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1. Development of Fusion Safety Standards

Author

G. A. Dinneen, J. DeLooper, J. D. Levine, J. S. Herring, M. J. Gouge, David A. Petti, and G. R. Longhurst

Subjects
Engineering, Thermonuclear fusion, Magnetic fusion, business.industry, General Engineering, Technical standard, Iter tokamak, Safety standards, Nuclear reactor, law.invention, Code of Federal Regulations, law, Systems engineering, business
Abstract

Two new U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) standards have been prepared to assist in the design and regulation of magnetic fusion facilities. They are DOE-STD-6002-96, `Safety of Magnetic Fusion Facilities - Requirements,` and DOE-STD-6003-96 `Safety of Magnetic Fusion Facilities - Guidance.` The first standard sets forth requirements, mostly based on the Code of Federal Regulations, deemed necessary for the safe design and operation of fusion facilities and a set of safety principles to use in the design. The second standard provides guidance on how to meet the requirements identified in DOE-STD-6002-96. It is written specifically for a facility such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in the DOE regulatory environment. As technical standards, they are applicable only to the extent that compliance with these standards is included in the contracts of the developers. 7 refs., 1 fig.

Published
1996
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2. Review of deuterium–tritium results from the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

Author

V. Garzotto, A. Nagy, V. Arunasalam, D. S. Darrow, P. C. Efthimion, A. Janos, V. Zavereev, M.G. Bell, Guoyong Fu, Larry R. Grisham, J. A. Murphy, M. Caorlin, Choong-Seock Chang, Harold P. Furth, J. C. Hosea, J. L. Anderson, R. A. Hulse, David Johnson, D. L. Jassby, R. Rossmassler, K. M. Young, B.P. LeBlanc, Richard Majeski, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, I. Semenov, Darin Ernst, Jay Kesner, R. Pysher, Manfred Bitter, R. Marsala, B. McCormack, J. Swanson, M. Williams, H.H. Duong, H. H. Towner, E. Perry, M. Viola, J. Stencel, M. Osakabe, M. McCarthy, D. Long, S. D. Scott, K. L. Wong, J. Machuzak, M. Kalish, Hyeon K. Park, D.C. McCune, N. Fromm, Stewart Zweben, R. T. Walters, W. Tighe, J. R. Timberlake, Z. Chang, G. Schilling, K. M. McGuire, R. E. Bell, P. Alling, E. Ruskov, G. A. Wurden, Michael Loughlin, E. Fredd, Cris W. Barnes, Michael E. Mauel, R. Newman, M. Oldaker, E. J. Synakowski, C. E. Bush, M. Sasao, P. H. LaMarche, C. K. Phillips, R. Camp, H.W. Kugel, M. H. Redi, S. H. Batha, J. Ongena, M. Norris, D.K. Owens, G Rewoldt, R. Durst, Dale Meade, M. Murakami, Nikolai Gorelenkov, K. W. Hill, J. H. Rogers, Gregory R. Hanson, David A Rasmussen, K. Wright, M. C. Zarnstorff, B. Grek, S. Yoshikawa, Roscoe White, T. Senko, G. Labik, H. Takahashi, S. Raftopoulos, S. Ramakrishnan, C. Gentile, H. Evenson, A. L. Qualls, J. McChesney, J. Winston, R. Wester, A. T. Ramsey, M. Hughes, Gerald Navratil, Robert Budny, D. R. Mikkelsen, J. D. Strachan, R. Sissingh, B. C. Stratton, E.D. Fredrickson, William Dorland, T. Stevenson, G. Ascione, H. W. Herrmann, S.A. Sabbagh, R. J. Fonck, L. Dudek, George McKee, J. Collins, W. Blanchard, J. Schivell, R. Scillia, T. Fujita, J.A. Snipes, S. Cauffman, M. E. Thompson, G. Martin, J. Gioia, S. V. Mirnov, A. von Halle, J. DeLooper, D. Ashcroft, John B Wilgen, C. Vannoy, J. Stevens, J. Kamperschroer, C. Ancher, L. C. Johnson, D. Roberts, R. Daugert, W. Park, F. M. Levinton, Gregory W. Hammett, M. Tuszewski, Nathaniel J. Fisch, J. W. Anderson, S. Sesnic, N. T. Lam, William Tang, Chio-Zong Cheng, Glenn Bateman, R. J. Hawryluk, E. Mazzucato, C.H. Skinner, F. C. Jobes, H. Hsuan, Earl Marmar, Michael A. Beer, Masaaki Yamada, R. Fisher, Paul Woskov, J.L. Terry, T. O’Connor, J. Gilbert, E. Lawson, R. Persing, S. F. Paul, D. Loesser, W. W. Heidbrink, G. Barnes, N. L. Bretz, D. Voorhees, W. Stodiek, R. O. Dendy, M. Cropper, G. Renda, P. B. Parks, D. Mueller, Kenji Tobita, A. Martin, S. S. Medley, G. L. Schmidt, G. Taylor, A. L. Roquemore, James R. Wilson, S. von Goeler, J. Levine, H. Adler, S. Pitcher, H. Anderson, Raffi Nazikian, C. Brunkhorst, R. Wieland, J. Chrzanowski, M. Phillips, D.K. Mansfield, and H. Carnevale

