán Catalá-López, Aletta E. Schutte, Fiona B. Bennitt, Maciej Banach, Antonio Biondi, Donal Bisanzio, Josip Car, Ronny Westerman, Shafiu Mohammed, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Kenji Shibuya, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Karen M. Tabb, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avina Vongpradith, Dara K. Mohammad, Ralph Maddison, Babak Moazen, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Rahman Shiri, Fernando Neves Hugo, Hmwe H Kyu, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Robert C. Reiner, Van C. Lansingh, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Ashkan Afshin, Benjamin A Stark, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Natalie C. Galles, Behnam Heidari, Eun-Kee Park, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Suzanne Polinder, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amir Radfar, Mowafa Househ, Derrick A Bennett, Gaorui Guo, Hesam Ghiasvand, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Anita K. Nandi, Miklós Szócska, Manasi Kumar, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Simon Yadgir, Victor Aboyans, Justin J. Lang, Catherine O. Johnson, Soewarta Kosen, Carla Sofia e.Sá Farinha, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Heather Orpana, Samuel B. Albertson, Mahdi Afshari, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Adrian Oţoiu, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Kidanemaryam Berhe, André Faro, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Arash Etemadi, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Theodore Patrick Younker, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Linda Morales, Amanda Deen, Noushin Mohammadifard, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ai Koyanagi, Michele Nguyen, Chieh Han, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Mika Shigematsu, Mohammed Shannawaz, Khurshid Alam, Javad Nazari, Bryan L. Sykes, Rajat Das Gupta, Stephen S Lim, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Michael Brauer, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Deepa Jahagirdar, Kaja Abbas, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Mark A. Stokes, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Kanyin L. Ong, Kate Causey, Ahmed Omar Bali, Matilde Leonardi, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, André Karch, Blair R. Bumgarner, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Saeed Amini, Parvaiz A Koul, Blessing J. Akombi, Ro Ting Lin, Dabere Nigatu, Alaa Badawi, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Deanna Anderlini, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Rupert R A Bourne, Tanuj Kanchan, Catherine P. Benziger, Tahiya Alam, M. Mofizul Islam, Muktar Omer Omer, Leila Zaki, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Inbal Salz, Katharine J Looker, Shiwei Liu, Fatemeh Amiri, Christopher R. Cederroth, Mitra Abbasifard, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohamed M. Gad, Assefa Desalew, Lidia Morawska, Davood Anvari, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Hadi Pourjafar, Abdu A. Adamu, Maryam Adabi, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Jessica A. Cruz, Foad Abd-Allah, Amir Hasanzadeh, Jordan Weiss, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Joanna L Whisnant, Kelly Compton, Priya Parmar, Sanjay Basu, Leila R Kalankesh, Nickolas Reinig, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Damian Santomauro, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, David M. Pereira, Joht Singh Chandan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Hoa Thi Do, Whitney L. Teagle, Hans W. Hoek, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Yasser Vasseghian, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Charlie Ashbaugh, Fariba Dorostkar, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Golnaz Heidari, Kala M. Mehta, Saeed Shahabi, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hai Quang Pham, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kareha M Agesa, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Mohammad, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Saravanan Muthupandian, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Maryam Mirzaei, Zabihollah Yousefi, Shadrach Wilson, Iman El Sayed, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Eirini Skiadaresi, Reza Shirkoohi, Tim Driscoll, Morteza Jafarinia, Maha El Tantawi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Dickson A. Amugsi, Awoke Misganaw, Maseer Khan, Norito Kawakami, Jingkai Wei, Jai K Das, Vishnu Renjith, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Islam Y. Elgendy, Prateek Rastogi, Lauren B. Wilner, Josep Maria Haro, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Ben Lacey, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Sam Rolfe, Iffat Elbarazi, Yannick Béjot, Raimundas Lunevicius, Sezer Kisa, Harish Chander Gugnani, Basema Saddik, Manu Raj Mathur, Mansour Ghafourifard, Riaz Uddin, Anna Poznańska, Faris Lami, Niguse Meles Alema, Michael T. Chung, Arya Aminorroaya, Arash Sarveazad, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, João M. Furtado, Hamid Ahmadieh, Sara Conti, Yunquan Zhang, Manthan D Janodia, Aislyn U. Orji, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Jalal Arabloo, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Simona Cătălina Ştefan, Ester Cerin, Nuno Taveira, Lars Jacob Stovner, Amir Taherkhani, Masoud Foroutan, Tomasz Miazgowski, Amir Manafi, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Graeme J. Hankey, Mojgan Gitimoghaddam, Chantal Huynh, G Anil Kumar, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Turki Alanzi, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Brian J. Hall, Edward J Mills, Ali Kabir, Ravi Prakash Jha, Akbar Barzegar, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Chirag P. Doshi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Mohsen Naghavi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Maarten J. Postma, David Edvardsson, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Catherine M. Antony, Hannah Han, Ken Lee Chin, Getinet Ayano, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Oliver J. Brady, Mohsen Bayati, Christopher M Odell, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Susanna Dunachie, Raffaele Palladino, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Alessandra Lugo, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Paulo A. Lotufo, Maia Kereselidze, Salman Rawaf, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mousa Yaminfirooz, Neeraj Bedi, Mahesh P A, Harvey Whiteford, Gina Agarwal, Pallab K. Maulik, Ranjitha S Shetty, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Prasanna Mithra, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Tomislav Mestrovic, Razique Anwer, Marcello Tonelli, Hanne Christensen, Juan Jesus Carrero, Ali H. Mokdad, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Stephen R. Robinson, Saeid Safiri, Masood Ali Shaikh, Rajesh Sagar, Kelly Cercy, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, João Vasco Santos, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Sarah Lewington, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Praveen Hoogar, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Peng Zheng, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Paul H. Lee, Cameron J. Kneib, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Harrison Chase Gottlich, Andrew M. Briggs, Alibek Mereke, Om P Kurmi, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Shahram Saeidi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Aminu K. Bello, Tomi Akinyemiju, Ambrish Singh, Anamika Pandey, Matthew Cunningham, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Christine Linehan, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Dinesh Bhandari, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Valery L. Feigin, Christopher J L Murray, James D. Harvey, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Girikumar Kumaresh, Javad Yoosefi Lebni, Elisabetta Pupillo, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Marlena S Bannick, Caitlyn Steiner, Agus Sudaryanto, Eduardo Bernabé, Fereshteh Mehri, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Shaun Roberts, Rajeev Gupta, Jamal A. Yearwood, Nima Rezaei, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, David M. Pigott, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Fiona J Charlson, Norberto Perico, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sergio I. Prada, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Mustafa Z. 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L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL
Subjects: Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

