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A pesar de que la alusión es ampliamente usada por poetas, escritores y filósofos así como en el lenguaje cotidiano, sus características y alcance como instrumento cognitivo se han estudiado escasamente. Esto es cierto hasta el extremo de que el sustantivo alusión no es merecedor de una humilde entrada en diccionarios y enciclopedias especializados, no solamente de filosofía, sino tampoco de lingüística. Teniendo en cuenta este status quaestionis, este trabajo intenta conseguir los siguientes objetivos, a saber: 1) mostrar que la alusión es un instrumento cognitivo; 2) delimitar la alusión con respecto a la cita, el plagio y el eco; 3) considerar la alusión como un caso de implicatura; y 4) analizar las principales características de la alusión. Todos estos puntos se estudian mediante el recurso a textos poéticos y filosóficos serios, así como a textos y proferencias humorísticos y del lenguaje cotidiano.

A strain of Alcaligenes faecalis A12C (A. faecalis A12C) isolated from Argyrosomus regius is a probiotic in fish. Previous experiments showed that A. faecalis A12C had inhibitory effects on the growth of multidrug-resistant bacteria. We aimed to confirm whether A. faecalis A12C is safe and has adequate intestinal colonization in experimental rats, and evaluate its efficacy in an animal model of peritonitis. We used 30 male rats, randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 5): three groups (HA7, HA15, HA30) received A. faecalis A12C in drinking water (6 × 108 CFU/mL) for 7 days, and three control groups received drinking water only. All groups were evaluated at 7, 15, and 30 days. Survival after A. faecalis A12C administration was 100% in all groups. Mild eosinophilia (1.5%, p p E. coli decline in faeces, parallel to an increase in A. faecalis A12C at 7 days. E. coli had a tendency to recover initial values, while A. faecalis A12C disappeared from the intestinal microbiota at 30 days. To evaluate its efficacy against peritonitis, we studied two additional groups of animals: IA group pretreated with A. faecalis A12C before E. coli intra-abdominal inoculation, and IC group inoculated with no A. faecalis A12C. We found an increase in C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and eosinophils in IC animals when compared with IA. Peritonitis was more evident in IC than in IA animals. Our findings suggest that A. faecalis A12C altered clinically relevant parameters in sepsis and was associated with a lesser spread of infection.

The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in central nervous system (CNS) infections is not fully resolved. We wanted to describe the clinical manifestations of patients with EBV infection in cerebrospinal fluid.We reviewed the clinical records of all adult patients EBV PCR-positive in cerebrospinal fluid, without lymphoproliferative disease, during 2004 to 2020.We identified 27 patients, 22 (81.5%) were men, and median age was 54 years. Twenty-three (82.1%) patients were immunosuppressed, 16 HIV-positive. In 15 (55.6%) patients coinfection with another microorganism was diagnosed and in 12 (44.4%) patients it was detected as the only pathogen. Of the 12 patients, three (25%) was immunocompetent patients, one had Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), another had disseminated multiphasic encephalitis, and another had lymphocytic meningitis; 9 (75%) immunosuppressed, 7 HIV-positive, 4 had encephalitis that resolved without sequelae and 4 had encephalopathy, two HIH-positive had moderate cognitive impairment as a sequela.In our study, EBV produced encephalitis, meningitis, polyradiculomyelitis and GBS, mainly in immunosuppressed patients. In more than half of the cases, it is associated with other pathogens where the role of EBV is unclear. In immunocompetent patient, the infection can be serious and leave sequelae and in HIV-positive patients with encephalopatic involvement without encephalitis, the neurological damage could be greater, so we consider it of interest to carry out studies to evaluate the prognosis as well as the role of antivirals in the evolucion of these clinical pictures.Infección del sistema nervioso central por el virus de Epstein-Barr: manifestaciones clínicas y pronóstico.Introducción. El papel del virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) en las infecciones del sistema nervioso central no siempre está claro. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las manifestaciones clínicas y la evolución de los pacientes con detección del VEB en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Pacientes y métodos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes adultos con detección del VEB en el LCR por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa diagnosticados desde 2004 hasta 2020 sin enfermedad linfoproliferativa. Resultados. Se diagnosticó a 27 pacientes, 22 (81,5%) hombres, con una mediana de 54 años; 23 (82,1%) pacientes eran inmunodeprimidos, 16 positivos para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). En 15 (55,6%) pacientes, el VEB se detectó en coinfección con otro microorganismo, y en 12, como único patógeno. De los 12 pacientes, tres (25%) eran inmunocompetentes, uno presentó un síndrome de Guillain-Barré, otro una encefalitis diseminada multifásica y otro una meningitis linfocitaria; y nueve (75%) inmunodeprimidos, de los que cuatro presentaron encefalitis que se resolvieron sin secuelas, y cuatro encefalopatía, dos de ellos positivos para el VIH, que presentaron secuelas (deterioro cognitivo moderado). Conclusiones. En nuestro estudio, el VEB produjo cuadros de encefalitis, meningitis, polirradiculomielitis y SGB, principalmente en inmunodeprimidos. En más de la mitad de los casos se asocia a otros patógenos, en donde el papel del VEB no está claro. En inmunocompetentes, las infecciones pueden ser graves y dejar secuelas, y en pacientes con VIH con encefalopatía sin encefalitis, el daño neurológico podría ser mayor, por lo que consideramos de interés realizar estudios que evalúen el pronóstico y el papel de los antivirales en la evolución de estos cuadros clínicos.

