Search

Funding Information: This work is supported by US DOE Contracts DE-SC0020337, DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-AC02-09CH11466 and DE-SC0015878. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a US Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 using NERSC Award FES-ERCAP20598. The ASCOT5 project was partially funded by the Academy of Finland Project Nos. 324759 and 298126. The ASCOT5 project has received funding from the European Research Council under Grant Agreement No. 647121. This ASCOT5 project has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion consortium and has received funding from the Euratom Research and Training Programme under Grant Agreement No. 633053. X. Wang’s work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No. 101052200—EUROfusion). The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. | openaire: EC/H2020/647121/EU//PLASMA | openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion An imaging neutral particle analyzer (INPA) provides energy and radially resolved measurements of the confined fast-ion population ranging from the high-field side to the edge on the midplane of the DIII-D tokamak. In recent experiments, it was used to diagnose fast-ion flow in the INPA-interrogated phase-space driven by multiple, marginally unstable Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). The key features of this measured fast-ion flow are: (I) a fast-ion flow from q min and the injection energy (81 keV) towards lower energies and plasma periphery.(II) A flow from the same location towards higher energies and the plasma core, (III) a phase-space 'hole' at the injected energy and plasma core and (IV) a pile-up at the plasma core at lower energies ( 1/460 keV). Ad hoc energetic particle diffusivity modelling of TRANSP significantly deviates from the observation. Comparably, a reduced modelling, i.e. a combination of NOVA-K and ASCOT5 code with the measured mode structure and amplitude, generally reproduce some key features of the observed phase-space flow, but largely failed to interpret fast ion depletion near the plasma axis. At last, self-consistent, first-principle multi-phase hybrid simulations that include realistic neutral beam injection and collisions are able to reproduce most features of the time-resolved phase-space flow. During consecutive hybrid phases, an RSAE consistent with the experiment grows and saturates, redistributing the injected fast ions. The resulting synthetic INPA images are in good agreement with the measurement near the injection energy. The simulations track the fast-ion redistribution within the INPA range, confirming that the measured fast-ion flow follows streamlines defined by the intersection of phase-space surfaces of constant magnetic moment μ and constant E′ = nE + ωP φ, where n and ω are the instability toroidal mode number and frequency, and E and P φ the ion energy and toroidal canonical momentum. Nonperturbative effects are required to reproduce the depletion of fast ions near the magnetic axis at the injection energy.

Proceeding paper of the 4th European Conference on Plasma Diagnostics (ECPD2021) 7–11 June, 2021, A real-time control system is being developed for a magnetically driven Fast-Ion Loss Detector (FILD) at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The insertion of the diagnostic head will be adjusted in real-time to react to changes in the graphite head temperature, plasma position and appearance of MHD instabilities. The graphite probe head of the detector is exposed to an intense heat flux (located ∼3–5 cm from separatrix). The control algorithm performance is constrained by: the graphite head sublimation temperature, the ultimate stress limit, the reaction time of the controller and the retraction time. In this work, the temperature and thermal induced stress distribution on the probe head are assessed to determine what temperature-related magnitude is the limiting factor. The heat flux at the probe head has been estimated using the time-averaged parallel heat flux measured at the divertor target via infrared thermography. A field line tracing algorithm determines which regions of the probe head receives a weighted heat flux due to shadowing (self-induced or from other structures) and the incidence angle of the field lines. A finite element model is used to simulate the temporal evolution of the graphite head temperature and to obtain the induced thermal stress. The temperature spatial distribution at the probe head is validated against measurements of the probe head for different FILD systems showing a good agreement. These measurements have been obtained from visible cameras with an infrared filter. The model concludes that the maximum stress (∼100 MPa) does not overcome the graphite mechanical limit (170 MPa) and that the probe head is not affected by fatigue. Therefore, the graphite sublimation temperature (2000 °C) is set as the limiting factor of the new control system., This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom Research and Training Programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053.

An overview of recent results obtained at the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) is given. A work flow for predictive profile modelling of AUG discharges was established which is able to reproduce experimental H-mode plasma profiles based on engineering parameters only. In the plasma center, theoretical predictions on plasma current redistribution by a dynamo effect were confirmed experimentally. For core transport, the stabilizing effect of fast ion distributions on turbulent transport is shown to be important to explain the core isotope effect and improves the description of hollow low-Z impurity profiles. The L–H power threshold of hydrogen plasmas is not affected by small helium admixtures and it increases continuously from the deuterium to the hydrogen level when the hydrogen concentration is raised from 0 to 100%. One focus of recent campaigns was the search for a fusion relevant integrated plasma scenario without large edge localised modes (ELMs). Results from six different ELM-free confinement regimes are compared with respect to reactor relevance: ELM suppression by magnetic perturbation coils could be attributed to toroidally asymmetric turbulent fluctuations in the vicinity of the separatrix. Stable improved confinement mode plasma phases with a detached inner divertor were obtained using a feedback control of the plasma β. The enhanced Dα H-mode regime was extended to higher heating power by feedback controlled radiative cooling with argon. The quasi-coherent exhaust regime was developed into an integrated scenario at high heating power and energy confinement, with a detached divertor and without large ELMs. Small ELMs close to the separatrix lead to peeling-ballooning stability and quasi continuous power exhaust. Helium beam density fluctuation measurements confirm that transport close to the separatrix is important to achieve the different ELM-free regimes. Based on separatrix plasma parameters and interchange-drift-Alfvén turbulence, an analytic model was derived that reproduces the experimentally found important operational boundaries of the density limit and between L- and H-mode confinement. Feedback control for the X-point radiator (XPR) position was established as an important element for divertor detachment control. Stable and detached ELM-free phases with H-mode confinement quality were obtained when the XPR was moved 10 cm above the X-point. Investigations of the plasma in the future flexible snow-flake divertor of AUG by means of first SOLPS-ITER simulations with drifts activated predict beneficial detachment properties and the activation of an additional strike point by the drifts. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per més de 50 autors/es: U. Stroth, D. Aguiam, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, R. Arredondo Parra, V. Artigues, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon-Navarro, K. Behler, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, C. Bruhn, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megias, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, I. Cziegler, O. D'Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, S. Denk, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, J.J. Dominguez Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, A. Drenik, M. Dreval, R. Drube, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, K. Engelhardt, B. Erdös, I. Erofeev, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, S. Fietz, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo10, Y. Gao11, S. Garavaglia3, M. Garcia Muñoz16, B. Geiger21, L. Giannone1, S. Gibson32, L. Gil2, E. Giovannozzi18, S. Glöggler1, M. Gobbin8, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, G. Haas, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, T. Ilkei, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, F. Janky, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, S. Kálvin, M. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen4, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, O. Kudlacek, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, A. Lohs, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, P. Manas, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, A. Martitsch, F. Matos, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, R. Merkel, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, H. Meyer, D. Milanesio, P. Molina Cabrera, F. Monaco, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, A. Nemes-Czopf, G. Neu, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, J.-M. Noterdaeme, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, M. Oberkofler, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, F. Orain, F. Palermo, O. Pan, G. Papp, I. Paradela Perez, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, P. Petersson, P. Piovesan, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöck, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, L. Porte, T. Pütterich, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, D. Réfy, M. Reich1, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, T. Ribeiro, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, D. Rittich, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, A. Ross, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, K. Schlüter, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, E. Seliunin, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, E. Smigelskis, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, J. Stober, E. Strumberge1, G. Suarez Lopez, H.-J. Sun, W. Suttrop, E. Sytova, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, E. Trier, M. Tripský, M. Usoltceva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, G. Verdoolaege, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, M. Zilker, A. Zito, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik and the EUROfusion MST1 Team "

openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Funding Information: The author (X. D. Du) would like to thank M. Podestà, G. J. Kramer, and R.Nazikian for fruitful discussions. This work was supported by the US DOE under DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-AC02-09CH11466, and DE-SC0015878. The ASCOT5 project has received funding from the European Research Council under Grant Agreement No. 647121. This ASCOT5 project has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. The ASCOT5 project was also partially funded by the Academy of Finland projects No. 324759 and No. 298126. We acknowledge the computational resources provided by Aalto Science-IT project. The MEGA simulation used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 American Physical Society. Fast ion phase-space flow, driven by Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs), is measured by an imaging neutral particle analyzer in the DIII-D tokamak. The flow firstly appears near the minimum safety factor at the injection energy of neutral beams, and then moves radially inward and outward by gaining and losing energy, respectively. The flow trajectories in phase space align well with the intersection lines of the constant magnetic moment surfaces and constant E-(ω/n)Pζ surfaces, where E, Pζ are the energy and canonical toroidal momentum of ions; ω and n are angular frequencies and toroidal mode numbers of AEs. It is found that the flow is so destructive that the thermalization of fast ions is no longer observed in regions of strong interaction. The measured phase-space flow is consistent with nonlinear hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamics simulation. Calculations of the relatively narrow phase-space islands reveal that fast ions must transition between different flow trajectories to experience large-scale phase-space transport.

Objectives. The main objective of the present study is to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a retrospective diagnostic of lymphatic tuberculosis (LTB), testing frozen samples using gene amplification PCR methods. The secondary objective was to compare the results of two different commercial tuberculosis gene amplification methods for this purpose. Material and methods. We retrospectively studied 38 frozen samples, previously processed for mycobacterial culture between January 2014 and August 2019. The results of the previous cultures were: 21 samples positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) (5 being smear positive), 7 samples culture positive for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex and 10 samples which were mycobacterial culture negative and discarded for LTB diagnosis, used as controls. The samples were processed using two gene amplification methods: Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra (Cepheid) and Abbott RealTime MTB Assay (Abbott). Results. Compared to initial culture results the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra were 57.1% and 100% and 52.3 % and 92.5%, respectively for the Abbott RealTime MTB assay. The differences were not statiscally significant. In addition, there were no differences according to the period of freezing. Conclusions. Gene amplification of frozen samples confirmed the diagnosis of lymphatic TB in almost 60% of cases, allowing retrospective diagnosis in initially non suspected cases. Both gene amplification techniques tested were equally useful.

Introduction The weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) decision involves a meticulous evaluation of different factors, among which echocardiography is a decisive factor. Purpose Evaluate echocardiographic changes from the beginning of the support to the weaning test. Methods Analysis of VA-ECMO cases in a referral hospital which completed a weaning test. We evaluated the changes of echocardiographic parameters during the VA-ECMO support (initial and during weaning test) and successful weaning (survival >24h after explant and no mortality from cardiogenic shock/heart failure or cardiac arrest during admission). Results 85 out of 134 VA-ECMO patients were included from 2013 to Oct-2020 (table 1.1). Successful weaning was achieved in 61.2% and final survival at discharge 49.4%. We observed a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular outflow tract time–velocity integral (LVOT VTI), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the percentage of patients with normal qualitative right ventricular function and 1:1 aortic valve opening from the initial to the weaning echocardiography (table 1.2), without significant changes in ventricular diameters. Among these changes, the increase in LVOT VTI was the only parameter that was related to weaning success (p=0.037, table 1.2). A higher LVEF increase from the initial value showed a trend to greater successful VA-ECMO disconnection (p=0.053 table 1.2). Conclusion Left and right ventricular function parameters improved significantly from baseline to weaning test echocardiography in VA-ECMO supported patients. Of these changes, the increase in LVOT VTI was related to successful disconnection from VA-ECMO and the LVEF improvement showed a trend to weaning success. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Spain (Co-funded by European Social Fund “Investing in your future”). Characteristics ECMO-VA patients

In this paper, we report the novel experimental observation of both unstable and stable toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) measured simultaneously in a JET tokamak plasma. The three-ion-heating scheme (D-DNBI-3He) is employed to accelerate deuterons to MeV energies, thereby destabilizing TAEs with toroidal mode numbers n = 3–5, each decreasing in mode amplitude. At the same time, the Alfvén eigenmode active diagnostic resonantly excites a stable n = 6 TAE with total normalized damping rate −γ/ω 0 ≈ 1%–4%. Hybrid kinetic-MHD modeling with codes NOVA-K and MEGA both find eigenmodes with similar frequencies, mode structures, and radial locations as in experiment. NOVA-K demonstrates good agreement with the n = 3, 4, and 6 TAEs, matching the damping rate of the n = 6 mode within uncertainties and identifying radiative damping as the dominant contribution. Improved agreement is found with MEGA for all modes: the unstable n = 3–5 and stable n = 2, 6 modes, with the latter two stabilized by higher intrinsic damping and lower fast ion drive, respectively. While some discrepancies remain to be resolved, this unique validation effort gives us confidence in TAE stability predictions for future fusion devices.

The impact of externally applied magnetic perturbations (MPs) on fast-ion losses has been investigated by means of the light ion beam probe (LIBP) technique in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The LIBP technique allows to experimentally infer the fast-ion orbit displacement induced by MPs via first-orbit losses using scintillator based fast-ion loss detector (FILD) measurements. The fast-ion orbit displacement against different applied MP spectra has been studied. These shots were conducted in ELM mitigated H-mode plasmas. A rigid rotation of the MP coils was applied with a frequency of 1 Hz, with an n = 2 configuration and changing the differential phase between the upper and lower set of coils (ΔΦul) on a shot-to-shot basis. Beam sources Q7 (tangential) and Q8 (radial) were used to probe different fast-ion orbits with FILD1. The measured fast-ion orbit displacement ranges from 3 to 20 mm approximately, and no qualitative difference is observed between ions from beam sources Q7 and Q8. The minimum is found for a ΔΦul ∼ 50°, which is shifted with respect to the minimum of the plasma boundary displacement, found at ΔΦul ∼ 0°. A first attempt to validate the orbit following code ASCOT—including the plasma response calculated with the MARS-F code—against these experimental measurements is performed. While the dependence of the first-orbit fast-ion displacement with ΔΦul does not match the experimental measurements, these simulations do capture other features such as the order of magnitude of the orbit displacement and the importance of the toroidal spectrum of the applied perturbation.