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Tokamak, Lawson criterion, law, Nuclear fusion, Magnetic confinement fusion, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Inertial confinement fusion, law.invention
Abstract

After many years of fusion research, the conditions needed for a D–T fusion reactor have been approached on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Fusion Technol. 21, 1324 (1992)]. For the first time the unique phenomena present in a D–T plasma are now being studied in a laboratory plasma.The first magnetic fusion experiments to study plasmas using nearly equal concentrations of deuterium and tritium have been carried out on TFTR. At present the maximum fusion power of 10.7 MW, using 39.5 MW of neutral‐beam heating, in a supershot discharge and 6.7 MW in a high‐βp discharge following a current rampdown. The fusion power density in a core of the plasma is ≊2.8 MW m−3, exceeding that expected in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1991), Vol. 3, p. 239] at 1500 MW total fusion power. The energy confinement time, τE, is observed to increase in D–T, relative to D plasmas, by 20% and the ni(0) Ti(0) τE product by 55%. The improvement in thermal confinement is caused primarily by a decrease in ion heat conductivity in both supershot and limiter‐H‐mode discharges. Extensive lithium pellet injection increased the confinement time to 0.27 s and enabled higher current operation in both supershot and high‐βp discharges. Ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) heating of a D–T plasma, using the second harmonic of tritium, has been demonstrated. First measurements of the confined alpha particles have been performed and found to be in good agreement with TRANSP [Nucl. Fusion 34, 1247 (1994)] simulations. Initial measurements of the alpha ash profile have been compared with simulations using particle transport coefficients from He gas puffing experiments. The loss of alpha particles to a detector at the bottom of the vessel is well described by the first‐orbit loss mechanism. No loss due to alpha‐particle‐driven instabilities has yet been observed. D–T experiments on TFTR will continue to explore the assumptions of the ITER design and to examine some of the physics issues associated with an advanced tokamak reactor.

Published
1995
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3. Plasma-surface interactions in TFTR DT experiments

Author

Manfred Bitter, D. K. Owens, L. Dudek, W. Park, M. Murakami, Fred Levinton, George McKee, T. Stevenson, J. D. Strachan, Mamiko Sasao, D. K. Mansfield, William Tang, A.C. Janos, S. von Goeler, C.A. Gentile, R. Camp, C. E. Bush, J. DeLooper, Darin Ernst, H. Anderson, Takeo Nishitani, R. J. Hawryluk, G. L. Schmidt, N. Gorelenkov, J. H. Rogers, J. R. Wilson, B. Grek, Raffi Nazikian, C.H. Skinner, S. S. Medley, A. Martin, B. LeBlanc, M. Norris, R. Durst, J.L. Terry, D. Ashcroft, Michael Loughlin, N. T. Lam, Robert Budny, F. C. Jobes, S. F. Paul, J.A. Snipes, L. C. Johnson, J.F. Schivell, Chio-Zong Cheng, D.L. Jassby, C. K. Phillips, M.E. Thompson, L. R. Grisham, G. Pearson, M. Caorlin, David A Rasmussen, M. Leonard, A. Nagy, B. McCormack, David W. Johnson, R. Sissingh, H.W. Hermann, G. Taylor, C. Vannoy, N. Fromm, G. A. Wurden, R. M. Wieland, Masaki Osakabe, Gregory R. Hanson, J.C. Hosea, M. H. Redi, W. R. Blanchard, S. Cauffman, S. H. Batha, P. C. Efthimion, Guoyong Fu, E. Perry, Earl Marmar, M. Oldaker, N. Bretz, R. Rossmassler, J.L. Anderson, Masaaki Yamada, R. Fisher, Hyeon K. Park, William Heidbrink, K. McGuire, P. H. LaMarche, D. R. Mikkelsen, S. D. Scott, K. W. Hill, A. von Halle, D. Voorhees, M. C. Zarnstorff, H.W. Kugel, K. M. Young, H. Adler, D. Roberts, J. McChesney, John B Wilgen, A. T. Ramsey, R.T. Walters, D.M. Meade, S. Pitcher, Harold P. Furth, M. G. Bell, H.H. Duong, Z. Chang, E. Ruskov, T. O'Connor, G. Barnes, J. Machuzak, M. Williams, M. P. Petrov, H. Hsuan, R.J. Fonck, J. Kamperschroer, E.D. Fredrickson, K. L. Wong, C. Ancher, J. E. Stevens, G. Schilling, S. Raftopoulos, Gregory W. Hammett, J. Collins, M. Tuszewski, D. Mueller, Richard Majeski, Brentley Stratton, Cris W. Barnes, S. J. Zweben, E. Mazzucato, D.S. Darrow, S.A. Sabbagh, E. J. Synakowski, P. Alling, R. Newman, A. L. Roquemore, R. E. Bell, D. C. McCune, and G. Coward