38. Impulsivity and Its Relationship With Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Treatment in Binge Eating Disorder

Author: Kristi R. Griffiths, Leonor Aparício, Taylor A. Braund, Jenny Yang, Grace Harvie, Anthony Harris, Phillipa J. Hay, Stephen Touyz, and Michael R. Kohn
Subjects: Moderate to severe, Binge eating, Over eating, impulsivity, clinical trial, Cognition, Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, Eating frequency, medicine.disease, Impulsivity, drug therapy, BF1-990, Binge-eating disorder, binge eating disorder, medicine, Psychology, medicine.symptom, General Psychology, Original Research, Clinical psychology
Abstract: High trait impulsivity is thought to contribute to the sense of loss of control over eating and impulses to binge eat experienced by those with Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate (LDX), a drug approved for treatment of moderate to severe BED, has been shown to decrease impulsive features of BED. However, the relationship between LDX-related reductions of binge eating (BE) episodes and impulsivity has not yet been explored. Forty-one adults aged 18-40 years with moderate to severe BED completed questionnaires and tasks assessing impulsivity at baseline and after 8 weeks of 50-70mg of LDX. Twenty age-matched healthy controls were also assessed at 2 timepoints for normative comparison. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. BED participants exhibited increased self-reported motor, non-planning, cognitive and food-related impulsivity relative to controls but no differences in objective task-based measures of impulsivity. Food-related and non-planning impulsivity were significantly reduced by LDX, but not to normative levels. Individuals with higher baseline levels of motor and non-planning impulsivity, and loss of control over eating scores experienced the greatest reduction in BE frequency after 8 weeks of LDX. Further, there were significant associations between the degree to which subjective loss of control over eating, non-planning impulsivity and BE eating frequency reduced after 8 weeks of LDX. These data suggest that specific subjective measures of impulsivity may be able to predict who will have the greatest benefit from LDX treatment, and that reductions in binge eating frequency may be moderated by concurrent reductions in non-planning impulsivity.
Published: 2021

