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The growth of Sport Management programs in the United States over the past 50 years has sparked debate about where they should reside on college campuses. However, it has also provided significant opportunities for collaboration and integration with other academic programs in Kinesiology and Public Health. This paper explores relevant literature and current issues that highlight the intersection of sport management, physical activity, and health and then describes two academic programs that were redesigned to better integrate sport management and the health sciences. The Sport Marketing and Management program at Indiana University provides students with the opportunity to expand their business training, with particular emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion, through coursework in health and movement-related programs in the School of Public Health. The School of Kinesiology’s Applied Exercise Science program at the University of Michigan offers students the option of pursuing a management elective track that incorporates courses from the school’s Sport Management program. This paper provides leaders in Kinesiology with explicit examples of integrating kinesiology and public health with sport management and serves to encourage leaders to promote and support greater collaboration within units of Kinesiology and other health science programs.

A quaternion unit gain graph is a graph where each orientation of an edge is given a quaternion unit, which is the inverse of the quaternion unit assigned to the opposite orientation. In this paper we define the adjacency, Laplacian and incidence matrices for a quaternion unit gain graph and study their properties. These properties generalize several fundamental results from spectral graph theory of ordinary graphs, signed graphs and complex unit gain graphs. Bounds for both the left and right eigenvalues of the adjacency and Laplacian matrix are developed, and the right eigenvalues for the cycle and path graphs are explicitly calculated.

As the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a research model continues to rise, so too will the shipping and sharing of zebrafish strains across collaborating institutions. If done incorrectly, shipping can result in significant mortality, welfare concerns, and loss of valuable resources for researchers and research institutions. Here we introduce a novel method to track temperatures of zebrafish containers during shipping and show that internal packaging temperatures are directly affected by the external temperatures. We used temperature logging Thermochron iButtons to track the temperatures of 2 packages containing adult zebrafish that were shipped overnight from Dallas, TX to Columbus, OH during winter following recommended fish shipping guidelines. We found that the external packaging of both boxes of fish were exposed to temperatures that had previously been shown to be lethal to zebrafish. However, internal temperatures and, more specifically, water temperature, stayed within 24.0 to 26.5°C during shipment, resulting in 100% survival of adult zebrafish. This novel method of tracking packaging temperatures of live fish during shipping can help to inform fish health status on arrival.

Aged cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) from an established breeding colony displayed signs of spontaneous exophthalmos. Of a total of 118 colony animals that were older than 6 mo of age, 37 (31%) displayed signs of exophthalmos. These rats were clinically healthy and had no other signs of disease. Ophthalmic exams, molecular and microbiologic testing, and histopa- thology were performed to determine the cause of the exophthalmos and to provide appropriate treatment. Environmental monitoring records were also reviewed for vivarium rooms in which the cotton rats were housed. Histopathology findings supported that the exophthalmos in these cotton rats was secondary to retro-orbital thrombosis associated with cardiomyopathy. The exophthalmic eyes were treated by either removal of the affected eye (enucleation) or surgical closure of the eyelids (temporary tarsorraphy). Enucleation of the exophthalmic eye was the best intervention for these aged cotton rats. These findings demonstrate the potential for a high incidence of ocular problems occurring secondary to cardiomyopathy in aged cotton rats. Enucleation as a therapeutic intervention for exophthalmic eyes in aged cotton rats prolongs the morbidity-free time span during which these aged animals can be used experimentally.

Cost-effective calf pre-conditioning programs utilizing high-quality pastures and minimal grain supplements can improve net returns of limited-resource cow-calf operations. The objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing two different supplements in a forage-based 45-day pre-conditioning program. Twenty-one Angus-cross calves averaging 6 months of age were assigned randomly at weaning to two groups based on sex and initial body weights: commercially available complete feed, 16% crude protein (Group 1), and corn-mineral mix, 10% crude protein (Group 2, Control). Calves were backgrounded on natural pastures that were predominantly Bahia grass and acclimated to the feeds for 2 weeks prior to the start of the actual trial. Supplementation rates for both groups were maintained at 1.0 lb./150 lb. calf BW equivalent to 2.0 lbs./calf/day. Groups were rotated among pasture plots weekly depending on forage availability. Calves were weighed at 2-week intervals during the study. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance using GLM methods of SAS. No differences were observed among groups in calf BW gain (P < 0.74) and net returns (P < 0.92). Initial calf BW were 357.2 ± 15.2 vs. 370.9 ± 16.6 lbs., whereas final BW were 398.2 ± 17.2 vs. 408.6 ± 20.1 lbs., for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, average weight gains were 41.0 vs 37.7 lbs., for groups 1 and 2, respectively (Table 1). Feed costs were $17.97 vs. $16.97 for groups 1 and 2, respectively culminating in a $0.44 vs. $0.45 cost per lb. of gain, respectively. The current market price of a 400 lb. calf at the North Florida Livestock market averages $1.39/lb. Therefore, pre-conditioning calves using complete feed provides a $0.95/lb. return, whereas using corn-mineral mix returns a profit of $0.93/lb. Therefore, the corn-based supplement compared favorably to the commercially available complete feed in this system.