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Lawson criterion, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Alpha particle, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Limiter, General Materials Science, Lithium, Atomic physics, Helium
Abstract

TFTR has begun its campaign to study deuterium-tritium fusion under reactor-like conditions. Variable amounts of deuterium and tritium neutral beam power have been used to maximize fusion power, study alpha heating, investigate alpha particle confinement, and search for alpha driven plasma instabilities. Additional areas of study include energy and particle transport and confinement, ICRF heating schemes for DT plasmas, tritium retention, and fusion in high βp plasmas. The majority of this work is done in the TFTR supershot confinement regime. To obtain supershots, extensive limiter conditioning using helium fueled ohmic discharges and lithium pellet injection into ohmic and neutral beam heated plasmas is performed, resulting in a low recycling limiter. The relationship between recycling and core plasma confinement has been studied by using helium, deuterium and high-Z gas puffs to simulate high recycling limiter conditions. These studies show that confinement in TFTR supershots is very sensitive to the influx of neutral particles at the plasma edge.

Published
1995
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4. Deuterium-Tritium Experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

Author

J. Hosea, J. H. Adler, P. Alling, C. Ancher, H. Anderson, J.L. Anderson, J.W. Anderson, V. Arunasalam, G. Ascione, D. Ashcroft, C.W. Barnes, G. Barnes, S. Batha, M.G. Bell, R. Bell, M. Bitter, W. Blanchard, N.L. Bretz, C. Brunkhorst, R. Budny, T. Burgess, H. Bush, C.E. Bush, R. Camp, M. Caorlin, H. Carnevale, S. Cauffman, Z. Chang, C.Z. Cheng, J. Chrzanowski, J. Collins, G. Coward, M. Cropper, D.S. Darrow, R. Daugert, J. DeLooper, H. Duong, L. Dudek, R. Durst, P.C. Efthimion, D. Ernst, J. Faunce, R. Fisher, R.J. Fonck, E. Fredd, E. Fredrickson, N. Fromm, G.Y. Fu, H.P. Furth, V. Garzotto, C. Gentile, G. Gettelfinger, J. Gilbert, J. Gioia, T. Golian, N. Gorelenkov, B. Grek, L.R. Grisham, G. Hammett, G.R. Hanson, R.J. Hawryluk, W. Heidbrink, H.W. Herrmann, K.W. Hill, H. Hsuan, A. Janos, D.L. Jassby, F.C. Jobes, D.W. Johnson, L.C. Johnson, J. Kamperschroer, J. Kesner, H. Kugel, S. Kwon, G. Labik, N.T. Lam, P.H. LaMarche, E. Lawson, B. LeBlanc, M. Leonard, J. Levine, F.M. Levinton, D. Loesser, D. Long, M.J. Loughlin, J. Machuzak, D.K. Mansfield, M. Marchlik, E.S. Marmar, R. Marsala, A. Martin, G. Martin, V. Mastrocola, E. Mazzucato, R. Majeski, M. Mauel, M.P. McCarthy, B. McCormack, D.C. McCune, K.M. McGuire, D.M. Meade, S.S. Medley, D.R. Mikkelsen, S.L. Milora, D. Mueller, M. Murakami, J.A. Murphy, A. Nagy, G.A. Navratil, R. Nazikian, R. Newman, T. Nishitani, M. Norris, T. O’Connor, M. Oldaker, J. Ongena, M. Osakabe, D.K. Owens, H. Park, W. Park, S.F. Paul, Yu.I. Pavlov, G. Pearson, F. Perkins, E. Perry, R. Persing, M. Petrov, C.K. Phillips, S. Pitcher, S. Popovichev, R. Pysher, A.L. Qualls, S. Raftopoulos, R. Ramakrishnan, A. Ramsey, D.A. Rasmussen, M.H. Redi, G. Renda, G. Rewoldt, D. Roberts, J. Rogers, R. Rossmassler, A.L. Roquemore, E. Ruchov, S.A. Sabbagh, M. Sasao, G. Schilling, J. Schivell, G.L. Schmidt, R. Scillia, S.D. Scott, T. Senko, R. Sissingh, C. Skinner, J. Snipes, P. Snook, J. Stencel, J. Stevens, T. Stevenson, B.C. Stratton, J.D. Strachan, W. Stodiek, E. Synakowski, W. Tang, G. Taylor, J. Terry, M.E. Thompson, J.R. Timberlake, H.H. Towner, A. von Halle, C. Vannoy, R. Wester, R. Wieland, J.B. Wilgen, M. Williams, J.R. Wilson, J. Winston, K. Wright, D. Wong, K.L. Wong, P. Woskov, G.A. Wurden, M. Yamada, A. Yeun, S. Yoshikawa, K.M. Young, M.C. Zarnstorff, and S.J. Zweben