39. Woman with Life-Threatening Widespread Rash

Author: Loan Towersey, Rafael Diniz Duarte, Fred Bernardes Filho, Aloysio Taliberti Neto, Roderick J. Hay, and Fernanda Valeria Ramos Paiolo
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Emergency Medicine, MEDLINE, Humans, Medicine, Female, Exanthema, medicine.symptom, business, SOBREVIDA, Rash, Dermatology
Published: 2020

40. Multiple subcutaneous juvenile xanthogranulomas with a blue hue in a neonate: An atypical presentation

Author: Brent Kelly, Adam V. Nguyen, Sharon S. Raimer, Michael P Ryan, and Matthew J. Hay
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, nodule, Juvenile xanthogranuloma, unusual, Case Report, Dermatology, NF1, neurofibromatosis type 1, Juvenile xanthogranulomas, xanthogranuloma, medicine, lcsh:Dermatology, Juvenile, JXG, juvenile xanthogranuloma, JMML, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, blue, business.industry, Nodule (medicine), lcsh:RL1-803, medicine.disease, infant, pediatric, juvenile, atypical, subcutaneous, Presentation (obstetrics), medicine.symptom, neonate, business
Published: 2020

41. Implications of the movement behaviour of African tigerfishHydrocynus vittatusfor the design of freshwater protected areas

Author: Clinton J. Hay, FJ Jacobs, Eva Marita Ulvan, Olaf L. F. Weyl, Deon Tiyeho, Tor F. Næsje, Gordon C. O’Brien, and Colleen T. Downs
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Population, Animal Identification Systems, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, Namibia, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Management tool, Fishery, Hydrocynus vittatus, Radio tracking, Angola, Rivers, Remote Sensing Technology, Animals, %22">Fish , Animal Migration, Characiformes, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: African tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus (n = 35) were tagged with external radio-transmitters in the Kavango River, Namibia, to determine whether freshwater protected areas could be an effective tool for the management and conservation of this species. They were manually tracked in the core study area of 33 km every c. 12 days from July-October 2016 to May 2017 for between 123 to 246 days. In addition, 14 extended surveys were carried out for up to 680 km to determine the total area use of the tagged individuals. Tigerfish displayed at least two behavioural patterns either having high site fidelity with shorter movements or using larger areas with longer movements. Twenty-three (66%) of the tigerfish had high site fidelity using an area of less than 33 km of river, whereas 12 tigerfish (34%) undertook long distance movements of up to 397 km upstream and 116 km downstream from their tagging locations. During the long-distance movements tigerfish crossed the territorial boundaries of Angola, Namibia and Botswana. Of the 35 fish that were monitored, 14 (40%) spent more than 80% of the monitored time in the 33 km study area and 18 (51%) stayed within the study area for at least 50% of the monitored time. These findings suggest that freshwater protected areas may be a useful management tool and we predict that a protected river area of 2-5 km river length could protect 25.9-34.6% of the population for at least 75% of the time whereas protection of 10 km river length could protect at least 50% of tigerfish for at least 75% of the time.
Published: 2019

42. The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action

Author: Dirk Engels, Wendemagegn Enbiale, L. Claire Fuller, Oliver Sokana, James S. McCarthy, Olivier Chosidow, David Hendrickx, Diana L. Martin, Paul T. Cantey, Lucia Romani, John M. Kaldor, Peter J. Hotez, Daniel T. Engelman, Charles D. Mackenzie, Aileen Y. Chang, Mike Kama, Andrew C Steer, Toby Maurer, Roderick J. Hay, Margot J. Whitfeld, Nebiyu Negussu, Birhan Mengistu, Anthony W. Solomon, and Michael Marks
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Sarcoptes scabiei, Global Health, World Health Organization, Scabies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Ivermectin, Global health, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intensive care medicine, biology, business.industry, Public health, Neglected Diseases, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Population Surveillance, Parasitic disease, Neglected tropical diseases, Mass Drug Administration, Public Health, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Scabies is a parasitic disease of the skin that disproportionately affects disadvantaged populations. The disease causes considerable morbidity and leads to severe bacterial infection and immune-mediated disease. Scientific advances from the past 5 years suggest that scabies is amenable to population-level control, particularly through mass drug administration. In recognition of these issues, WHO added scabies to the list of neglected tropical diseases in 2017. To develop a global control programme, key operational research questions must now be addressed. Standardised approaches to diagnosis and methods for mapping are required to further understand the burden of disease. The safety of treatments for young children, including with ivermectin and moxidectin, should be investigated. Studies are needed to inform optimum implementation of mass treatment, including the threshold for intervention, target, dosing, and frequency. Frameworks for surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation of control strategies are also necessary.
Published: 2019