We present a classical algorithm that, for any 3D geometrically-local, polylogarithmic-depth quantum circuit $C$ acting on $n$ qubits, and any bit string $x\in\{0,1\}^n$, can compute the quantity $|< x |C|0^{\otimes n}>|^2$ to within any inverse-polynomial additive error in quasi-polynomial time. It is known that it is $\#P$-hard to compute this same quantity to within $2^{-n^2}$ additive error [Mov20, KMM21]. The previous best known algorithm for this problem used $O(2^{n^{1/3}}\text{poly}(1/\epsilon))$ time to compute probabilities to within additive error $\epsilon$ [BGM20]. Notably, the [BGM20] paper included an elegant polynomial time algorithm for this estimation task restricted to 2D circuits, which makes a novel use of 1D Matrix Product States (MPS) carefully tailored to the 2D geometry of the circuit in question. Surprisingly, it is not clear that it is possible to extend this use of MPS to address the case of 3D circuits in polynomial time. This raises a natural question as to whether the computational complexity of the 3D problem might be drastically higher than that of the 2D problem. In this work we address this question by exhibiting a quasi-polynomial time algorithm for the 3D case. In order to surpass the technical barriers encountered by previously known techniques we are forced to pursue a novel approach. Our algorithm has a Divide-and-Conquer structure, demonstrating how to approximate the desired quantity via several instantiations of the same problem type, each involving 3D-local circuits on about half the number of qubits as the original. This division step is then applied recursively, expressing the original quantity as a weighted combination of smaller and smaller 3D-local quantum circuits. A central technical challenge is to control correlations arising from entanglement that may exist between the different circuit ``pieces" produced this way.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat in veterinary medicine, and although there is an expanding body of literature of the AMR prevalence in food animal and companion animal populations, little data on AMR exists in primate veterinary medicine. The monkey-human interface is extensive, especially in biomedical research and zoos, and these monkeys are frequently infected with bacteria that can be transmitted between monkeys and humans. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistant zoonotic bacteria has the potential to impact animal, human, and environmental health worldwide. Primate veterinarians frequently treat bidirectional zoonotic infections with antimicrobials classified as “critically important” by the World Health Organization, and such antimicrobial use (AMU) can influence AMR in humans and the environment. Consequently, medical primatologists have a public health obligation to use antimicrobials judiciously. Antimicrobial stewardship is especially important because the selective pressure of repeated AMU can promote the spread of AMR within and between monkeys and to humans with zoonotic transmission. Effective antimicrobial stewardship programs utilize a multi-modal approach involving a coordinated team with protocols for appropriate antimicrobial selection and practice and ongoing monitoring strategies for antimicrobial use, AMR, and patient outcomes. This multi-modal tactic is necessary to contest AMR on a One Health scale. Veterinarians are in a position to create comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship programs and reduce the threats of AMR on monkey and human health.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents serious threats to human and animal health. Although AMR of pathogens is often evaluated independently between humans and animals, comparative analysis of AMR between humans and animals is necessary for zoonotic pathogens. Major surveillance systems monitor AMR of zoonotic pathogens in humans and food animals, but comprehensive AMR data in veterinary medicine is not diligently monitored for most animal species with which humans commonly contact, including NHP. The objective of this review is to provide a complete report of the prevalences of AMR among zoonotic bacteria that present the greatest threats to NHP, occupational, and public health. High prevalences of AMR exist among Shigella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia, including resistance to antimicrobials important to public health, such as macrolides. Despite improvements in regulations, standards, policies, practices, and zoonotic awareness, occupational exposures to and illnesses due to zoonotic pathogens continue to be reported and, given the documented prevalences of AMR, constitute an occupational and public health risk. However, published literature is sparse, thus indicating the need for veterinarians to proactively monitor AMR in dangerous zoonotic bacteria, to enable veterinarians to make more informed decisions to maximize antimicrobial therapy and minimize occupational risk.