Subjects
Range (particle radiation), Materials science, 020209 energy, General Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Alpha particle, Plasma, Fusion power, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Deuterium, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Limiter, Electron temperature, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
Abstract

The deuterium-tritium (D-T) experimental program on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is underway and routine tritium operations have been established. The technology upgrades made to the TFTR facility have been demonstrated to be sufficient for supporting both operations and maintenance for an extended D-T campaign. To date fusion power has been increased to {approximately}9 MW and several physics results of importance to the D-T reactor regime have been obtained: electron temperature, ion temperature, and plasma stored energy all increase substantially in the D-T regime relative to the D-D regime at the same neutral beam power and comparable limiter conditioning; possible alpha electron heating is indicated and energy confinement improvement with average ion mass is observed; and alpha particle losses appear to be classical with no evidence of TAE mode activity up to the P{sub FUS} {approximately}6 MW level. Instability in the TAE mode frequency range has been observed at P{sub FUS} > 7 MW and its effect on performance is under investigation. Preparations are underway to enhance the alpha particle density further by increasing fusion power and by extending the neutral beam pulse length to permit alpha particle effects of relevance to the ITER regime to be more fullymore » explored.« less

Published
1994
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5. Fusion power production from TFTR plasmas fueled with deuterium and tritium

Author

K. L. Wong, Takeo Nishitani, R. Newman, R. M. Wieland, M. Leonard, D. S. Darrow, R.E. Bell, K. M. McGuire, G. A. Wurden, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, Manfred Bitter, M. H. Redi, Joseph Snipes, A.C. Janos, H. Adler, H. W. Herrmann, W. R. Blanchard, J.M. McChesney, C. K. Phillips, A. Martin, M. Caorlin, James R. Wilson, A. T. Ramsey, Harold P. Furth, Fred Levinton, C. Vannoy, Gregory W. Hammett, R. T. Walters, N. Fromm, G. Schilling, D. K. Owens, P. H. LaMarche, J. H. Kamperschroer, D. R. Mikkelsen, S. von Goeler, Cris W. Barnes, S. D. Scott, C. Ancher, S. H. Batha, M. G. Bell, B. McCormack, P. C. Efthimion, Guoyong Fu, W. Park, A. von Halle, Masaki Osakabe, M. Tuszewski, H.H. Duong, G. R. McKee, John B Wilgen, B.P. LeBlanc, D.C. McCune, C. Gentile, N. T. Lam, R. K. Fisher, J. Machuzak, S. Cauffman, S. Pitcher, F. C. Jobes, M. Oldaker, A. Nagy, Kenneth M. Young, S. J. Zweben, M. E. Thompson, S.A. Sabbagh, R. J. Fonck, J.F. Schivell, Chio-Zong Cheng, William Heidbrink, E. Perry, B. C. Stratton, J. D. Strachan, Mamiko Sasao, N. N. Gorelenkov, E.D. Fredrickson, P. Alling, M. Norris, D. Ashcroft, C.E. Bush, J. E. Stevens, R. Durst, D.R. Ernst, Michael Loughlin, H.W. Kugel, L. C. Johnson, S.F. Paul, E. Mazzucato, M. C. Zarnstorff, Robert Budny, David W. Johnson, E. J. Synakowski, Richard Majeski, J. L. Terry, G. R. Hanson, J. Hosea, E. Ruskov, Dale Meade, J. H. Rogers, Z. Chang, M. Murakami, A. L. Roquemore, G. Barnes, N. L. Bretz, D. Voorhees, L. Dudek, S. S. Medley, D. L. Jassby, G. Taylor, J.L. Anderson, K. W. Hill, D. Mueller, B. Grek, Masaaki Yamada, T. O’Connor, D.K. Mansfield, L. R. Grisham, Hyeon K. Park, R. Camp, E.S. Marmar, David A Rasmussen, M. Williams, R. Sissingh, H. Anderson, T. Stevenson, G. L. Schmidt, D. W. Roberts, H. Hsuan, R. Rossmassler, William Tang, Raffi Nazikian, R. J. Hawryluk, C.H. Skinner, J. DeLooper, and J. Collins

