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SUMMARYSpecific soil fertility and water retention constraints limit increased crop production in the subsistence-oriented farming systems of Burkina Faso. Previous attempts to introduce apparently promising technologies based on research that had not directly involved the fanner and that had not benefited from farmer-feedback have been largely unsuccessful. Active farmer involvement can help to identify relevant constraints to production and to identify and modify technologies to make them viable. Formal and informal farmer surveys and farmer participation in field experiments have led to the development of potentially useful cropping practices involving the complementary use of mechanical tied ridge and fertilizer-based technology.

Fur eine wirksame Verbesserung des Wildlebensraumes ist es notwendig, die Nahrungsaufnahme des Wildes zu kennen. Beschrieben wird eine Methode, die beim Weiswedelhirsch (Odocoileus hemionus) und der Gabelantilope (Antilocapra americana) erprobt wurde. Sie besteht darin, das die Wildarten aufgezogen sind und, durch ihre Vertrautheit dem Beobachter gegenuber, auf kurzeste Distanz Untersuchungen uber die Nahrungswahl zulassen. Die Brauchbarkeit der Methode wurde unter anderem auch durch vergleichende Losungsuntersuchungen bestatigt.

The comment by Griffith and Meilke (GM) on the paper by Furtan, Nagy, and Storey (FNS) relates to (a) the lack of an endogenous soybean sector and (b) the single period nature of the FNS model. The GM model is a large econometric model of both the rapeseed and soybean sectors in six regions. The FNS model is a spatial-equilibrium quadratic-programming model of four regions and three commodities: rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal. The conclusions drawn from the two models are somewhat different and are not surprisingly so as the models used are based on different assumptions. It is the exogenous nature of the soybean, soybean oil and meal sector that makes the GM model different from the FNS model. This however, is not likely the reason for the different conclusions found between GM and FNS on the removal of the Japanese tariff on imported rapeseed oil. There are two key assumptions that are different in the GM and FNS model. First, GM allow for the EC to export rapeseed into the Japanese market, whereas FNS considered the EC as an import region only. Second, the conversion of rapeseed into rapeseed oil and meal is a fixed parameter in the FNS model, while it is stochastic in the GM model. It is these assumptions that explain the different conclusions found. The FNS model uses fixed input-output coefficients for converting rapeseed into oil and meal. The Canadian plants are newer and supposedly more efficient than the Japanese plants, which gives the Canadians a comparative advantage. Thus, when all market restrictions are removed, the crushing of rapeseed moves to Canada because of the comparative advantage. The GM model uses a somewhat different procedure to estimate the supply of oil and meal, and thus they get different answers-given in the first period after the tariff is removed. The GM model is a potential improvement over the FNS model in that it endogenizes the EC market. GM found that after the Japanese rapeseed oil tariff was removed, imports of rape oil into Japan increased, not from Canada as found by FNS, but from the EC. This GM claim is the major difference in the conclusions of the two studies, and they attribute this to the fact that the GM model

Die wichtigsten Unterschiede zwischen der europaischen und der amerikanischen Philosophie vom Wildwesen sind: ein starker Glaube, das die Amerikaner das Recht haben, Waffen zu besitzen, das wilde Tiere Eigentum des Volkes sind und das ein jeder das Recht hat, wilde Tiere zu jagen. Gegenwartig gibt es aber viele Grenzen und Beschrankungen gegen diesen traditionellen Glauben des Amerikaners. Die meisten Gesetze und Regelungen, die die wilden Tiere betreffen, besonders die jagdbaren Tiere, werden von den einzelnen Staaten erlassen und ausgefuhrt. Die Fisch- und Jagdabteilungen der Staaten sind bevollmachtigt, die Jagdregeln fur den Staat durchzusetzen, sie konnen Zeiten fur die Bejagung und das Fischen festlegen, und sie sind fur die richtige Bewirtschaftung der Tiere und ihres Lebensraumes verantwortlich. Die Bundesregierung hat keine Zustandigkeit fur die Jagd, auser im Falle der Zugvogel und der gefahrdeten Arten. Durch die Bemuhungen der verschiedenen staatlichen Abteilungen, sich wilder Tiere und ihrer Umgebung anzunehmen, und durch das Interesse des Amerikaners an dem Naturschutz sind die meisten wilden Tiere heute in groserer Zahl zu finden. Die zukunftige Tendenz fur das Wildwesen ist die allgemeine Nutzung der wilden Tiere durch viele Teile der Bevolkerung z. B. seitens des Jagers, des Naturliebhabers, des Photographen und des Urlaubers.

The sizes of stomach compartments relative to total body weight and carcass weight were compared among roe (Capreolus capreolus), red (Cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (Cervus dama) collected in Hungary. The relative rumen-reticulum tissue weight as a percentage of body weight was similar for all three species. As the body size of the species increased, the relative weight of omasal tissue increased, and abomasum tissue decreased. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 39(3):621-624 Capacities of the different stomach compartments of the digestive tract have important implications in the nutrition of ruminant animals. The rumen capacity in relation to body weight influences the retention time of food in the rumen. Animals with a smaller rumen must have a higher turnover rate to secure their nutrient needs, whereas animals with a large rumen can retain ingesta for a longer time and consequently digest more fiber (Hungate 1966: 414). The food habits of ruminant animals are influenced to some degree by rumen capacity. Animals with a small rumen must select forage lower in fiber and higher in digestibility than animals with a large rumen in order to satisfy energy needs. The relationships of rumen contents weight and rumen volume to total body weight have been reported for sheep by Purser and Moir (1966), for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) by Short et al. (1965), and for white-tailed deer (0. virginianus) by Short et al. (1969). The purpose of this paper is to report the size of the various organs of the digestive tract in relation to animal weight for three species of wild European ruminants: roe, fallow, and red deer. This research was made possible through a cooperative agreement between the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Thanks are extended for the cooperation, helpful suggestions, and actual work contributed by L. Bencze, A. Bleier, K. Boroczky, T. Fodor, J. Hopp, G. Nagy, L. Sugar, S. Toth, and many other Hungarian game managers who helped throughout the study. Special thanks are due to the two daughters of the senior author who helped prepare the materials for study.

The capacity of rumen microorganisms of deer, cattle, and sheep on different diets to digest alfalfa hay was tested in an artificial rumen system by measuring the production of gas and short chain fatty acids. Inocula were obtained from the rumens of (1) four wild deer on a natural winter browse diet, (2) one captive deer fed a starvation diet of sagebrush, (3) a cow on a hay diet, (4) the same cow on hay and concentrate, and (5) two sheep on hay and concentrate. Production of short chain fatty acids by the inoculum of the deer fed sagebrush was significantly lower than that from all other animals. Except for appreciably smaller percentages of butyrate and iso-valerate plus valerate by the inoculum of the deer fed sagebrush, the composition of short chain fatty acids produced was very similar among all inoculum sources. Production of gas by the inoculum of the deer fed sagebrush was significantly less than that from all other animals. Inocula from the sheep and the cow fed concentrate and hay produced more gas, and those from the deer on browse and the cow on hay produced similar but progressively larger amounts. These results indicate that normal wild deer, like domestic ruminants, have a microflora capable of digesting hay and converting it to volatile fatty acids. However, by the time that starving deer arrive at a hay supply, the rumen microorganisms may be completely dead or contain low energy