The current study focused on addressing a gap in understanding the design, structure, and management of sport-for-development (SFD) initiatives, in this case an initiative rooted in sport-based service learning. Sport, and specifically SFD, has been shown to facilitate positive outcomes such as social capital development through expanding networks and community building. Some studies have focused on impacts on volunteers in sport and SFD programs. These volunteers have developed networks most often through informal relationship building activities. Building on this knowledge, the current mixed methods study investigated the social capital development of alumni of a college service learning through sport course. Survey data (n = 93) and individual interviews (n = 22) with participants who had completed at least one semester in the course indicated that social capital development was facilitated. In particular, the intentional design, structure, and management aspects of the course and program provided opportunities for social capital development.

As a growing threat to human and animal health, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a central public-health topic. Large-scale surveillance systems, such as the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), are now established to monitor and provide guidance regarding AMR, but comprehensive literature on AMR among NHP is sparse. This study provides data regarding current antimicrobial use strategies and the prevalence of AMR in zoonotic bacteria recovered from NHP within biomedical research institutions. We focused on 4 enteric bacteria: Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Campylobacter jejuni. Fifteen veterinarians, 7 biomedical research institutions, and 4 diagnostic laboratories participated, providing susceptibility test results from January 2012 through April 2015. Veterinarians primarily treated cases caused by S. flexneri, Y. enterocolitica, and Y. pseudotuberculosis with enrofloxacin but treated C. jejuni cases with azithromycin and tylosin. All isolates were susceptible to the associated primary antimicrobial but often showed resistance to others. Specifically, S. flexneri isolates frequently were resistant to erythromycin (87.5%), doxycycline (73.7%), and tetracycline (38.3%); Y. enterocolitica isolates to ampicillin (100%) and cefazolin (93.6%); and C. jejuni isolates to methicillin (99.5%) and cephalothin (97.5%). None of the 58 Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates was resistant to any tested antimicrobial. Notably, resistance patterns were not shared between this study's NHP isolates and human isolates presented by NARMS. Our findings indicate that zoonotic bacteria from NHP diagnostic samples are broadly susceptible to the antimicrobials used to treat the clinical infections. These results can help veterinarians ensure effective antimicrobial therapy and protect staff by minimizing occupational risk.

There are several animal models routinely used for study of the spinal fusion process and animal selection largely depends on the scientific question to be answered. This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various animal models used to study spinal fusion and describes the New Zealand White (NSW) rabbit which is the most popular preclinical model to study spinal fusion. We outline critical steps required in planning and performing spinal fusion surgery in this model. This includes determination of the required animal number to obtain statistical significance, an outline of appropriate technique for posterolateral fusion and other components of completing a study. As advances in drug delivery move forward and our understanding of the cascade of gene expression occurring during the fusion process grows, performing and interpreting preclinical animal models will be vital to validating new therapies to enhance spinal fusion.

A 21-mo-old, male Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) presented with left-sided facial swelling, proptosis of the left eye, and blepharospasm of the right eye. The hamster had been used only for breeding. Because of the poor prognosis, the hamster was euthanized without additional diagnostic assays or treatments. Routine gross pathologic evaluation demonstrated exophthalmos and presumptive hyphema of the left eye, bilateral facial edema, freely movable nodules within the mesentery, white foci within the liver, and a large mass effacing the cranial pole of the right kidney. On histologic evaluation, the mesenteric nodules and liver foci expressed histiocytic marker CD163 and thus were diagnosed as sites of histiocytic sarcoma, whereas the kidney mass was a well-differentiated renal cell carcinoma. The facial swelling resulted from bilateral, chronic, severe, branching thrombi in many facial veins. Additional age-related histopathologic findings were observed in other organs, including diffuse glomerulopathy, nesidioblastosis (pancreatic islet neoformation), and multiple foci of severe cartilage degeneration in the axial skeleton. To our knowledge, this report provides the first description of histiocytic sarcoma in a Siberian hamster.

Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-footed mice results in partial protection against reinfection with the same agent. However, humans and domestic animals may be sequentially exposed to different isolates of the agent circulating in the same or adjacent foci. We investigated whether immune response to a tick-borne infection with A. phagocytophilum provides protection against homologous and heterologous challenges. BALB/c mice were infected with one of the two sympatric isolates of A. phagocytophilum via tick bite and challenged 16 weeks later by Ixodes scapularis nymphs infected with either the same or the alternative isolate. As controls, groups of infected mice were challenged by uninfected ticks to confirm an absence of reactivation of the original infection or groups of naive mice were fed upon by ticks from cohorts used for an infectious challenge. Xenodiagnostic I. scapularis larvae were fed upon each mouse at 14 and 21 days postchallenge (PCH) and tested for the presence of A. phagocytophilum as freshly molted nymphs. Blood samples for quantitative PCR were collected at 7, 14, 21, and 70 days PCH. Serum samples were collected weekly to monitor development of immune response. The proportion of infected animals, levels of bacteremia, and the prevalence of infection in xenodiagnostic ticks were higher in groups of control mice exposed to A. phagocytophilum for the first time than in mice reinfected with either homologous or heterologous isolates. The presence of antibodies against A. phagocytophilum did not protect mice from a challenge with either homologous or heterologous isolates, however the ensuing reinfection was significantly milder and of a shorter duration than the first infection with either isolate.

Insertional mutagenesis was used to identify genes involved in mating and/or zygote formation in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard. Approximately 800 insertionally mutagenized transformants were examined, and a single nonagglutinating mutant was identified. Plasmid rescue was used to clone a genomic fragment containing transforming DNA. This fragment was then used to identify the wild-type copy of the gene disrupted during mutagenesis. The wild-type gene is transcribed during all stages of the life cycle and, based on sequence similarity, encodes a P2-type proton transporting ATPase. The gene is referred to as Pmh1 for plasma membrane H+-ATPase. PMH1 displays the greatest sequence similarity to ATPases from two parasitic flagellates and a raphidophytic alga but not to the ATPase from a closely related green alga. We propose that PMH1 represents a distinct H+-ATPase isoform expressed in flagellates.

Since the time architecture and construction were separated from a master-builder concept, the issue of construction safety has plagued the architect, owner, and contractor relationship. What should be a process to ensure the adequate completion of a project often becomes a struggle between all parties involved. The construction process has become a haven for litigation, with owners routinely shopping for the cheapest designer. This designer is often the one who becomes the low bidder by shorting the design services, such as coordination of disciplines, cost estimating, field supervision, or adequate shop drawings review. Contractors bid work with the intent of being responsible for means and methods, but many court cases have determined that the issue of construction safety cannot be their sole responsibility. There exists a need to foster synergy among participants in the construction process. Developing a cohesive idealogy, through design/build, has shown itself as a vehicle to institute lines of communication, which stimulate productivity, unifying parties and sharing risk. The resolution of risk-shifting is important to those who design, construct, and use architecture.

Many construction safety issues are closely connected to environmental problems. The consolidation of safety and environmental regulation at federal and state levels, either partially or totally, would provide the construction industry with a single agency that would provide uniform and accurate guidance, avoid unnecessary duplication of guidance and information, and virtually eliminate conflicts that are currently caused by multiagency oversight. In addition to benefits to the industry, there are also significant cost savings that could be attained by the various levels of government involved in monitoring the construction industry by combining their various safety and environmental regulatory functions. Combining certain Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) functions would increase efficiency and provide a good model for the contemporary movement to reinvent government. The resulting consistency of regulation would decrease conflicting guidance from agencies that are regulating similar issues and, at the same time, increase the quality of worker safety and environmental protection. In addition to the regulation of hazardous materials by both agencies, there are significant additional opportunities for consolidating operations and regulation of the construction industry.

Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is an enteric bacterium that can contaminate chicken eggs and meat, resulting in production losses and consumer illness. To provide insight into the systemic metabolic effects of S. enteritidis infection, liver samples were harvested 10-days postinfection from broiler hens. Hepatic global gene expression levels were assessed using a chicken 44K Agilent microarray. Forty-four genes were differentially expressed at a significance level of q value0.05. One hundred eighty-three genes were differentially expressed at a suggestive significance level of q value0.1. A predominance of downregulation existed among significantly differentially expressed genes. Cell cycle and metabolism networks were created from the differentially expressed genes. Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, electron transport, peptidase activity, vein constriction, cell differentiation, IL-2 signaling, Jak-Stat signaling, B-cell receptor signaling, GDP/GTP exchange, and protein recycling were among the functions of the differentially expressed genes that were down-regulated in response to S. enteritidis. The effects of S. enteritidis infection on the liver transcriptome profiles of broilers reflect a predominance of downregulation of genes with cell cycle and metabolic functions. The most pronounced response was the downregulation of genes that function in metabolic pathways, inflammation, and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These results provide insight into important systemic metabolic mechanisms that are active in the chicken liver in response to S. enteritidis infection at 10-days postinfection.

To complete the study on harnessing the biogas produced by a UWTP as an energy source, using cogeneration with motor-generators and phosphoric acid fuel cells, in this paper we present the results of the environmental study. This completes the study made of both systems, enabling us to conclude which of the two methods is best in terms of obtaining the largest amount of energy, at the lowest cost, and with minimum impact on the environment. For the environmental analysis we compared, amongst other parameters, the contaminating gas emissions produced by each cogeneration device, and assessed the financial cost of the environmental damage caused by these emissions. We also bore in mind the emission levels created by the emissions from each system, both immediately around the plant and in the surrounding areas affected by prevailing wind directions. Finally, we compared the noise levels of the two devices and determined the financial cost of applying corrective acoustic insulation where necessary. The overall study of both systems has made it clear that to evaluate them correctly, it is necessary to internalize all the costs that are currently externalized. This is the only way to find the true cost of each system.

To delineate the metabolism of gammalinolenic acid (18:3(n-6] by macrophages, primary cultures of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with [14C]18:3(n-6). At 3, 6 or 20 h, the majority (greater than 85%) of the radiolabel was recovered in cell phospholipids. With increasing time of incubation, a relative reduction of 14C in glycerophosphocholine (ChoGpl, 58.1% to 46.2%) was noted. This was offset by a corresponding increase in glycerophosphoethanolamine (EtnGpl) labeling (from 8.8% to 18.9%). There was also a time-dependent redistribution of 14C from diacyl to ether-containing phospholipid subclasses in ChoGpl and EtnGpl. Analysis of cell extracts by reverse-phae HPLC following transmethylation demonstrated that 18:3(n-6) was extensively elongated (greater than 80%) to dihomogammalinolenic acid (20:3(n-6] by 3 h. The major radiolabeled phospholipid molecular species in the diacyl (PtdCho) and alkylacylglycerophosphocholine (PakCho) subclasses was 16:0-20:3(n-6). In contrast, diacyl (PtdEtn) and alkenylacylglycerophosphoethanolamine (PlsEtn) subclasses contained primarily [14C]18:0-20:3(n-6) and 16:0-20:3(n-6), respectively. Macrophages prelabeled with [14C]18:3(n-6) for 20 h and stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 or zymosan synthesized [14C]prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). These data demonstrate that macrophages possess an active long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid elongase capable of converting 18:3(n-6) to 20:3(n-6) which can, upon stimulation, be converted to PGE1.

Diets containing gammalinolenic acid (18:3n-6) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can improve renal function and favorably modulate glomerular injury as a result of various inflammatory reactions. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA influence renal metabolism, the composition of kidney phospholipid classes and subclasses from mice fed either corn oil (CO) containing 18:2n-6, borage oil (BO) containing 18:3n-6 and 18:3n-6, black currant seed oil (BL) containing 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6 and 18:3n-3, fish-corn oil mix (F/C) containing 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, and a fish-borage oil mix (F/B) containing 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were determined. Three weeks of feeding the different lipids produced no significant change in the relative percentage of any phospholipid classes or subclasses of the choline (ChoGpl) and ethanolamine (EtnGpl) glycerophospholipids. In general, FO and F/B diets increased 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in all phospholipids except sphingomyelin (CerPCho). BL feeding produced a smaller relative increase in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Dietary supplementation with 18:3n-6 (BO, BL and F/B diets) resulted in the accumulation of 20:3n-6 in diacyl-glycerophosphocholine (PtdCho), diacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). The combination of 18:3n-6 and n-3 PUFA (F/B diet) elevated the diacyl phospholipid 20:3n-6/20:4n-6 ratio relative to CO, BO, BL, and F/C diets. These findings demonstrate that marked differences exist in the ability of kidney phospholipid classes and subclasses to incorporate dietary PUFA.