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Deuterium, Lawson criterion, General Physics and Astronomy, Tritium, Alpha particle, Plasma, Fusion power, Atomic physics, Charged particle, Ion
Abstract

Peak fusion power production of 6.2 ± 0.4 MW has been achieved in TFTR plasmas heated by deuterium and tritium neutral beams at a total power of 29.5 MW. These plasmas have an inferred central fusion alpha particle density of 1.2 x 1017 m ₋3 without the appearance of either disruptive magnetohydrodynamics events or detectable changes in Alfven wave activity. The measured loss rate of energetic alpha particles agreed with the approximately 5% losses expected from alpha particles which are born on unconfined orbits.

Published
1994
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6. Preparations for deuterium–tritium experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor*

Author

V. Mastrocola, D. Wong, B. C. Stratton, G. Martin, William Tang, D. Monticello, P. Snook, C.H. Skinner, Yu. I. Pavlov, H. Carnevale, Richard Majeski, H. Anderson, H. Hsuan, Earl Marmar, Dale Meade, J. H. Rogers, J. Kamperschroer, C. Ancher, V. Garzotto, M. Williams, C. E. Bush, Takeo Nishitani, I. Collazo, R. Ramakrishnan, R. Newman, J. DeLooper, D. Roberts, H. W. Hermann, G. Ascione, E. Fredd, H. H. Towner, Darin Ernst, W. Park, H. Bush, J. Chrzanowski, M. Oldaker, J. W. Anderson, D. Aschroft, K. L. Wong, M. Ulrickson, D.K. Owens, M.G. Bell, S. Raftopoulos, M. Leonard, J. Gioia, J. R. Timberlake, N. T. Lam, A. von Halle, A. Yeun, J. Levine, Leonid E. Zakharov, Jay Kesner, Chio-Zong Cheng, Larry R. Grisham, M. Murakami, D. Loesser, M. J. Laughlin, R. Rossmassler, Liu Chen, J. A. Murphy, T. Golian, G Rewoldt, R. Durst, G. Labik, A. Martin, R. Scillia, M. E. Thompson, S. D. Scott, R.J. Hawryluk, S. S. Medley, John B Wilgen, G. L. Schmidt, Cris W. Barnes, H. Adler, D. R. Mikkelsen, S. Pitcher, F. W. Perkins, R. Sissingh, A. L. Qualls, J. R. Wilson, G. Barnes, T. Stevenson, J. C. Hosea, Raffi Nazikian, C. Brunkhorst, J. Schivell, Glenn Bateman, T. Burgess, V. Arunasalam, D. S. Darrow, P. C. Efthimion, A. L. Roquemore, Michael A. Beer, Guoyong Fu, R. Wieland, R.J. Fonck, E.D. Fredrickson, Gregory W. Hammett, W. Blanchard, S. Kwon, J. Stevens, M. Marchlik, L. C. Johnson, R. Camp, T. Senko, Nikolai Gorelenkov, K. W. Hill, B.P. LeBlanc, D. W. Johnson, William Heidbrink, Hyeon K. Park, R. Daugert, J. Swanson, Masaaki Yamada, David A Rasmussen, M. Sasao, F. M. Levinton, E. Perry, Donald B. Batchelor, J. Stencel, D.C. McCune, D. Long, Manfred Bitter, E. Mazzucato, S. Yoshikawa, K. M. McGuire, S.A. Sabbagh, G. A. Wurden, Michael E. Mauel, L. Dudek, P. Alling, C. Gentile, M. H. Redi, G. Gettelfinger, J. D. Strachan, F. C. Jobes, Paul Woskov, R. C. Goldfinger, G. Renda, B. Grek, D. L. Jassby, J. Snipes, J.L. Terry, D. Mueller, M. Caorlin, C. Vannoy, T. O’Connor, J. Gilbert, G. Taylor, W. Stodiek, M. Cropper, E. Lawson, E. J. Synakowski, A. T. Ramsey, Gerald Navratil, J. L. Anderson, R. Persing, G. R. Hanson, S. F. Paul, R. A. Hulse, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, E. F. Jaeger, J. Faunce, M. McCarthy, S. H. Batha, K. Wright, K. M. Young, S.L. Milora, Stewart Zweben, S. Popovichev, S.P. Hirshman, H.W. Kugel, J. Ongena, M. C. Zarnstorff, P.T. Bonoli, A. Nagy, D. J. Hoffman, M. Norris, A. Janos, R. Marsala, M. Osakabe, J. Machuzak, G. Schilling, T. S. Biglow, Harold P. Furth, B. McCormack, H.H. Duong, Z. Chang, P. H. LaMarche, C. K. Phillips, Robert Budny, Steven Cowley, D. E. Mansfield, J. Collins, N. L. Bretz, L. A. Baylor, John Scharer, N. Fromm, and M. J. Gouge