A synthetic fast-ion loss (FIL) detector and an imaging Heavy Ion Beam Probe (i-HIBP) have been implemented in the 3D hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic code MEGA. First synthetic measurements from these two diagnostics have been obtained for neutral beam injection-driven Alfvén Eigenmode (AE) simulated with MEGA. The synthetic FILs show a strong correlation with the AE amplitude. This correlation is observed in the phase-space, represented in coordinates (P, E), being toroidal canonical momentum and energy, respectively. FILs and the energy exchange diagrams of the confined population are connected with lines of constant E, a linear combination of E and P. First i-HIBP synthetic signals also have been computed for the simulated AE, showing displacements in the strike line of the order of ∼1 mm, above the expected resolution in the i-HIBP scintillator of ∼100 μm., This work received funding from the European Starting Grant (ERC) from project 3D-FIREFLUC and from the Spanish Ministry of Science under Grant No. FPU19/02267. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.

Beam modulation effects on Alfvén eigenmode stability have been investigated in a recent DIII-D experiment and show that variations in neutral beam modulation period can have an impact on the beam driven Alfvén eigenmode spectrum and resultant fast ion transport despite similar time-averaged input power. The experiment was carried out during the current ramp phase of L-mode discharges heated with sub-Alfvénic 50–80 kV deuterium neutral beams that drive a variety of Alfvén eigenmodes unstable. The modulation period of two interleaved beams with different tangency radii was varied from shot to shot in order to modify the relative time dependent mix of the beam pitch angle distribution as well as the persistence of a bump-on-tail feature near the injection energy (a feature confirmed by imaging neutral particle analyzer measurements). As the beam modulation period is varied from 7 ms to 30 ms on/off (typical full energy slowing down time of τ slow ≈ 50 ms at mid-radius), toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) located in the outer periphery of the plasma become intermittent and coincident with the more tangential beam. Core mode activity changes from reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes (RSAEs) to a mix of RSAE and beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes. Discharges with 30 ms on/off period do not have a persistent bump-on-tail feature, have the lowest average mode amplitude and least fast ion transport. Detailed analysis of an individual TAE using TRANSP kick modeling (Monte Carlo evolution of the distribution function with probabilistic ‘kicks’ by the AEs) and the resistive MHD code with kinetic fast ions, MEGA, find no strong role of energy gradient drive due to bump-on-tail features. Instead, the observed TAE modulation with interleaved beams is likely a pitch angle dependent result combined with slowing down of the tangential beam between pulses. For the conditions investigated, bump-on-tail contributions to TAE drive were found to be 5% or less of the total drive at any given time.

This paper summarizes the physical principles behind the novel three-ion scenarios using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). We discuss how to transform mode conversion electron heating into a new flexible ICRF technique for ion cyclotron heating and fast-ion generation in multi-ion species plasmas. The theoretical section provides practical recipes for selecting the plasma composition to realize three-ion ICRF scenarios, including two equivalent possibilities for the choice of resonant absorbers that have been identified. The theoretical findings have been convincingly confirmed by the proof-of-principle experiments in mixed H?D plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod and JET tokamaks, using thermal 3He and fast D ions from neutral beam injection as resonant absorbers. Since 2018, significant progress has been made on the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks in H?4He and H?D plasmas, guided by the ITER needs. Furthermore, the scenario was also successfully applied in JET D?3He plasmas as a technique to generate fusion-born alpha particles and study effects of fast ions on plasma confinement under ITER-relevant plasma heating conditions. Tuned for the central deposition of ICRF power in a small region in the plasma core of large devices such as JET, three-ion ICRF scenarios are efficient in generating large populations of passing fast ions and modifying the q-profile. Recent experimental and modeling developments have expanded the use of three-ion scenarios from dedicated ICRF studies to a flexible tool with a broad range of different applications in fusion research. AB - This paper summarizes the physical principles behind the novel three-ion scenarios using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). We discuss how to transform mode conversion electron heating into a new flexible ICRF technique for ion cyclotron heating and fast-ion generation in multi-ion species plasmas. The theoretical section provides practical recipes for selecting the plasma composition to realize three-ion ICRF scenarios, including two equivalent possibilities for the choice of resonant absorbers that have been identified. The theoretical findings have been convincingly confirmed by the proof-of-principle experiments in mixed H?D plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod and JET tokamaks, using thermal 3He and fast D ions from neutral beam injection as resonant absorbers. Since 2018, significant progress has been made on the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks in H?4He and H?D plasmas, guided by the ITER needs. Furthermore, the scenario was also successfully applied in JET D?3He plasmas as a technique to generate fusion-born alpha particles and study effects of fast ions on plasma confinement under ITER-relevant plasma heating conditions. Tuned for the central deposition of ICRF power in a small region in the plasma core of large devices such as JET, three-ion ICRF scenarios are efficient in generating large populations of passing fast ions and modifying the q-profile. Recent experimental and modeling developments have expanded the use of three-ion scenarios from dedicated ICRF studies to a flexible tool with a broad range of different applications in fusion research. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that allowed us to improve the paper, I. Voitsekhovitch for her valuable comments and suggestions during the paper preparation, and to H. Meyer and J. Faustin for fruitful discussions. We thank the ITPA Energetic Particle Physics Topical Group for its support. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of this work was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). ITER is the Nuclear Facility INB No. 174. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the ITER Organization. This publication is provided for scientific purposes only. Its contents should not be considered as commitments from the ITER Organization as a nuclear operator in the frame of the licensing process. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per 67 autors/es: Ye. O. Kazakov, J. Ongena, J. C. Wright, S. J. Wukitch, V. Bobkov, J. Garcia, V. G. Kiptily, M. J. Mantsinen, M. Nocente, M. Schneider, H. Weisen, Y. Baranov, M. Baruzzo, R. Bilato, A. Chomiczewska, R. Coelho, T. Craciunescu K. Crombé, M. Dreval, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, F. Durodié, J. Eriksson, M. Fitzgerald, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart, M. Garcia-Muñoz, L. Giacomelli, C. Giroud, J. Gonzalez-Martin, A. Hakola, P. Jacquet, T. Johnson, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, D. King, K. K. Kirov, P. Lamalle, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, M. Maslov, S. Mazzi, S. Menmuir, I. Monakhov5, F. Nabais, M. F. F. Nave, R. Ochoukov, A. R. Polevoi, S. D. Pinches, U. Plank, D. Rigamonti, M. Salewski, P. A. Schneider, S. E. Sharapov, Ž. Štancar, A. Thorman, D. Valcarcel, D. Van Eester, M. Van Schoor, J. Varje, M. Weiland, N. Wendler, JET Contributors, ASDEX Upgrade Team, EUROfusion MST1 Team, and Alcator C-Mod Team"

A forward model to resolve the fast-ion loss velocity-space on a fast-ion loss detector (FILD) probe head (FILDSIM) has been extended, making it possible to perform real-time analysis of the FILD data ("real-time FILDSIM"). Parametric pre-processing with FILDSIM enables real-time mapping of the raw FILD measurements to the velocity-space of the fast-ion distribution reaching the FILD probe, which depends on the local magnetic field at the probe head. Such parametric pre-processing facilitates the study of fast-ion losses in stages of the discharge other than the flat-top, such as the ramp-up phase when changes in the local magnetic field at the probe head cannot be neglected. Real-time FILDSIM has been applied to the existing and newly installed FILDs in ASDEX Upgrade and will be used for the forthcoming FILD in MAST-Upgrade. Due to the larger size of the MAST-U FILD probe, the approximation used in FILDSIM of a uniform magnetic field in the FILD region has been generalised to the case of a non-uniform field, with gyro-orbits calculated numerically in this field. Universidad de Sevilla PP2016-7145 Comunidad Europea de Energía Atómica (EURATOM) 6333053

