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Low-acid vegetables were processed in a water-bath at 212° F. for one-half to three hours continuously and also intermittently, as in home canning. Peas, corn, and snap beans processed by these methods showed the presence of many types of surviving aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, but none showed spoilage when containers were effectively sealed. The same was found true for commercially canned products. The addition of 50% tomato juice to snap beans considerably reduced the number of bacterial survivors and made possible the greatest number of sterile containers, even with processing time of one and one-half hours.

THIS paper reports the results of a series of experiments on the freezing of chicken with an over-all objective of discovering the effects of freezing and storage on palatability. 1. EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON PALATABILITY Materials and General Procedure The poultry used in most of the experiments were one-year-old Barred Plymouth Rock hens from a flock raised at the Poultry Department. These hens were laying and were fat. In addition some birds were used at the fryer stage. Two or three birds constituted an experimental unit and a total of 193 birds was used. The birds were killed and dressed at the Poultry Department from May 7–9, 1946. Each day’s kill was refrigerated at 32°F. overnight at the Department of Horticulture and processed there the next day. Birds cooked before freezing were eviscerated in the morning, cooked in the afternoon, cooled overnight at 45°F., and packaged and …

Celery grown in muck soil near Thedford, Ont., is subject to a storage rot caused by a fungus, Ansatospora macrospora (Osterw.) Newhall. A 10-year investigation has shown that damage varies from nothing to complete destruction of the stored celery. Losses are usually small during the first two months of storage; they increase with time and may be complete in four months. Most of the losses are caused by lesions that develop in the celery butts.The work reported followed two major courses: the life history of the organism and practical control of the disease. The latter was obtained by dipping the trimmed butts of celery at harvest in a watery mixture of phenylmercuric acetate.

Evidence is presented which shows that browning root rot of cereals is caused primarily by species of Pythium the most important of which are P. arrhenomanes Drechsler var. canadensis n. var. and P. volutum n. sp. Soil conditions, especially those following summerfallow, and seasonal climatic factors also play a necessary role. Under experimental conditions Pythium injury to cereals manifests itself as an embryo rot or as pre-emergence killing of the seedlings, as post-emergence blighting, or as retarded development throughout the life of the plant, due to the impairment of the root system especially during the seedling stage. Both the spring and winter wheats are susceptible.The isolation and inoculation methods found convenient in the study of the problem are outlined. P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis is widely distributed over the province, whereas P. volutum appears to be more limited in its range. Specific diagnoses of these two species and a discussion of their taxonomy are given. Other less aggressive species of Pythium undoubtedly contribute to the disease complex.Comparative experiments show that Pythium injury to wheat may be as severe as that caused by Ophiobolus graminis or by Helminthosporium sativum. In general, P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis, the Louisiana sugar-cane Pythium and P. arrhenomanes are similar in their degree and range of parasitism, whereas P. volutum shows marked differences. Experimental evidence obtained under controlled conditions indicates that the damage caused to young wheat plants by P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis increases with both increasing soil temperatures and soil moistures. No correlation has been found between the hydrogen ion concentration of the soil and the distribution of the disease. Both P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis and P. volutum will grow in nutrient solutions with a lower pH value than that of any prairie soil tested, but optimum growth for both species occurs at neutrality. No conclusive results have as yet been obtained as to the effects of various fertilizers on the disease under artificial conditions.

This paper reports the results of two years of investigation at the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland, Ontario, on fungi associated with the root rot of strawberries. Roots from the field were collected periodically throughout two growing seasons and were studied by direct microscopical examination and by plating methods. Hundreds of isolates from diseased roots were tested by artificial inoculation of strawberry roots, and the primary parasites were further studied. These were classed in the following genera: Pythium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Ramularia, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium and Cylindrocladium. Microscopical examination revealed three additional forms, Asterocystis, a Plasmodiophoraceous fungus and the Phycomycetous mycorrhizal fungus, which are obligate parasites of Phycomycetous type. Some of the fungi occurred more frequently than others, and there were seasonal variations in the activity of most of them. A similar root flora was encountered in wild strawberry roots, so that most of these fungi are probably indigenous. Their relative importance can be determined only by several years of observation of field material.

Lagena radicicola was reported first by Vanterpool and Ledingham 2 from a few localities in Saskatchewan. It is an obligate parasite of the roots of various cereals and wild grasses. The new genus was provisionally placed in the family Ancylistaceae and its possible relationship to the genus Pythium was noted. The purpose of this paper is to report the occurrence of the fungus in soil from Vineland, Ontario, and to present some new observations on its morphology and host range. The fungus was obtained from Vineland soil in the fall of 1931 on the hosts mentioned by Vanterpool and Ledingham, namely, wheat, barley, rye and maize, and during the summer of 1932 it was found in several fields in the Vineland district on Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. and a number of other wild grasses. A brief description of L. radicicola is necessary for purposes of comparison. The vegetative phase consists of simple (fig. 1) or lobed sacs suspended in the lumena of cortical cells of young rootlets. A definite neck (fig. 1) connects the sac to the cell wall and marks the place where infection by a zoospore occurred. An exit tube (fig. 2) grows out from the neck and at its distal end expands to form a vesicle into which flow the contents of the sac. Zoospores are delimited in the vesicle (fig. 3) and are freed after its rupture. The zoospores are reniform and biciliate and the whole process of zoospore discharge resembles that of the genus Pythium. Structures similar to those which function as sporangia may function as gametangia. The contents of one sac passes through a conjugation tube into a second sac (fig. 7) and a resting spore (fig. 9) is produced in the latter. Germination of the resting spores has not been seen. 1 This work was done during the tenure of a Bursary from the National Research Council of Canada, in the Laboratories of the Department of Botany, University of Toronto. I am indebted to Professors D. L. Bailey and H. S. Jackson for their interest and advice. 2 Vanterpool, T. C, and G. A. Ledingham. Studies on "Browning" root rot of cereals 1. The association of Lagena radicicola N. Gen.; N. Sp., with the root injury of wheat. Can. Jour. Res. 2: 171-194. 1930. 263