We have detected two mutations in the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at amino acid positions 1163 and 1167 that appeared independently in multiple transmission clusters and different genetic backgrounds. Furthermore, both mutations appeared together in a cluster of 1,627 sequences belonging to clade 20E. This cluster is characterized by 12 additional single nucleotide polymorphisms but no deletions. The available structural information on the S protein in the pre- and postfusion conformations predicts that both mutations confer rigidity, which could potentially decrease viral fitness. Accordingly, we observed reduced infectivity of this spike genotype relative to the ancestral 20E sequence in vitro, and the levels of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs were not significantly higher. Furthermore, the mutations did not impact thermal stability or antibody neutralization by sera from vaccinated individuals but moderately reduce neutralization by convalescent-phase sera from the early stages of the pandemic. Despite multiple successful appearances of the two spike mutations during the first year of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, the genotype with both mutations was displaced upon the expansion of the 20I (Alpha) variant. The midterm fate of the genotype investigated was consistent with the lack of advantage observed in the clinical and experimental data. IMPORTANCE We observed repeated, independent emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike involving amino acids 1163 and 1167, within the HR2 functional motif. Conclusions derived from evolutionary and genomic diversity analysis suggest that the co-occurrence of both mutations might pose an advantage for the virus and therefore a threat to effective control of the epidemic. However, biological characterization, including in vitro experiments and analysis of clinical data, indicated no clear benefit in terms of stability or infectivity. In agreement with this, continuous epidemiological surveillance conducted months after the first observations revealed that both mutations did not successfully outcompete other variants and stopped circulating 9 months after their initial detection. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of both mutations to escape neutralizing antibodies, finding that the presence of these two mutations on their own is not likely to confer antibody escape. Our results provide an example of how newly emerged spike mutations can be assessed to better understand the risk posed by new variants and indicate that some spike mutations confer no clear advantage to the virus despite independently emerging multiple times and are eventually displaced by fitter variants., This work was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III project COV20/00140 and COV20/00437, Spanish National Research Council project CSIC-COV19-021 and CSIC-COVID19-082, and the Generalitat Valenciana (SEJI/2019/011 and Covid_19-SCI). Action co-financed by the European Union through the Operational Program of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the Valencian Community 2014-2020. M.C. and R.G. are supported by Ramon y Cajal program from Ministerio de Ciencia.

The aim of this chapter is to analyse and discuss some translation difficulties that emerge when one signifier develops different meanings in two particular languages. When it is the case that, as a result of some semantic change, two languages share one signifier and that this signifier shares, at least, one of its meanings in both languages while it differs with regard to the rest, problems for translating from one to the other language emerge. Such problems become more significant when, in addition, each language’s signifier belongs to different sociolects and/or two alternative interpretations of a given text are reasonably possible. All these points are analysed in published translations of philosophical texts. Although I study other cases, the core of this chapter is devoted to the problems that emerge when the English noun actuality and its cognates in Romance languages appear in philosophical texts.