Within the EUROfusion MST1 work package, a series of experiments has been conducted on AUG and TCV devices to disentangle the role of plasma fueling and plasma shape for the onset of small ELM regimes. On both devices, small ELM regimes with high confinement are achieved if and only if two conditions are fulfilled at the same time. Firstly, the plasma density at the separatrix must be large enough (), leading to a pressure profile flattening at the separatrix, which stabilizes type-I ELMs. Secondly, the magnetic configuration has to be close to a double null (DN), leading to a reduction of the magnetic shear in the extreme vicinity of the separatrix. As a consequence, its stabilizing effect on ballooning modes is weakened. Peer Reviewed Article escrit per 365 autors/autores: Labit, B.; Eich, T.; Harrer, G. F.; Wolfrum, E.; Bernert, M.; Dunne, M. G.; Frassinetti, L.; Hennequin, P.; Maurizio, R.; Merle, A.; Meyer, H.; Saarelma, S.; Sheikh, U.; Adamek, J.; Agostini, M.; Aguiam, D.; Akers, R.; Albanese, R.; Albert, C.; Alessi, E.; Ambrosino, R.; Andr be, Y.; Angioni, C.; Apruzzese, G.; Aradi, M.; Arnichand, H.; Auriemma, F.; Avdeeva, G.; Ayllon-Guerola, J. M.; Bagnato, F.; Bandaru, V. K.; Barnes, M.; Barrera-Orte, L.; Bettini, P.; Bilato, R.; Biletskyi, O.; Bilkova, P.; Bin, W.; Blanchard, P.; Blanken, T.; Bobkov, V.; Bock, A.; Boeyaert, D.; Bogar, K.; Bogar, O.; Bohm, P.; Bolzonella, T.; Bombarda, F.; Boncagni, L.; Bouquey, F.; Bowman, C.; Brezinsek, S.; Brida, D.; Brunetti, D.; Bucalossi, J.; Buchanan, J.; Buermans, J.; Bufferand, H.; Buller, S.; Buratti, P.; Burckhart, A.; Calabr, G.; Calacci, L.; Camenen, Y.; Cannas, B.; Cano Megías, P.; Carnevale, D.; Carpanese, F.; Carr, M.; Carralero, D.; Carraro, L.; Casolari, A.; Cathey, A.; Causa, F.; Cavedon, M.; Cecconello, M.; Ceccuzzi, S.; Cerovsky, J.; Chapman, S.; Chmielewski, P.; Choi, D.; Cianfarani, C.; Ciraolo, G.; Coda, S.; Coelho, R.; Colas, L.; Colette, D.; Cordaro, L.; Cordella, F.; Costea, S.; Coster, D.; Cruz Zabala, D. J.; Cseh, G.; Czarnecka, A.; Cziegler, I.; D’Arcangelo, O.; Dal Molin, A.; David, P.; De Carolis, G.; De Oliveira, H.; Decker, J.; Dejarnac, R.; Delogu, R.; Den Harder, N.; Dimitrova, M.; Dolizy, F.; Domínguez-Palacios Durán, J. J.; Douai, D.; Drenik, A.; Dreval, M.; Dudson, B.; Dunai, D.; Duval, B. P.; Dux, R.; Elmore, S.; Embréus, O.; Erds, B.; Fable, E.; Faitsch, M.; Fanni, A.; Farnik, M.; Faust, I.; Faustin, J.; Fedorczak, N.; Felici, F.; Feng, S.; Feng, X.; Ferreira, J.; Ferr, G.; Février, O.; Ficker, O.; Figini, L.; Figueiredo, A.; Fil, A.; Fontana, M.; Francesco, M.; Fuchs, C.; Futatani, S.; Gabellieri, L.; Gadariya, D.; Gahle, D.; Galassi, D.; Gałązka, K.; Galdon-Quiroga, J.; Galeani, S.; Gallart, D.; Gallo, A.; Galperti, C.; Garavaglia, S.; Garcia, J.; Garcia-Lopez, J.; Garcia-Mu oz, M.; Garzotti, L.; Gath, J.; Geiger, B.; Giacomelli, L.; Giannone, L.; Gibson, S.; Gil, L.; Giovannozzi, E.; Giruzzi, G.; Gobbin, M.; Gonzalez-Martin, J.; Goodman, T. P.; Gorini, G.; Gospodarczyk, M.; Granucci, G.; Grekov, D. 1; Grenfell, G.; Griener, M.; Groth, M.; Grover, O.; Gruca, M.; Gude, A.; Guimarais, L.; Gyergyek, T.; Hacek, P.; Hakola, A.; Ham, C.; Happel, T.; Harrison, J.; Havranek, A.; Hawke, J.; Henderson, S.; Hesslow, L.; Hitzler, F.; Hnat, B.; Hobirk, J.; Hoelzl, M.; Hogeweij, D.; Hopf, C.; Hoppe, M.; Horacek, J.; Hron, M.; Huang, Z.; Iantchenko, A.; Iglesias, D.; Igochine, V.; Innocente, P.; Ionita-Schrittwieser, C.; Isliker, H.; Ivanova-Stanik, I.; Jacobsen, A.; Jakubowski, M.; Janky, F.; Jardin, A.; Jaulmes, F.; Jensen, T.; Jonsson, T.; Kallenbach, A.; Kappatou, A.; Karpushov, A.; Kasilov, S.; Kazakov, Y.; Kazantzidis, P. V.; Keeling, D.; Kelemen, M.; Kendl, A.; Kernbichler, W.; Kirk, A.; Kocsis, G.; Komm, M.; Kong, M.; Korovin, V.; Koubiti, M.; Kovacic, J.; Krawczyk, N.; Krieger, K.; Kripner, L.; Křivská, A.; Kudlacek, O.; Kulyk, Y.; Kurki-Suonio, T.; Kwiatkowski, R.; Laggner, F.; Laguardia, L.; Lahtinen, A.; Lang, P.; Likonen, J.; Lipschultz, B.; Liu, F.; Lombroni, R.; Lorenzini, R.; Loschiavo, V. P.; Lunt, T.; MacUsova, E.; Madsen, J.; Maggiora, R.; Maljaars, B.; Manas, P.; Mantica, P.; Mantsinen, M. J.; Manz, P.; Maraschek, M.; Marchenko, V.; Marchetto, C.; Mariani, A.; Marini, C.; Markovic, T.; Marrelli, L.; Martin, P.; Martín Solís, J. R.; Martitsch, A.; Mastrostefano, S.; Matos, F.; Matthews, G.; Mayoral, M.-L.; Mazon, D.; Mazzotta, C.; Mc Carthy, P.; McClements, K.; McDermott, R.; McMillan, B.; Meineri, C.; Menkovski, V.; Meshcheriakov, D.; Messmer, M.; Micheletti, D.; Milanesio, D.; Militello, F.; Miron, I. G.; Mlynar, J.; Moiseenko, V.; Molina Cabrera, P. A.; Morales, J.; Moret, J.-M.; Moro, A.; Moulton, D.; Nabais, F.; Naulin, V.; Naydenkova, D.; Nem, R. D.; Nespoli, F.; Newton, S.; Nielsen, A. H.; Nielsen, S. K.; Nikolaeva, V.; Nocente, M.; Nowak, S.; Oberkofler, M.; Ochoukov, R.; Ollus, P.; Olsen, J.; Omotani, J.; Ongena, J.; Orain, F.; Orsitto, F. P.; Paccagnella, R.; Palha, A.; Panaccione, L.; Panek, R.; Panjan, M.; Papp, G.; Paradela Perez, I.; Parra, F.; Passeri, M.; Pau, A.; Pautasso, G.; Pavlichenko, R.; Perek, A.; Pericoli Radolfini, V.; Pesamosca, F.; Peterka, M.; Petrzilka, V.; Piergotti, V.; Pigatto, L.; Piovesan, P.; Piron, C.; Piron, L.; Plyusnin, V.; Pokol, G.; Poli, E.; Pölöskei, P.; Popov, T.; Popovic, Z.; Pór, G.; Porte, L.; Pucella, G.; Puiatti, M. E.; Pütterich, T.; Rabinski, M.; Juul Rasmussen, J.; Rasmussen, J.; Rattá, G. A.; Ratynskaia, S.; Ravensbergen, T.; Réfy, D.; Reich, M.; Reimerdes, H.; Reimold, F.; Reiser, D.; Reux, C.; Reznik, S.; Ricci, D.; Rispoli, N.; Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F.; Rocchi, G.; Rodriguez-Ramos, M.; Romano, A.; Rosato, J.; Rubinacci, G.; Rubino, G.; Ryan, D. A.; Salewski, M.; Salmi, A.; Samaddar, D.; Sanchis-Sanchez, L.; Santos, J.; Särkimäki, K.; Sassano, M.; Sauter, O.; Scannell, R.; Scheffer, M.; Schneider, B. S.; Schneider, P.; Schrittwieser, R.; Schubert, M.; Seidl, J.; Seliunin, E.; Sharapov, S.; Sheeba, R. R.; Sias, G.; Sieglin, B.; Silva, C.; Sipilä, S.; Smith, S.; Snicker, A.; Solano, E. R.; Hansen, S. K.; Soria-Hoyo, C.; Sorokovoy, E.; Sozzi, C.; Sperduti, A.; Spizzo, G.; Spolaore, M.; Stejner, M.; Stipani, L.; Stober, J.; Strand, P.; Sun, H.; Suttrop, W.; Sytnykov, D.; Szepesi, T.; Tál, B.; Tala, T.; Tardini, G.; Tardocchi, M.; Teplukhina, A.; Terranova, D.; Testa, D.; Theiler, C.; Thorén, E.; Thornton, A.; Tilia, B.; Tolias, P.; Tomes, M.; Toscano-Jimenez, M.; Tsironis, C.; Tsui, C.; Tudisco, O.; Urban, J.; Valisa, M.; Vallar, M.; Vallejos Olivares, P.; Valovic, M.; Van Vugt, D.; Vanovac, B.; Varje, J.; Varju, J.; Varoutis, S. 1; Vartanian, S.; Vasilovici, O.; Vega, J.; Verdoolaege, G.; Verhaegh, K.; Vermare, L.; Vianello, N.; Vicente, J.; Viezzer, E.; Villone, F.; Voitsekhovitch, I.; Voltolina, D.; Vondracek, P.; Vu, N. M. T.; Walkden, N.; Wauters, T.; Weiland, M.; Weinzettl, V.; Wensing, M.; Wiesen, S.; Wiesenberger, M.; Wilkie, G.; Willensdorfer, M.; Wischmeier, M.; Wu, K.; Xiang, L.; Zagorski, R.; Zaloga, D.; Zanca, P.; Zaplotnik, R.; Zebrowski, J.; Zhang, W.; Zisis, A.; Zoletnik, S.; Zuin, M.