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Tritium illumination, Physics, Lawson criterion, Deuterium, Water cooling, Tritium, Neutron radiation, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
Abstract

The final hardware modifications for tritium operation have been completed for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Fusion Technol. 21, 1324 (1992)]. These activities include preparation of the tritium gas handling system, installation of additional neutron shielding, conversion of the toroidal field coil cooling system from water to a FluorinertTM system, modification of the vacuum system to handle tritium, preparation, and testing of the neutral beam system for tritium operation and a final deuterium–deuterium (D–D) run to simulate expected deuterium–tritium (D–T) operation. Testing of the tritium system with low concentration tritium has successfully begun. Simulation of trace and high power D–T experiments using D–D have been performed. The physics objectives of D–T operation are production of ≊10 MW of fusion power, evaluation of confinement, and heating in deuterium–tritium plasmas, evaluation of α‐particle heating of electrons, and collective effects driven by alpha particles and testing of diag...

Published
1994
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7. Deuterium-tritium experiments on TFTR

Author

S. H. Batha, J.L. Terry, G. L. Schmidt, V. Zavereev, M. McCarthy, T. O’Connor, J. Gilbert, R. Marsala, P. C. Efthimion, D.C. McCune, M.I. Williams, Guoyong Fu, E. Lawson, S. Pitcher, L. R. Grisham, William Dorland, H. Hsuan, R. Rossmassler, G.A. Navratil, J. Machuzak, D. A. Rasmunsen, William Heidbrink, Hyeon K. Park, P. Alling, M. Oldaker, J. Swanson, Fred Levinton, Harold P. Furth, Paul Parks, G.R. McKee, R. Wester, N. T. Lam, E. Perry, K. L. Wong, W. Tighe, Michael Loughlin, E. Fredd, J. A. Murphy, J. Stencel, J.F. Schivell, Chio-Zong Cheng, D. Loesser, R. Newman, C. Gentile, A.C. Janos, Kenneth M. Young, R. Durst, G. Rewoldt, D. Long, D. S. Darrow, I. Semenov, J. A. Snipes, R. Scillia, L. Dudek, C. K. Phillips, R. M. Wieland, Glenn Bateman, M. E. Thompson, G. R. Hanson, M. G. Bell, M. C. Zarnstorff, A. L. Roquemore, Kenji Tobita, J.M. McChesney, K. M. McGuire, G. A. Wurden, Michael E. Mauel, J. W. Anderson, B. McCormack, S. von Goeler, S. Yoshikawa, E.S. Marmar, R. Persing, H. Takahashi, G. Martin, Mamiko Sasao, W. Stodiek, J. Strachan, S. S. Medley, B. Grek, M. Cropper, R. A. Hulse, Masaki Osakabe, H.H. Duong, M. H. Redi, W. R. Blanchard, G. Taylor, G. Labik, P. H. LaMarche, D. R. Mikkelsen, K. W. Hill, C. Vannoy, Jay Kesner, B.P. LeBlanc, J. Levine, A. T. Ramsey, R. Sissingh, M. Caorlin, S. Cauffman, Gregory