RESUMEN A pesar de que la reducción de R. Descartes de los animales a meras máquinas puede explicarse como una consecuencia lógica de su punto de partida metafísico y gnoseológico, se puede argüir que esta reducción parece muy difícil de defender, puesto que se nos antoja contradictoria con nuestra experiencia cotidiana. Por otra parte, uno de los propósitos de la filosofía de Descartes es la “conservación de la salud”, que puede conseguirse mediante el establecimiento de una medicina “fundada en demostraciones infalibles”. De cara a conseguir tal medicina el primer paso es alcanzar el conocimiento más preciso posible del cuerpo humano a fin de tener éxito en la práctica de la cirugía. De ahí que sea bastante plausible afirmar que la metafísica y la teoría del conocimiento de Descartes no serían sus principales intereses teóricos, sino solamente una explicación y justificación ingeniosas de lo que la ciencia de su tiempo llevaba haciendo no menos de cien años antes de él, así como una inteligente manera de obviar los escrúpulos cuando se anatomizaban cadáveres humanos y animales (vivos). En consecuencia, en este artículo mantendremos que el mecanicismo y dualismo cartesianos son una verdadera filosofía de la ciencia, desde el momento en que ambos estaban dedicados a explicar y justificar lo que la ciencia estaba haciendo en la práctica. ABSTRACT Despite of the fact that R. Descartes’s reduction of animals to mere machines can be explained as a logical consequence of his metaphysical and gnoseological starting point, one can argue that this reduction seems to be very difficult to defend, since it appears to be contradictory to our everyday experience. On the other hand, one of the explicitly confessed purposes of Descartes’s philosophy is the “conservation of health”, which can be achieved by establishing a medicine “founded in infallible demonstrations”. The first step in order to get such medicine is to acquire the most accurate as possible knowledge of the human body in order to be successful in practicing surgery. That is why it is fairly plausible to state that Descartes’s metaphysics and theory of knowledge were not his main theoretical concerns, but only a witty explanation and justification of what the science of his time was doing for no less than one century before him, as well as a clever manner to avoid scruples when anatomising both human corpses and (living) animals. Consequently, in this paper we will claim that Cartesian mechanicism and dualism are actual philosophies of science, given the fact that both were devoted to explain and justify what science was in practice doing.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptor agonists improve swallow response in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD), but little is known about the expression of these receptors in the human oropharynx. The aim of this study was to assess the expression and localization of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in human samples from the oropharynx of healthy patients, to provide the basis for new pharmacological treatments for OD. METHODS: Samples from oropharyngeal regions innervated by cranial nerves V, IX, and X (tongue, pharynx, and epiglottis) were obtained during ENT surgery and processed either for mRNA (21 patients) or for immunohistochemical assays (seven patients). The expression analysis was performed with RT-qPCR using ACTBh as reference gene. Hemotoxylin and eosin staining was used to study the histology; the immunohistochemical assay used (i) neuron-specific enolase to detect nerve fibers or (ii) fluorescent probes to locate TRPV1 and TRPA1. RESULTS: TRPV1 was expressed in the three studied regions, with higher levels in CN V region (tongue) than in CN X region (epiglottis; p < 0.05), and was localized at epithelial cells and nociceptive fibers in all studied regions. TRPA1 was also expressed in all studied regions, but was always localized below the basal lamina. No immunoreactivity for TRPA1 was found on epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: TRPV1 and TRPA1 are widely expressed in the human oropharynx with two distinct patterns. Our study further confirms that TRPV1/A1 receptors are promising therapeutic targets to develop active treatments for OD patients. ispartof: Neurogastroenterology and Motility vol:28 issue:1 pages:91-100 ispartof: location:England status: published

Probably, by alluding to his own experience, L. Wittgenstein says that (1) Germanisms are almost unavoidable when a German speaker speaks English – even if s/he speaks English well – ; and, as a result of the previous remark, that (2) “This will make him speak English as if he were translating ‘unconsciously’ from German” (Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen/Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. Revised fourth edition by P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Original italics, 2009: 597). Wittgenstein’s remarks can be used as a starting point in order to analyse some translations in which the text in the target language (TL, hereinafter) seems to be incongruous or, at least, strange, because it recalls the source language (SL, hereinafter). As a result of this, “we shouldn’t be surprised that a translated author always seems somewhat foolish to us” (Ortega y Gasset, The misery and the splendor of translation. In: Lawrence Venuti (ed) The translation studies reader, (trans: Elisabeth Gamble Miller). Routledge, London/New York, pp 49–63, 2003: 51). I will argue that, if a translated author seems somewhat foolish to the reader, it is due to the fact that the translator works as the Wittgenstein’s German speaker worked, i.e. s/he is unconsciously reproducing in the TL pragmemes which only make sense in the SL. This is particularly relevant when the translator has to deal with idioms, collocations, and/or plays on words, but it is also applicable to texts in which terms are used according to their literal meaning(s). My purpose here is to suggest some pragmatic strategies in order to re-build the original thought of a given author when his/her translation seems to be a foolish thing. And so by assuming that what the author wrote in its original guise was not foolishness at all.

