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1. CONCERTO: Readout and control electronics

Author

O. Bourrion, C. Hoarau, J. Bounmy, D. Tourres, C. Vescovi, J.-L. Bouly, N. Ponchant, A. Beelen, M. Calvo, A. Catalano, J. Goupy, G. Lagache, J.-F. Macías-Pérez, J. Marpaud, A. Monfardini, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Cryogénie (NEEL - Cryo), Institut Néel (NEEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European Project: 788212,CONCERTO

Subjects
Control systems, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Data acquisition concepts, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Mathematical Physics, Imaging spectroscopy
Abstract

The CONCERTO spectral-imaging instrument was installed at the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) 12-meter telescope in April 2021. It has been designed to look at radiation emitted by ionised carbon atoms, [CII], and use the “intensity Mapping” technique to set the first constraints on the power spectrum of dusty star-forming galaxies. The instrument features two arrays of 2152 pixels constituted of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKID) operated at cryogenic temperatures, cold optics and a fast Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). To readout and operate the instrument, a newly designed electronic system hosted in five microTCA crates and composed of twelve readout boards and two control boards was designed and commissioned. The architecture and the performances are presented in this paper.

Published
2022
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2. Accurate sky signal reconstruction for ground-based spectroscopy with kinetic inductance detectors

Author

A. Fasano, J. F. Macías-Pérez, A. Benoit, M. Aguiar, A. Beelen, A. Bideaud, J. Bounmy, O. Bourrion, G. Bres, M. Calvo, J. A. Castro-Almazán, A. Catalano, P. de Bernardis, M. De Petris, A. P. de Taoro, M. Fernández-Torreiro, G. Garde, R. Génova-Santos, A. Gomez, M. F. Gómez-Renasco, J. Goupy, C. Hoarau, R. Hoyland, G. Lagache, J. Marpaud, M. Marton, A. Monfardini, M. W. Peel, G. Pisano, N. Ponthieu, R. Rebolo, S. Roudier, J. A. Rubiño-Martín, D. Tourres, C. Tucker, C. Vescovi, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (BIP ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Universidade Federal de São Carlos [São Carlos] (UFSCar), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Electronique (NEEL - ElecLab), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia [Barcelona] (IBEC), Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Cryogénie (NEEL - Cryo), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Cardiff University, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, ANR-11-LABX-0013,FOCUS,Des détecteurs pour Observer l'Univers(2011), European Project: 788212,CONCERTO, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Electronique (ElecLab), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Cryogénie (Cryo), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Kinetic inductance detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Physics, business.industry, Signal reconstruction, instrumentation: detectors, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation: detectors, Large-scale structure of Universe, Techniques: spectroscopic, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, large-scale structure of Universe, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], techniques: spectroscopic
Abstract

Context. Wide-field spectrometers are needed to deal with current astrophysical challenges that require multiband observations at millimeter wavelengths. An example of these is the KIDs Interferometer Spectrum Survey (KISS), which uses two arrays of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) coupled to a Martin-Puplett interferometer (MPI). KISS has a wide instantaneous field of view (1 deg in diameter) and a spectral resolution up to 1.45 GHz in the 120-180 GHz electromagnetic band. The instrument is installed on the 2.25 m Q-U-I JOint TEnerife telescope in Teide Observatory (Tenerife, Canary Islands), at an altitude of 2395 m above sea level. Aims. This work presents an original readout modulation method developed to improve the sky signal reconstruction accuracy for types of instruments for which a fast sampling frequency is required both to remove atmospheric fluctuations and to perform full spectroscopic measurements on each sampled sky position. Methods. We first demonstrate the feasibility of this technique using simulations. Then, we apply such a scheme to on-sky calibration. Results. We show that the sky signal can be reconstructed to better than 0.5% for astrophysical sources, and to better than 2% for large background variations such as in "skydip", in an ideal noiseless scenario. The readout modulation method is validated by observations on-sky during the KISS commissioning campaign. Conclusions. We conclude that accurate photometry can be obtained for future KID-based MPI., 11 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021
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3. CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping

Author

M. Béthermin, A. Gkogkou, M. Van Cuyck, G. Lagache, A. Beelen, M. Aravena, A. Benoit, J. Bounmy, M. Calvo, A. Catalano, B. de Batz de Trenquelleon, C. De Breuck, A. Fasano, A. Ferrara, J. Goupy, C. Hoarau, C. Horellou, W. Hu, A. Julia, K. Knudsen, J.-C. Lambert, J. Macias-Perez, J. Marpaud, A. Monfardini, A. Pallottini, N. Ponthieu, Y. Roehlly, L. Vallini, F. Walter, A. Weiss, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: PE9, ERC-2017-ADG, Intensity mapping of the atomic carbon CII line: the promise of a new observational probe of dusty star-formation in post-reionization and reionization epoch,Advanced Grant (AdG), PE9, ERC-2017-ADG,CONCERTO(2017), Bethermin, M., Gkogkou, A., Van Cuyck, M., Lagache, G., Beelen, A., Aravena, M., Benoit, A., Bounmy, J., Calvo, M., Catalano, A., De Batz De Trenquelleon, B., De Breuck, C., Fasano, A., Ferrara, A., Goupy, J., Hoarau, C., Horellou, C., Hu, W., Julia, A., Knudsen, K., Lambert, J. -C., Macias-Perez, J., Marpaud, J., Monfardini, A., Pallottini, A., Ponthieu, N., Roehlly, Y., Vallini, L., Walter, F., Weiss, A., Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Cryogénie (NEEL - Cryo), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Large-scale structure of Universe, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Cosmic background radiation, star formation [Galaxies], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, high-redshift [Galaxies], Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), ISM [Galaxies], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The intensity mapping of the [CII] 158um line redshifted to the sub-mm window is a promising probe of the z>4 star formation and its spatial distribution into the large-scale structure. To prepare the first-generation experiments (e.g., CONCERTO), we need realistic simulations of the sub-mm extragalactic sky in spectroscopy. We present a new version of the SIDES simulation including the main sub-mm lines around 1mm (CO, [CII], [CI]). This approach successfully reproduces the observed line luminosity functions. We then use our simulation to generate CONCERTO-like cubes (125-305GHz) and forecast the power spectra of the fluctuations caused by the various astrophysical components at those frequencies. Depending on our assumptions on the relation between star formation rate and [CII] luminosity, and the star formation history, our predictions of the z~6 [CII] power spectrum vary by two orders of magnitude. This highlights how uncertain the predictions are and how important future measurements will be to improve our understanding of this early epoch. SIDES can reproduce the CO shot noise recently measured at ~100 GHz by the mmIME experiment. Finally, we compare the contribution of the different astrophysical components at various redshift to the power spectra. The continuum is by far the brightest, by a factor of 3 to 100 depending on the frequency. At 300GHz, the CO foreground power spectrum is higher than the [CII] one for our base scenario. At lower frequency, the contrast between [CII] and extragalactic foregrounds is even worse. Masking the known galaxies from deep surveys should allow to reduce the foregrounds to 20% of the [CII] power spectrum up to z~6.5. However, this masking method will not be sufficient at higher redshifts. The code and the products of our simulation are released publicly and can be used for both intensity mapping experiments and sub-mm continuum and line surveys., 28 pages, 19 figures, 2 tables, accepted by A&A, the code and the products are available at https://cesamsi.lam.fr/instance/sides/home

Published
2022
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