W. Hammett, R. K. Fisher, Cris W. Barnes, S. D. Scott, H. W. Herrmann, M. Murakami, M. Kalish, H. Adler, V. Arunasalam, R.J. Hawryluk, Michael A. Beer, Ryan M. White, Masaaki Yamada, A. L. Qualls, William Tang, J. Giola, F. C. Jobes, G. Ascione, Manfred Bitter, A. Martin, S. A. Sabbaugh, D. W. Roberts, S. Sesnic, J. Chrzanowski, M. Viola, T. Stevenson, R. Fromm, Paul Woskov, J. Winston, E. Mazzucato, R.J. Fonck, N. N. Gorelenkov, Richard Majeski, E.D. Fredrickson, L. C. Johnson, J. Timberlake, G. Barnes, A. von Halle, R.E. Bell, R. T. Walters, V. Garzotto, T. Senko, H. Evensen, N. L. Bretz, C.H. Skinner, G. Schilling, S. Ramakrishnan, D. Voorhees, David W. Johnson, J. Collins, S. V. Mirnov, J. H. Kamperschroer, John B Wilgen, G. Renda, C. Ancher, J. Hosea, D. L. Jassby, E. Ruskov, D. Mueller, M. Norris, Raffi Nazikian, C. Brunkhorst, J. E. Stevens, K. Wright, Dale Meade, C.E. Bush, J. H. Rogers, Z. Chang, H. Anderson, G. Pearson, G. Coward, M. P. Petrov, M. Hughes, D.K. Mansfield, H. Carnevale, D. K. Owens, H. H. Towner, W. Park, T. Fujita, J. DeLooper, R. Camp, James R. Wilson, M. Tuszewski, E. J. Synakowski, A. Nagy, B. C. Stratton, M.W. Phillips, Stewart Zweben, R.V. Budny, D.R. Ernst, R. Pysher, H.W. Kugel, S. Raftapoulos, J. Ongena, S.F. Paul, R. Daugert, and Nathaniel J. Fisch

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Deuterium, Chemistry, Neutron flux, Neutron, Tritium, Plasma, Atomic physics, Fusion power, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Ion
Abstract

A peak fusion power production of 9.3±0.7 MW has been achieved on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) in deuterium plasmas heated by co and counter injected deuterium and tritium neutral beams with a total power of 33.7 MW. The ratio of fusion power output to heating power input is 0.27. At the time of the highest neutron flux the plasma conditions are: Te(0)=11.5 keV, Ti(0)=44 keV, ne(0)=8.5×1019 m−3, and 〈Zeff〉=2.2 giving τE=0.24 s. These conditions are similar to those found in the highest confinement deuterium plasmas. The measured D‐T neutron yield is within 7% of computer code estimates based on profile measurements and within experimental uncertainties. These plasmas have an inferred central fusion alpha fraction of 0.2% and central fusion power density of 2 MW/m3 similar to that expected in a fusion reactor. Even though the alpha velocity exceeds the Alfven velocity throughout the time of high neutron output in most high power plasmas, MHD activity is not substantially different from that in co...

Published
1995
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8. Confinement and heating of a deuterium-tritium plasma