Background Gout is the most prevalent arthritis globally, it is due to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals deposit on tissues, mainly in joints and periarticular structures. Although the main clinical pattern in gout is monoarticular, many patients suffer from oligo/polyarticular disease. Due to the information obtained through imaging tests such as ultrasonography (US), we know that the extent of MSU deposits are greater than we expected in many occasions, affecting clinically silent joints. Musculoskeletal US is a key tool due to its accessibility and safety, it determines accurately the current extent of deposits and joint involvement in gout, which may condition therapeutic changes. Objectives To evaluate the influence of articular US for clinical practice in Rheumatology when initiating treatment with febuxostat in patients with gout, determining the degree of crystalline deposit and articular ultrasonographic involvement. Methods Observational cross-sectional study of 129 patients diagnosed with gout (ACR criteria), treated with febuxostat (14 due to renal disease, adverse reaction/intolerance to allopurinol, and 115 due to non-response to allopurinol). One month after the onset of treatment, US examination was performed following the protocol proposed by Peiteado et al1, determining the number of joints with signs of gout (double contour, hyperechoic aggregates) and acute inflammatory activity (Doppler). Other variables were analysed: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, time of disease evolution and clinical pattern of joint involvement. Results 115 patients with febuxostat (112 men and 3 women), with a mean age of 57±13 years and mean of disease evolution 14±10 years. 59 patients had monoarticular clinical pattern, 46 oligoarticular and 10 polyarticular. US involvement: we observed acute inflammatory activity by Doppler in 47 patients (40.86%), microcrystalline aggregates in 90 patients (78.26%) and double contour sign in 53 patients (42.08%). The mean uricemia at the time of the joint ultrasound examination was 7.4±1.8 g/dl. Of the 94 patients with uric acid levels>6 mg/dl, 72 presented extensive US involvement (76.59%), whereas of the 21 patients with levels Conclusions US quantification of MSU deposits can significantly condition the intensity of uricemia-reducing treatment regardless of serum uric acid levels. In this study, patients with non-target uricemia did not present a greater joint affection evaluated by US, however, those with Reference [1] Peiteado D, et al. Value of a short four-joint ultrasound test for gout diagnosis: a pilot study. Clin Exp Rheumatol2012;30:830–7. Disclosure of Interest None declared

The design and unique feature of the first fast-ion loss detector (FILD) for the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak - Upgrade (MAST-U) is presented here. The MAST-U FILD head is mounted on an axially and angularly actuated mechanism that makes it possible to independently adapt the orientation [0°, 90°] and radial position [1.40 m, 1.60 m] of the FILD head, i.e., its collimator, thus maximizing the detector velocity-space coverage in a broad range of plasma scenarios with different q95. The 3D geometry of the detector has been optimized to detect fast-ion losses from the neutral beam injectors. Orbit simulations are used to calculate the strike map and predict the expected signals. The results show a velocity-space range of [4 cm, 13 cm] in gyroradius and [30°, 85°] in pitch angle, covering the entire neutral beam ion energy range. The optical system will provide direct sight of the scintillator and simultaneous detection with two cameras, giving high spatial and temporal resolution. The MAST-U FILD will shed light on the dominant fast-ion transport mechanisms in one of the world’s two largest spherical tokamaks through absolute measurements of fast-ion losses, This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. This research received funding from the V Plan Propio de Investigacion de la Universidad de Sevilla (PP2016-7145).