[EN] Learning outcomes (LO) and its assessment as quality and governance indicators in the Higher Education (HE) Curricula, are very present in the international quality standards for HE. Assuring the internal coherence of the required elements to reach LO is currently a challenge for HE institutions. A study was conducted in the Degree in Business Administration and Management in Talavera (GADE) during the course 2012-2013 with the aim of analyzing the unit guides (UG) to assess the intracompetences coherence in the so called “verified curricula” and its corresponding learning activities, identifying the most practiced competences by doing the learning activities. The paper reveals by mean of the unit guides the range of criteria used to link learning activities with competences, contributing to detect incoherencies that allow working on improvement proposals for next courses. It is also revealed that UG are a key element in the assessment and improvement of the curricula’s quality. This paper comprises of several parts, starting with the framework for assessing and monitoring of the degrees, followed by the theoretical aspects of LO as coherence indicators for the curricula, then the competences developed are analyzed and tabulated by year, unit and so on, finally the findings are discussed and conclusion delivered, [ES] Los Resultados de Aprendizaje (RA) y su evaluación como herramienta para medida de calidad y gobernanza en los planes de estudios están presentes en los estándares internacionales de calidad de la Educación Superior. Garantizar la coherencia interna de los diferentes elementos necesarios para la obtención de los RA supone un reto para las instituciones de educación superior. Durante el curso 2012/13 se realizó un estudio en el Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas (GADE) de Talavera, con los objetivos de analizar las guías docentes de las asignaturas para valorar la coherencia entre las competencias incluidas en la Memoria verificada por ANECA y las actividades de aprendizaje propuestas en la misma, así como facilitar el seguimiento del plan de estudios identificando las competencias que más se trabajan en las diferentes actividades de aprendizaje.El presente estudio contribuye a detectar incoherencias en las guías docentes (GD) ofreciéndose la posibilidad de propuestas de mejora para los próximos cursos académicos. También se pone de manifiesto que las GD son un factor clave para garantizar la evaluación y mejora de la calidad de un plan de estudios.El artículo se estructura en las siguientes partes: marco de evaluación y seguimiento de los grados; los RA como indicadores de coherencia en la implantación y seguimiento de un plan de estudios y, la experiencia en el Grado de Administración y Dirección de Empresas de Talavera. Se finaliza analizando y discutiendo los resultados obtenidos y extrayendo las conclusiones del estudio.

Acknowledgments. Introduction 1. Clearing the Terrain 2. Synonymy, Polysemy and Homonymy 3. Semantics of False Friends: Borrowings, Calques and Inheritances 4. Semantics of False Friends: Tropical False Friends 5. Pragmatics of False Friends 6. Main theses Exposed and Conclusions. Notes. Bibliography. Index

Stabilizing large diameter natural gas pipelines on the seabed against extreme hydrodynamic loading conditions has proven to be challenging in the northwest of Australia. Tropical storms, which affect the area annually between November and April, can generate wave heights exceeding 30 m and storm steady state currents of 2 m/s or more. Consequently, in shallow water depths, typically less than 40–60 m, subsea pipelines can be subjected to very high hydrodynamic loads, potentially causing significant lateral movement. To mitigate the risk of the pipeline suffering mechanical damage due to excessive lateral movement, quarried and graded rock is often dumped over the pipeline as a secondary stabilization solution. In order to satisfy functional requirements, the rock berm must comprise of a sufficiently large rock grading size and berm volume to withstand the design hydrodynamic loading such that the pipeline cannot break out of the berm. The design of rock berms for pipeline secondary stabilization has traditionally followed a deterministic approach that uses empirical equations for preliminary rock sizing, followed by small-scale physical modeling for design verification and optimization. Whilst the traditional approach can be effective in producing a robust rock berm design, opportunities for further optimization are inhibited by a lack of available data and an imperfect understanding of the failure mechanisms. This paper presents an overview of an improved approach for rock berm design optimization. A general overview of rock berms, the design principles, benefits and risks are also presented.