Immature embryos of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Bay’, G. tabacina (Labill.) Benth. and G. tomentella Hayata were cultured on 72 media combinations to identify a nutrient medium which would allow a greater percentage of interspecific plants to be recovered from cultured embryos of G. max × various perennial Glycine species. The highest mean plant recovery rate of 79% was from a medium containing ‘B5’ nutrient salts as reported by Gamborg et al. (1968), vitamin components according to Williams (1978) and 30 g/l sucrose. This is as compared with 25% from a medium used previously. In an additional test, 67% of hybrid embryos of G. max × G. tomentella were recovered from the same medium, from which G. tomentella was most effectively recovered in all testing.

Isolated frog skin was irradiated with 1‐MHz noncavitating focused ultrasound, intensity range 1–100 w/cm2, in an adaptation of the Ussing chamber providing continuous perfusion of the specimen. The electrical parameters of the skin, viz., the membrane potential (MP) and the short circuit current (SCC), were monitored continuously before, during, and after the acoustic exposure. The magnitudes of the ultrasonically induced changes, in both parameters, were proportional to the acoustic intensity, though the MP decreased while the SCC increased. Unlinking of the two electrical parameters occurs in that their time courses in response to the ultrasound differ, i.e., the SCC increases continuously for exposures of 0.5 sec and longer while the MP reaches its maximum within 0.5 sec and is not altered with increased duration of exposure.Subject Classification: [43]80.40; [43]35.75.

Increasing interest in clinical teaching has led to the realization that the unique subset of skills which characterizes effective clinical teaching needs to be identified. Such identification will lead to development of these skills and improvement in the quality of clinical teaching. Family practice faculty are vitally concerned with improving their clinical teaching skills, since clinical teaching is the core of education in family medicine and since many family physicians who become preceptors have had no formal training as teachers. In this investigation of effective clinical teaching behaviors, faculty and residents generally agree in their perceptions of the helpfulness of 58 clinical teaching behaviors. Neither group felt that emphasis on references and research is as important a factor in effective clinical teaching as are residents' active participation in the learning situation and positive preceptor attitudes toward teaching and residents. It was perceived that the ineffective clinical teacher has a negative attitude toward residents, is inaccessible, and lacks skills in providing feedback, while the effective clinical teacher has skills in two-way communication, creates an educational environment that facilitates learning, and provides constructive feedback to residents.

Four design criteria, home extension, personal extension, family centered environment, and patient education, are explored as guidelines for creating a therapeutic atmosphere in the family physician's office. They can be applied to the entryway, waiting and reception areas, hallways, examination rooms, nurses' station, laboratories, and the physician's private office. They are intended not to replace the traditional design criteria of efficiency, economy, safety, and convention, but to enhance their effectiveness. This occurs when the total environment, physical, administrative, and social, is consciously managed for the purpose of patient therapy and staff well-being. Attention to family centered design criteria facilitates this management and helps to ensure that many components of the health-care system benefit the patient.

Isolated frog skin was irradiated with 1‐MHz noncavitating focused ultrasound in the intensity range 1–100 W/cm2 in an adaptation of the Ussing chamber permitting continuous perfusion of the skin. The electrical parameters of the skin, viz., the membrane potential (MP) and the short circuit current (SCC), were measured continuously during sonication. The magnitudes of the ultrasonically induced changes in both parameters were proportional to the acoustic intensity, though the MP exhibited a decrease while the SCC increased in response to the sound. Further, the time course of the two responses differed in that the SCC increased continuously for exposures of 0.5 sec and longer, while the MP reached a maximum value within 0.5 sec of the onset of the sound and did not change further for the duration of the exposure. [Supported in part by NIH and in part by NSF.]

• The medical history for the first year of life of 106 infants in a rural community was reviewed. During the first month of life, a significant difference was found in the number of office visits for illness between breast-fed infants and infants who were bottle-fed from birth. For the first 6 months of life, breast-fed infants with and without bottle supplements had significantly fewer months with illness than bottle-fed infants, regardless of prior exposure to breast milk. Demographic data indicated no appreciable differences between feeding groups. It is concluded that breast-feeding offers a protective advantage against illness. ( Am J Dis Child 1982;136:36-38)