The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme, jointly run with the EUROfusion MST1 task force, continues to significantly enhance the physics base of ITER and DEMO. Here, the full tungsten wall is a key asset for extrapolating to future devices. The high overall heating power, flexible heating mix and comprehensive diagnostic set allows studies ranging from mimicking the scrape-off-layer and divertor conditions of ITER and DEMO at high density to fully non-inductive operation (q95 = 5.5, ) at low density. Higher installed electron cyclotron resonance heating power 6 MW, new diagnostics and improved analysis techniques have further enhanced the capabilities of AUG. Stable high-density H-modes with MW m−1 with fully detached strike-points have been demonstrated. The ballooning instability close to the separatrix has been identified as a potential cause leading to the H-mode density limit and is also found to play an important role for the access to small edge-localized modes (ELMs). Density limit disruptions have been successfully avoided using a path-oriented approach to disruption handling and progress has been made in understanding the dissipation and avoidance of runaway electron beams. ELM suppression with resonant magnetic perturbations is now routinely achieved reaching transiently . This gives new insight into the field penetration physics, in particular with respect to plasma flows. Modelling agrees well with plasma response measurements and a helically localised ballooning structure observed prior to the ELM is evidence for the changed edge stability due to the magnetic perturbations. The impact of 3D perturbations on heat load patterns and fast-ion losses have been further elaborated. Progress has also been made in understanding the ELM cycle itself. Here, new fast measurements of and Er allow for inter ELM transport analysis confirming that Er is dominated by the diamagnetic term even for fast timescales. New analysis techniques allow detailed comparison of the ELM crash and are in good agreement with nonlinear MHD modelling. The observation of accelerated ions during the ELM crash can be seen as evidence for the reconnection during the ELM. As type-I ELMs (even mitigated) are likely not a viable operational regime in DEMO studies of 'natural' no ELM regimes have been extended. Stable I-modes up to have been characterised using -feedback. Core physics has been advanced by more detailed characterisation of the turbulence with new measurements such as the eddy tilt angle—measured for the first time—or the cross-phase angle of and fluctuations. These new data put strong constraints on gyro-kinetic turbulence modelling. In addition, carefully executed studies in different main species (H, D and He) and with different heating mixes highlight the importance of the collisional energy exchange for interpreting energy confinement. A new regime with a hollow profile now gives access to regimes mimicking aspects of burning plasma conditions and lead to nonlinear interactions of energetic particle modes despite the sub-Alfvénic beam energy. This will help to validate the fast-ion codes for predicting ITER and DEMO. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under grant agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. "Article signat per més de 100 autors/es: H. Meyer, for the AUG Team: D. Aguiam, C. Angioni, C.G. Albert, N. Arden, R. Arredondo Parra, O. Asunta, M. de Baar, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, K. Behler, A. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T.C. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, T. Bolzonella, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, C. Bruhn, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, D. Carlton, M. Carr, D. Carralero, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, S. Ceccuzzi, C. Challis, A. Chankin, S. Chapman, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G.D. Conway, S. Costea, D.P. Coster, T.B. Cote, A. Creely, G. Croci, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, I. Cziegler, O. D'Arcangelo, P. David, C. Day, R. Delogu, P. de Marné, S.S. Denk, P. Denner, M. Dibon, A. Di Siena, D. Douai, A. Drenik, R. Drube, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, K. Engelhardt, B. Erdös, I. Erofeev, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, U. Fantz, H. Faugel, I. Faust, F. Felici, J. Ferreira, S. Fietz, A. Figuereido, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, S. Freethy, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, A. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Garcia-Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, C. Gleason-González, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, T. Görler, I. Gomez Ortiz, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, D. Gradic, A. Gräter, G. Granucci, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, A. Gude, S. Günter, L. Guimarais, G. Haas, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G.F. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, C.C. Hegna, B. Heinemann, S. Heinzel, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, A. Herrmann, M.F. Heyn, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, M. Hölzl, T. Höschen, J.H. Holm, C. Hopf, W.A. Hornsby, L. Horvath, A. Houben, A. Huber, V. Igochine, T. Ilkei, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, A.S. Jacobsen, F. Janky, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, C.-P. Käsemann, A. Kallenbach, S. Kálvin, M. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, S. Kasilov,, Y. Kazakov, W. Kernbichler, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, G. Kocsis, A. Köhn, M. Koubiti, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, A. Krämer-Flecken, O. Kudlacek, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, A. Lebschy, N. Leuthold, M. Li, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, F. Liu, Y. Liu, A. Lohs, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, R. Lunsford, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, R. Maggiora, H. Maier, O. Maj, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, E. Maljaars, P. Manas, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, M.-E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Martens, P. Martin, L. Marrelli, A. Martitsch, M. Mayer, D. Mazon, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, H. Meister, A. Medvedeva, R. Merkel, A. Merle, V. Mertens, D. Meshcheriakov, O. Meyer, J. Miettunen, D. Milanesio, F. Mink, A. Mlynek, F. Monaco, C. Moon, F. Nabais, A. Nemes-Czopf, G. Neu, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, V. Nikolaeva, M. Nocente, J.-M. Noterdaeme, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, M. Oberkofler, M. Oberparleiter, R. Ochoukov, T. Odstrcil, J. Olsen, F. Orain, F. Palermo, O. Pan, G. Papp, I. Paradela Perez, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, F. Penzel, P. Petersson, J. Pinzón Acosta, P. Piovesan, C. Piron, R. Pitts, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, L. Porte, S. Potzel, D. Prisiazhniuk, T. Pütterich, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G.A. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, G.L. Ravera, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, T. Ribeiro, J. Riesch, R. Riedl, D. Rittich, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, V. Rohde, A. Ross1, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, A. Scarabosio, G. Schall, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, B. Scott, T. Semer, E. Seliunin, M. Sertoli, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, L. Shao, S. Sharapov, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, P. Simon, J. Simpson, E. Smigelskis, A. Snicker, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, G. Suarez, H.-J. Sun, W. Suttrop, E. Sytova, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, M. Teschke, D. Terranova, W. Tierens, E. Thorén, D. Told, P. Tolias, O. Tudisco, W. Treutterer, E. Trier, M. Tripský, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, B. Vanovac, D. van Vugt, S. Varoutis, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, N. Wang, X. Wang, M. Weiland, A.E. White, S. Wiesen, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, L. Xiang, Q. Yang, Z. Yang, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, W. Zhang, M. van Zeeland, T. Zehetbauer, M. Zilker, S. Zoletnik, H. Zohm and the EUROfusion MST1 Team55

A new reciprocating scintillator based fast-ion loss detector has been installed a few centimeters above the outer divertor of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak and between two of its lower Edge Localized Modes (ELM) mitigation coils. The detector head containing the scintillator screen, Faraday cup, calibration lamp, and collimator systems are installed on a motorized reciprocating system that can adjust its position via remote control in between plasma discharges. Orbit simulations are used to optimize the detector geometry and velocity-space coverage. The scintillator image is transferred to the light acquisition systems outside of the vacuum via a lens relay (embedded in a 3D-printed titanium holder) and an in-vacuum image guide. A charge coupled device camera, for high velocity-space resolution, and an 8 × 8 channel avalanche photo diode camera, for high temporal resolution (up to 2 MHz), are used as light acquisition systems. Initial results showing velocity-space of neutral beam injection prompt losses and fast-ion losses induced by a (2, 1) neoclassical tearing mode are presented, This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission

Trabajo presentado a la 21st Topical Conference on High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, celebrada en Madison, Wisconsin (US) del 5 al 9 de junio de 2016., ASDEX Upgrade Team: et al., First absolute measurements of fast-ion losses have been obtained in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak by means of absolutely calibrated scintillator based fast ion loss detector and infrared measurements. An instrument function that includes scintillator efficiency, collimator geometry, optical transmission and camera efficiency has been constructed. Absolute flux of Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) prompt losses has been obtained in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quiescent plasmas. ASCOT simulations are in fairly good agreement with FILD and IR measurements of the fast ion load., This research was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC2011-09152, FIS2015-69362-P and ENE2012-31087), the Marie Curie FP7 Integration Grant, PCIG11-GA-2012-321455, within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement number 633053 and the V Plan propio de la Universidad de Sevilla (VPPI-US).