Stabilizing large diameter natural gas pipelines on the seabed against extreme hydrodynamic loading conditions has proven to be challenging in the northwest of Australia. Tropical storms, which affect the area annually between November and April, can generate wave heights exceeding 30 m and on-bottom steady-state currents of 2 m/s or more. Consequently, in shallow water depths, typically less than 40–60 m, subsea pipelines can experience very high hydrodynamic loads, potentially causing significant lateral movement. If the seabed is rugged, or at locations where the pipeline approaches a point of fixity, this can lead to the pipeline suffering mechanical damage, which is undesirable. In many places on the Northwest Shelf of Australia, there is a layer of minimum 3 m deep marine sediments. The sediments predominantly comprise of relatively stable, fine to medium sized carbonate silts and sands, sometimes with some clay content. Traditionally, in Australia and other parts of the world, post-trenching techniques such as ploughing and jetting have been applied in such areas. These techniques can successfully lower the pipeline into the seabed. However, in many situations on the Northwest Shelf of Australia, post-trenching has had limited success. This has in part been due to the unpredictable levels of cementation of the carbonate sand, which has often resulted in an insufficient trench depth, with the need to implement costly and time consuming remedial works to ensure pipeline stability. The uncertainties in the success of post-trenching tools lead to the development of the pre-trenching and sand backfill method, which was first applied in Australia in 2003 on a 42-inch diameter natural gas trunkline. This technique has several advantages compared to post-trenching and other conventional pipeline stabilization methods such as rubble mound pipeline covers or gravity anchors. This paper presents an overview of the pre-trenching and sand backfill method, its design principles, benefits, and risks and opportunities.

Thermal and catalytic Diels-Alder reactions of 1 with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene gave 4-formyl-5-glycocyclobexenes 2 and 3. Absolute configurations at the new chiral centers in the adducts are based on polarimetric correlation with known compounds. On reduction and acid treatment, the adducts 2 and 3 were converted into 6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes 13 and 15.

Service industry is a major constituent of developed economies. Providing services is a knowledge-intensive, customer-specific, on-demand business. In the business information systems domain, service-oriented architectures (SOA) and Web services (WS), as an emerging approach to moving services into the computing world, are two of the most discussed topics in the areas related to Internet research. Today, technical questions of distributed computing, service description, composition, architectures and utilisation prevail, particularly, new forms and dimensions of intra- and inter-enterprise integration, coordination and availability of resources. In this paper, we present the ARES platform, a new promising approach developed together with Indra SoftwareLabs, one of the biggest Spanish software technology provider, integrates service-centric applications to provide a solution to the development of value-added tasks to be carried out by different organizations.

The Grid is becoming a significantly important vehicle for business transactions by means of service-oriented architecture (SOA). In that direction, the Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) is a prominent initiative that aims at providing a standardised set of capabilities and behaviours that address key concerns in Grid systems. However, the challenge remains in harnessing the potential of Grid trading partners to communicate in a meaningful way. In this paper, we present GIST, a grid services conversation language that fosters formal behavioural specifications, based on GECO, a fully-fledged architecture and proof-of-concept execution environment implementation.

Business process management (BPM) is the management of IT-supported business operations from a business expert's process view rather than from a technical perspective. The application of SW technologies to BPM has gained interest in both the academic and corporate sector. The most significant issue facing BPM is the integration of business processes in a dynamic environment with an IT system in order to adequately represent business operations and needs. In this paper, we describe how semantic Web technologies and business processes have been combined in order to construct an architecture for business process management, and we present a new framework for increasing exibility and adaptively of business processes, annotating semantic business process artifacts on all modeling levels, and advancing BPM towards knowledge-intensive processes.

Proceedings of: The Third International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW 2008), 8-13 June 2008, Athens, Greece There is an increasing need of defining standards at the beginning of any engineering project. The correct specification of standards has become essential in software development in order to handle correctly the development of projects. Nowadays the need to define standards at the outset of any engineering project is more evident than ever. The specification of standards has become an essential topic which universities try to teach to software engineering students. In fact, software creation processes are required intrinsically to be produced according to a systematic methodology to enable constant control during the project life cycle. This paper presents a new environment that enables semantic and social interaction of documentation produced during software development processes. This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism, and Commerce under the project GODO (FIT-340000-2007-134), under the PIBES project of the Spanish Committee of Education & Science (TEC2006-12365-C02-01) and the MID-CBR project of the Spanish Committee of Education & Science (TIN2006-15140-C03-02). Publicado

A number of popular access control languages for Web resources are emerging as a consequence of the need for information security and privacy in the current Web. This paper focuses on the access control and privacy issues requirements to present a declarative logical framework where privileges are granted to users based on inference.

Our study was carried out to examine the relationships of the sigmoid sinus, tympanic membrane and digastric ridge with the mastoid segment of the facial nerve. We studied 33 adult temporal bones. The distances among these structures were evaluated according specific landmarks that can be repeated in a simple manner. We found a good relation, in a proportional and lineal order, between these three structures and the facial nerve. This study indicated a correlation between the position of these three structures and the mastoid segment of the facial nerve through a simple morphometric method.