43. Species distribution and epidemiological characteristics of superficial fungal infections in Southeastern Serbia

Author: Marina Đorđević, Marina Ranđelović, Milan Golubović, Nataša Rančić, Suzana Otašević, Stefan Momčilović, Valentina Arsic-Arsenijevic, Roderick J. Hay, and Aleksandra Ignjatović
Subjects: Adult, Male, Microbiological Techniques, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 030106 microbiology, Species distribution, Dermatology, Young Adult, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Dermatomycoses, Humans, Medicine, Trichophyton, Microsporum canis, Risk factor, Candida, biology, business.industry, Arthrodermataceae, Significant difference, General Medicine, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Case-Control Studies, Etiology, Female, business, Serbia
Abstract: Background Superficial fungal infections (SFI), one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, are infections of keratin-rich structures of human body mostly caused by dermatophytes and yeasts. Objectives The goal of this study was to determine the possible changes in the epidemiology of SFI on the territory of Southeastern Serbia and to investigate epidemiological characteristics and the influence of SFI on the patient's quality of life. Methods From 2012 to the end of 2017, samples of 1643 patients (568 males and 1075 females, mean age 40.32 ± 22.44 years) with suspected SFI from Southeastern Serbia were examined using the standard mycological methods. The questionnaires were used to investigate epidemiological characteristics. Results Superficial fungal infections were diagnosed in 20.5% (n = 336) of patients. In the group of dermatophytes, the most prevalent was Microsporum canis (63.9%, n = 76) followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (21.8%, n = 26). Non-albicans Candida species were dominant aetiological agents of superficial candidosis (62.3%). BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (P = 0.019) was determined as an independent risk factor for SFI. There was a statistically significant difference in the EQVAS score between the groups of patients and the control group (P Conclusions Results of conducted study indicate that SFI prevalence has not changed in the previous period. However, increase of Candida-SFI prevalence, especially Candida onychomycosis, was established.
Published: 2019

44. 16 TRAINING FOR MIDWIVES TO SUPPORT WOMEN TO DO THEIR EXERCISES DURING PREGNANCY. A MIXED METHOD EVALUATION OF THE MIDWIFE TRAINING DURING A FEASIBILITY AND PILOT RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Author: C Smith, V Salmon, E Jones, E Edwards, J Hay-Smith, H Frawley, S Webb, D Bick, C MacArthur, and S Dean
Published: 2022

45. 14 TEACHING EFFECTIVE PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE EXERCISES IN ANTENATAL CARE: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAINING PACKAGE FOR COMMUNITY MIDWIVES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Author: S Dean, V Salmon, R Terry, J Hay-Smith, H Frawley, S Chapman, M Pearson, K Boddy, E Cockcroft, S Webb, D Bick, and C MacArthur
Published: 2022

46. 15 PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE TRAINING ADHERENCE: EVALUATING WOMEN’S ADHERENCE TO HOME EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION IN A MULTICENTRE RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Author: I Stokes, F Warren, J Hay-Smith, A Elders, C Bugge, S Hagen, and S Dean
Published: 2022

47. Editorial: Toward an Improved Understanding of Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa

Author: Phillipa J, Hay, Rebecca J, Park, and Stephen W, Touyz
Subjects: Psychiatry, chronic, therapy, Editorial, longstanding, treatment resistant, eating disorder anorexia nervosa
Published: 2021

48. Evaluating the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for skin disease

Author: Jalal Maghfour, Robert P. Dellavalle, Roderick J. Hay, Luigi Naldi, Sameeha S Husayn, Olivier Chosidow, A P Fortugno, Kayd J. Pulsipher, Chandler W Rundle, and Colby L. Presley
Subjects: Knowledge management, business.industry, Organizational model, MEDLINE, Dermatology, Disease, World Health Organization, Skin Diseases, Essential medicines, World health, Medicine, Humans, business, Drugs, Essential
Published: 2021