Trabajo presentado en el 2nd European Conference on Plasma Diagnostics, celebrado en Bordeaux (Francia), del 18 al 22 de abril de 2017, A conceptual design of a new diagnostic for the simultaneous space and time resolved measurement of plasma density, potential and poloidal magnetic field fluctuations at ASDEX Upgrade is proposed. The diagnostic combines the detection techniques of standard heavy ion beam probes (HIBP) and scintillator based fast ion loss detectors (FILD), making use of an atomic beam to probe plasma parameters with high spatio-temporal resolution. This new approach takes advantage of using a neutral probe beam and a scintillator plate as detection system. The combination of these two techniques makes the diagnostic more compact than standard HIBP facilitating its integration in the machine. Simulations using an orbit following code have been carried out to investigate the viability of the proposed detection method based on the displacement of the beam strike-line on the scintillator plate. Relative plasma potential fluctuations from 10% to 100% in the potential well induce localized displacements in the strike line in the range of 0.1-1.0 mm, while poloidal magnetic field fluctuations such as those arising from edge currents produce displacements in the order of mm. The use of a scintillator screen provides virtually infinite spatial resolution together with a temporal resolution up to the MHz range, needed for the identification of internal fluctuations

A new scintillator-based fast-ion loss detector (FILD) has been deployed ∼45ˆ below the midplane of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. Port unavailability at this remote location requires an in-situ magnetically driven manipulator to move the diagnostic head horizontally through the scrape-off layer (SOL). The linear displacement is produced by an externally energized coil, whose magnetic dipole tries to align with the toroidal component of the tokamak magnetic field. The insertion is given by force balance between a retaining spring and the energized solenoid, whose current is regulated in real-time, opening the possibility of self-adaptive real-time control of the probe head location based on its temperature. The diagnostic head contains a scintillator screen, Faraday cup, thermocouple and collimator systems. The scintillator image is transferred to a vacuum window using a 3.5 meters quartz image guide. The light acquisition system is composed by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, for high velocity-space resolution, and by an 8×4 channels avalanche photo diode (APD) camera, for high temporal resolution (up to 2 MHz). First measurements of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) induced fast-ion losses and radially resolved fast-ion losses are presented. Comunidad Europea de Energía Atómica (EURATOM) 633053 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación FPU15/06074

The fast-ion phase-space coverage of the ASDEX Upgrade Fast-Ion Loss Detectors (FILD) has been estimated and the results are presented here. To that end, a numerical tool has been developed to determine particle orbits that can be accepted by each detector in the machine, depending on their radial position, without colliding to the first wall. Two different plasma shapes have been analyzed and results show excellent phase-space coverage for mostly all the detectors, especially for those located at the midplane and below it. The methodology developed provides an excellent way to estimate the signal of these detectors depending on the plasma scenario and can be easily extended to other machines. Also, this study can be complemented with thermal analysis to consider the structural integrity of the detectors, allowing determining optimal operation parameters both from the signal and safety standpoints.

Alfvén waves are electromagnetic perturbations inherent to magnetized plasmas that can be driven unstable by a free energy associated with gradients in the energetic particles' distribution function. The energetic particles with velocities comparable to the Alfvén velocity may excite Alfvén instabilities via resonant wave–particle energy and momentum exchange. Burning plasmas with large population of fusion born super-Alfvénic alpha particles in magnetically confined fusion devices are prone to excite weakly-damped Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) that, if allowed to grow unabated, can cause a degradation of fusion performance and loss of energetic ions through a secular radial transport. In order to control the fast-ion distribution and associated Alfvénic activity, the fusion community is currently searching for external actuators that can control AEs and energetic ions in the harsh environment of a fusion reactor. Most promising control techniques are based on (i) variable fast-ion sources to modify gradients in the energetic particles' distribution, (ii) localized electron cyclotron resonance heating to affect the fast-ion slowing-down distribution, (iii) localized electron cyclotron current drive to modify the equilibrium magnetic helicity and thus the AE existence criteria and damping mechanisms, and (iv) externally applied 3D perturbative fields to manipulate the fast-ion distribution and thus the wave drive. Advanced simulations help to identify the key physics mechanisms underlying the observed AE mitigation and suppression and thus to develop robust control techniques towards future burning plasmas. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Support by US DOE and ITER-CN is also acknowledged. The support from the FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions (Grant No. 321455) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grants No. RYC-2011-09152, No. FIS2015-69362-P) is gratefully acknowledged. The work of AVM was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, project 14-22-00193, and was partly supported by the Competitiveness Program of NRNU MEPhI.

Trabajo presentado a la 21st Topical Conference on High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, celebrada en Madison, Wisconsin (US) del 5 al 9 de junio de 2016. ASDEX Upgrade Team: et al., A magnetically driven fast-ion loss detector system for the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak has been designed and will be presented here. The device is feedback controlled to adapt the detector head position to the heat load and physics requirements. Dynamic simulations have been performed taking into account effects such as friction, coil self-induction, and eddy currents. A real time positioning control algorithm to maximize the detector operational window has been developed. This algorithm considers dynamical behavior and mechanical resistance as well as measured and predicted thermal loads. The mechanical design and real time predictive algorithm presented here may be used for other reciprocating systems., This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under Grant Agreement No. 633053.

et al., A conceptual design of a reciprocating fast-ion loss detector for ITER has been developed and is presented here. Fast-ion orbit simulations in a 3D magnetic equilibrium and up-to-date first wall have been carried out to revise the measurement requirements for the lost alpha monitor in ITER. In agreement with recent observations, the simulations presented here suggest that a pitch-angle resolution of ∼5° might be necessary to identify the loss mechanisms. Synthetic measurements including realistic lost alpha-particle as well as neutron and gamma fluxes predict scintillator signal-to-noise levels measurable with standard light acquisition systems with the detector aperture at ∼11 cm outside of the diagnostic first wall. At measurement position, heat load on detector head is comparable to that in present devices., This research was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant Nos. RYC2011-09152, FIS2015-69362-P, and ENE2012- 31087) and the Marie Curie FP7 Integration Grant (No. PCIG11-GA2012-321455).

A simple model for the instrument function of scintillator-based fast-ion loss detectors (FILD) has been developed which accounts for the orbit trajectories in the 3D detector geometry and for the scintillator response. It allows us to produce synthetic FILD signals for a direct comparison between experiments and simulations. The model uses a weight function formalism to relate the velocity-space distribution of fast-ion losses reaching the detector pinhole to the scintillator pattern obtained experimentally, which can be understood as a distortion of the velocity-space distribution due to the finite resolution of the system. The tool allows us to recover the undistorted velocity-space distribution of the absolute flux of fast-ion losses reaching the detector pinhole from an experimental measurement using tomographic inversion methods, which can reveal additional details of the velocity-space distribution of the lost ions.