Author

P. C. Efthimion, E. J. Synakowski, Guoyong Fu, J.M. McChesney, C. K. Phillips, M. Caorlin, R. Newman, William Heidbrink, E.D. Fredrickson, Gregory W. Hammett, R. M. Wieland, J. E. Stevens, C. Gentile, S. Cauffman, G. Barnes, M. Tuszewski, L. Dudek, Manfred Bitter, E. Perry, N. T. Lam, Masaki Osakabe, N. L. Bretz, K. L. Wong, R. K. Fisher, J. DeLooper, D. Voorhees, L. C. Johnson, David W. Johnson, J.F. Schivell, G. R. Hanson, F. C. Jobes, J. Hosea, Chio-Zong Cheng, D. S. Darrow, J. D. Strachan, Mamiko Sasao, James R. Wilson, E. Ruskov, B. Grek, Richard Majeski, S.F. Paul, K. M. McGuire, Dale Meade, J. H. Rogers, J. Machuzak, G. A. Wurden, E.S. Marmar, R. Sissingh, R. T. Walters, Z. Chang, H. W. Herrmann, T. Stevenson, H. Anderson, G. Schilling, J. H. Kamperschroer, M. H. Redi, Masaaki Yamada, A. von Halle, W. R. Blanchard, D. L. Jassby, J.L. Anderson, Takeo Nishitani, C. Ancher, R. Camp, M. Oldaker, D. Mueller, John B Wilgen, D. W. Roberts, William Tang, R. Durst, J.L. Terry, N. N. Gorelenkov, P. H. LaMarche, D. R. Mikkelsen, David A Rasmussen, R. J. Hawryluk, M. Leonard, C.H. Skinner, T. O’Connor, A. L. Roquemore, Kenneth M. Young, L. R. Grisham, R.E. Bell, M. E. Thompson, D.K. Mansfield, D. Ashcroft, S. S. Medley, E. Mazzucato, G. Taylor, K. W. Hill, B.P. LeBlanc, Raffi Nazikian, G. Pearson, G. Coward, A. Nagy, M. P. Petrov, Cris W. Barnes, S. D. Scott, B. C. Stratton, S.A. Sabbagh, R. J. Fonck, Joseph Snipes, C. Vannoy, Stewart Zweben, R.V. Budny, D.R. Ernst, H.W. Kugel, M. Norris, C.E. Bush, N. Fromm, D. K. Owens, M. C. Zarnstorff, W. Park, Hyeon K. Park, J. Collins, Harold P. Furth, M. Williams, H. Hsuan, M. G. Bell, B. McCormack, H.H. Duong, G. R. McKee, A. T. Ramsey, G. L. Schmidt, R. Rossmassler, D.C. McCune, P. Alling, Michael Loughlin, M. Murakami, Fred Levinton, S. von Goeler, H. Adler, A. Martin, A.C. Janos, S. H. Batha, and S. Pitcher

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Physics, Deuterium, Lawson criterion, technology, industry, and agriculture, General Physics and Astronomy, Electron temperature, Tritium, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma, Atomic physics, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Ion
Abstract

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) has performed initial high-power experiments with the plasma fueled by deuterium and tritium to nominally equal densities. Compared to pure deuterium plasmas, the energy stored in the electron and ions increased by ~20%. These increases indicate improvements in confinement associated with the use of tritium and possibly heating of electrons by α-particles.

Published
1994

9. Fusion power production from TFTR plasmas fueled with deuterium and tritium.

Author

Strachan JD, Adler H, Alling P, Ancher C, Anderson H, Anderson JL, Ashcroft D, Barnes CW, Barnes G, Batha S, Bell MG, Bell R, Bitter M, Blanchard W, Bretz NL, Budny R, Bush CE, Camp R, Caorlin M, Cauffman S, Chang Z, Cheng CZ, Collins J, Coward G, Darrow DS, DeLooper J, Duong H, Dudek L, Durst R, Efthimion PC, Ernst D, Fisher R, Fonck RJ, Fredrickson E, Fromm N, Fu GY, Furth HP, Gentile C, Gorelenkov N, Grek B, Grisham LR, Hammett G, Hanson GR, Hawryluk RJ, Heidbrink W, Herrmann HW, Hill KW, Hosea J, Hsuan H, Janos A, Jassby DL, Jobes FC, Johnson DW, Johnson LC, Kamperschroer J, Kugel H, Lam NT, LaMarche PH, Loughlin MJ, LeBlanc B, Leonard M, Levinton FM, Machuzak J, and Mansfield DK

Published
1994
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10. Confinement and heating of a deuterium-tritium plasma.

Author

Hawryluk RJ, Adler H, Alling P, Ancher C, Anderson H, Anderson JL, Ashcroft D, Barnes CW, Barnes G, Batha S, Bell MG, Bell R, Bitter M, Blanchard W, Bretz NL, Budny R, Bush CE, Camp R, Caorlin M, Cauffman S, Chang Z, Cheng CZ, Collins J, Coward G, Darrow DS, DeLooper J, Duong H, Dudek L, Durst R, Efthimion PC, Ernst D, Fisher R, Fonck RJ, Fredrickson E, Fromm N, Fu GY, Furth HP, Gentile C, Gorelenkov N, Grek B, Grisham LR, Hammett G, Hanson GR, Heidbrink W, Herrmann HW, Hill KW, Hosea J, Hsuan H, Janos A, Jassby DL, Jobes FC, Johnson DW, Johnson LC, Kamperschroer J, Kugel H, Lam NT, LaMarche PH, Loughlin MJ, LeBlanc B, Leonard M, Levinton FM, Machuzak J, Mansfield DK, and Martin A

Published
1994
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