49. Tinea capitis asymptomatic carriers: what is the evidence behind treatment?

Author: G.B.E. Jemec, A. Aharaz, Roderick J. Hay, and D.M.L. Saunte
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Antifungal Agents, Itraconazole, business.industry, Dermatology, Naphthalenes, medicine.disease, Asymptomatic, Clinical trial, Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology, medicine, Terbinafine, Humans, Tinea capitis, medicine.symptom, Adverse effect, business, Child, Asymptomatic carrier, Tinea Capitis, medicine.drug
Abstract: Tinea capitis is a fungal infection mostly affecting children. Epidemiology is changing over time due to migration and it has been estimated that up to 40 % of children from certain developing countries are affected. The mechanism of transmission is still unclear although asymptomatic carriage seems to have an influence in establishing persistent reservoirs that can cause or fuel epidemics. Screening and prophylactic treatment of close contacts of tinea capitis patients are therefore recommended by several international guidelines, but vaguely and not consistent. The treatments involved can be expensive, hard to integrate in everyday life, have well-known side-effects and some are not approved for the treatment of children. The aim of this review is to clarify the evidence behind treatment of human asymptomatic carriers of tinea capitis. Databases were searched for the "tinea capitis", "carriers" and "treatment". Inclusion criteria were clinical trials, observational and interventional studies including case series (10+ cases) and case reports in English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and French. Reviews, guidelines, unclear reports and in vitro trials were excluded. A systematic review identified 10 studies with low to moderate evidence level. The topical treatments ketoconazole, povidone-iodine, miconazole as well as the systemic antifungals terbinafine and itraconazole have all shown significant effects in the mycological eradication of fungal conidia. General prophylactic hygienic measures may have a benefit. The scientific evidence behind the treatment of asymptomatic carriage of scalp dermatophytes is sparse and not of high quality. Yet, both topical and systemic antifungal agents show treatment efficacy. Considering the possible adverse effects, topical agents are preferable, but with necessary attention to the compliance of asymptomatic contacts with treatment.
Published: 2021

50. Emerging antifungal treatment failure of dermatophytosis in Europe: take care or it may become endemic

Author: Jacek C Szepietowski, Pauline Lecerf, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Michael Arabatzis, Philipp P. Bosshard, A.Y. Sergeev, Pietro Nenoff, Roman Nowicki, Bardur Sigurgeirsson, L.P. Kotrekhova, Bianca Maria Piraccini, A. Prohić, Ma Mercedes Pereiro-Ferreirós, Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira, Ditte Marie Saunte, V Padovese, Roderick J. Hay, Saunte D.M.L., Pereiro-Ferreiros M., Rodriguez-Cerdeira C., Sergeev A.Y., Arabatzis M., Prohic A., Piraccini B.M., Lecerf P., Nenoff P., Kotrekhova L.P., Bosshard P.P., Padovese V., Szepietowski J.C., Sigurgeirsson B., Nowicki R.J., Schmid-Grendelmeier P., Hay R.J., University of Zurich, and Saunte, D M L
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Antifungal, medicine.medical_specialty, Antifungal Agents, Itraconazole, medicine.drug_class, 030106 microbiology, Antifungal drug, 610 Medicine & health, Pilot Projects, Dermatology, Treatment failure, 2708 Dermatology, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Tinea, Medicine, Humans, Antifungal Agent, Pilot Project, Treatment Failure, Task force, business.industry, 10177 Dermatology Clinic, 2725 Infectious Diseases, Griseofulvin, Europe, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Terbinafine, business, medicine.drug, Human
Abstract: Background: Dermatophytosis is a world-wide distributed common infection. Antifungal drug resistance in dermatophytosis used to be rare, but unfortunately the current Indian epidemic of atypical widespread recalcitrant and terbinafine-resistant dermatophytosis is spreading and has sporadically been reported in Europe. Objectives: To explore the occurrence of clinical and mycological proven antifungal drug resistance in dermatophytes in Europe. Methods: A standardized questionnaire was distributed through the EADV Task Force of Mycology network to dermatologists in Europe. Results: Representatives from 20 countries completed the questionnaires of which 17 (85 %) had observed clinical and/or mycological confirmed antifungal resistance, two countries published cases of antifungal resistance and one country had no known cases. Conclusions: This pilot study confirms that both clinical and mycological antifungal resistance exist in Europe.
Published: 2021

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