Thermal plasma loads to the ITER Fast Ion Loss Detector are studied for QDT = 10 burning plasma equilibrium using the 3D field line tracing. The simulations are performed for a FILD insertion 9–13 cm past the port plasma facing surface, optimized for fast ion measurements, and include the worst-case perturbation of the plasma boundary and the error in the magnetic reconstruction. The FILD head is exposed to superimposed time-averaged ELM heat load, static inter-ELM heat flux and plasma radiation. The study includes the estimate of the instantaneous temperature rise due to individual 0.6 MJ controlled ELMs. The maximum time-averaged surface heat load is 12 MW/m2 and will lead to increase of the FILD surface temperature well below the melting temperature of the materials considered here, for the FILD insertion time of 0.2 s. The worst-case instantaneous temperature rise during controlled 0.6 MJ ELMs is also significantly smaller than the melting temperature of e.g. Tungsten or Molybdenum, foreseen for the FILD housing.

Detectors designing is a key aspect for the development of the new millimeter wave systems. In this paper two detectors in microstrip technology are presented. They use zero bias Schottky diodes to detect signals from low frequency to 40 GHz. High sensibility, flat frequency response and ultrabroadband are the main features of these designs. They are also cheap and easy to mount because they have been built using microstrip technology. This paper explains most technological questions which must be taken into account to design such detectors.

Background Cochin Hand Function Score(CHFS) is a questionnaire proposed and validated by Poole JL et al(Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51:805-9), to measure the disability due to hand involvement in Systemic Sclerosis(SSc) patients. It includes 18 items, refering to personal hygiene, dressing, cooking, occupation and other tasks. Objectives To assess the CHFS applicability in spanish SSc patients, as well as its correlation with some clinical features, measurements and specific disease questionnaires. Methods Multicentric, descriptive and cross-sectional study with analytic components. SSc patients from two hospitals were assessed regarding hand disability by means of the CHFS. This questionnaire had previously been translated and adaptated to Spanish. Clinical assessment was simultaneously performed, and the next data were collected: age, time since SSc diagnosis, modified Rodnan skin score(mRSS), mRSS of fingers and hands, finger flexion and extension, digital ischemic ulcers(DIU), digital necrosis, amputations, calcinosis, tendon contractures and joint swelling of the hands. Global disability was assessed by the sHAQ and VAS of Raynaud(VAS-FRy) and DIU(VAS-DIU). In each hospital, patients were always evaluated by the same expert rheumatologist. SPSS Statistics 17.0 was used for data analysis, and percentages, means(SD) and medians(range) were assessed for describing variables. Pearson’s test was used to assess the correlation between CHFS and quantitative variables, and Spearman’s coefficient for the correlation between CHFS and qualitative variables, interpreted as excellent(>0.8), good(0.6-0.8), moderate(0.4-0.6), and poor( Results A total of 56 patients were evaluated (51 female, 5 male; 40 lSSc, 16 dSSc; age and disease duration: 52±15, 11±9 years; 23% with DIU; 21% with joint swelling of the hands; 18% with finger contractures; 16% with hand calcinosis; 9% with digital necrosis; 2% with previous finger amputation). Mean total CHFS was 16.1 (dSSc:25.2, lSSc:12.2). Correlation between disease duration and total CHFS was good (r: 0.70), as well as it was with scores of its different domains, with the exception of “other tasks” (r: 0.48). Correlation between CHFS and total mRSS, mRSS of fingers, digital flexion, necrosis, calcinosis and joint contractures was only moderate, but it was good with hands’ mRSS, SHAQ, and both VAS (r: 0.678, 0.677, 0.619 and 0.7, respectively). When correlations were assessed separately for each type of SSc, it happened to be a very good correlation between CHFS and mRSS of the hands, SHAQ and both VAS (r: 0.82, 0.87, 0.89 and 0.93, respectively) in dSSc patientes. However, correlations between CHFS and mRSS were moderate or even poor in lSSc (though it was kept good for the SHAQ, r: 0.72). Conclusions The Spanish version of the CHFS is useful in spanish SSc patients, and mainly assesses hand disability related to the degree of skin involvement, specially in dSSc patients. A complete method of validation is needed to confirm these previous results. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Background The Mouth Handicap in Systemic Sclerosis Scale (MHISS) is a 12-item questionnaire proposed and validated by Mouthon L et al (Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1654-1655) which assesses mouth disability in Systemic Sclerosis (SSs). Items are organized in 3 subscales measuring oral aperture, xerostomia and stetic damage. Objectives To evaluate the applicability of MHISS in Spanish SSc patients, as well as its correlation with various clinic variables and specific measures of the disease. Methods Multicentric, descriptive and cross-sectional study with analytic components. SSc patients from two hospitals were assessed regarding mouth disability by means of the MHISS. This questionnaire had previously been translated and adaptated into Spanish. Clinical assessment was simultaneously performed, and the next variables were collected: age, time since SSc diagnosis, modified Rodnan skin score(mRSS), oral aperture measurement, oesophageal symptoms, sicca syndrome(SS), and smoking habit. All patients were evaluated, in each of the hospitals, by the same expert rheumatologist. SPSS Statistics 17.0 was used for data analysis, and percentages, means(SD) and medians(range) were assessed for describing variables. Pearson’s test was used to assess the correlation between MHISS and quantitative variables, and Spearman’s coefficient for the correlation between MHISS and qualitative variables, interpreted as excellent(>0.8), good(0.6-0.8), moderate(0.4-0.6), and poor( Results A total of 56 patients were evaluated(51 female, 5 male; 40 lSSc, 16 dSSc; age and disease duration: 52±15, 11±9 years; 30% smokers; 45% with oesophageal symptoms; 54% with SS). Mean total MHISS was 16±12, being higher in dcSSc patients (20±15) than in lcSSc(15±10). Oesophageal symptoms, mRSS and mouth opening limitation were also higher in dSSc than in lSSc patients. No differences were found regarding the existence of SS. When analyzing all of the patients, we detected an acceptable negative correlation between mRSS and oral aperture(r: -0.57), as well as between oral aperture and MHISS(r: -0.57). There was a good correlation between the presence of SS and questionnaire items 7 and 8, related to xerostomia (r: 0.69). This correlation was even better when considering dSSc patients separately(r: 0.83). In dSSc patients, correlations between mRSS and oral aperture, and between oral aperture and MHISS were also better(r:-0.6 and -0.66, respectively). Moreover, disease duration showed a good correlation with oral aperture(r: -0.75) and MHISS(r: 0.66). On the other hand, correlations between mRSS and oral aperture(r: -0.5), as well as between oral aperture and MHISS(r: -0.47) were found to be moderate in lSSc patients. Even though there were no differences regarding the existence of SS, correlation between this variable and MHISS items related to xerostomia was lower(r: 0.64) in lSSc patients. Conclusions The Spanish adaptation of MHISS is useful in spanish SSc patients, mainly measuring mouth disability related to the degree of skin involvement and xerostomia, and specially in dSSc patients. Disclosure of Interest None Declared