Search

As climate-related impacts threaten marine biodiversity globally, it is important to adjust conservation efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. Translating scientific knowledge into practical management, however, is often complicated due to resource, economic and policy constraints, generating a knowledge-action gap. To develop potential solutions for marine turtle conservation, we explored the perceptions of key actors across 18 countries in the Mediterranean. These actors evaluated their perceived relative importance of 19 adaptation and mitigation measures that could safeguard marine turtles from climate change. Of importance, despite differences in expertise, experience and focal country, the perceptions of researchers and management practitioners largely converged with respect to prioritizing adaptation and mitigation measures. Climate change was considered to have the greatest impacts on offspring sex ratios and suitable nesting sites. The most viable adaptation/mitigation measures were considered to be reducing other pressures that act in parallel to climate change. Ecological effectiveness represented a key determinant for implementing proposed measures, followed by practical applicability, financial cost, and societal cost. This convergence in opinions across actors likely reflects long-standing initiatives in the Mediterranean region towards supporting knowledge exchange in marine turtle conservation. Our results provide important guidance on how to prioritize measures that incorporate climate change in decision-making processes related to the current and future management and protection of marine turtles at the ocean-basin scale, and could be used to guide decisions in other regions globally. Importantly, this study demonstrates a successful example of how interactive processes can be used to fill the knowledge-action gap between research and management., This work was conducted under FutureMares EU project that received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 869300. The Mediterranean Marine Turtle Working Group was established in 2017 and is continuously supported by MedPAN and the National Marine Park of Zakynthos. The work of AC was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “First Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty members and Researchers and the procurement of high-cost research equipment grant” (Project Number: 2340).

Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting events are increasing in the western Mediterranean Sea, far from their usual nesting areas in the Mediterranean and Atlantic basins. The study of dispersal behaviour towards potential developmental areas of loggerhead post-hatchlings from this new nesting area is crucial to comprehend this colonization process and determining grounded conservation strategies. To fill this gap, was investigated, for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, the dispersal strategies and habitat use based on data from 19 head-started loggerhead post-hatchlings released from the Spanish Mediterranean coast and satellite-tracked between 2016-2018. Turtles dispersed over large areas and showed active swimming phases, as they frequently dispersed against sea currents. Dispersal routes varied for each individual, although they consistently dispersed south-eastwards, especially during the coldest periods. Several post-hatchlings travelled through the Sicilian Channel to reach deep and warmer areas in the eastern Mediterranean basin. The most year-round suitable areas corresponded to the Ionian and Levant Seas. Therefore, conservation measures focused on this stage should be taken at least in these developmental areas.

[EN] Anthropogenic activities are causing increased noise levels in the marine environment. To date, few studies have been undertaken to investigate the effects of different noise frequencies on the behaviour of juvenile fish. In this study, the behavioural changes of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) are evaluated when exposed to white noise filtered in third-octave bands centred at 63, 125, 500, and 1000 Hz (sound pressure level, 140-150 dB re 1 mu& x3a1;a) for 7 h. The group dispersion, motility, and swimming height of the fish were analysed before and during the acoustic emission. Dispersion of the fish was found to reduce immediately upon application of low frequency sound (63 and 125 Hz) with a return to control condition after 2 h (indicative of habituation), whereas at 1 kHz, dispersion increased after 2 h without any habituation. The motility decreased significantly at 63 Hz throughout the 7 h of sound exposure. The swimming height decreased significantly for all frequencies other than 125 Hz. The results of this study highlight significant variations in the behavioural responses of juvenile fish that could have consequences on their fitness and survival., This study was conducted in the framework of the Ph.D. program in the Mediterranean Biodiversity XXXII cycle (International) of the University of Palermo. I.P.-A., M.B.-C. and V.E. acknowledge the financial support of the European Comission-Project No. 11.0661/2018794607/SUB/ENV.C2, risk-based approaches to good environmental status (RAGES). The other founding support comes from the Ph.D. Innovative with Industrial Characterization Programma Operativo Nazionale (PON) 2014-2020 and the projects bilateral Research laboratory on marine and maritime Science Italy-Argentina (CAIMAR) Joint Laboratory Italy-Argentina (Laboratori Congiunti Bilaterali Internazionali of the Italian National Reseach Council, 2017-2019). Document

The integration and synthesis of the data in different areas of science is drastically slowed and hindered by a lack of standards and networking programmes. Long-term studies of individually marked animals are not an exception. These studies are especially important as instrumental for understanding evolutionary and eco-logical processes in the wild. Furthermore, their number and global distribution provides a unique opportunity to assess the generality of patterns and to address broad-scale global issues (e.g. climate change)., To solve data integration issues and enable a new scale of ecological and evolution-ary research based on long-term studies of birds, we have created the SPI-Birds Network and Database (www.spibirds.org)—a large-scale initiative that connects data from, and researchers working on, studies of wild populations of individually recognizable (usually ringed) birds. Within year and a half since the establishment, SPI-Birds has recruited over 120 members, and currently hosts data on almost 1.5 million individual birds collected in 80 populations over 2,000 cumulative years, and counting., SPI-Birds acts as a data hub and a catalogue of studied populations. It prevents data loss, secures easy data finding, use and integration and thus facilitates collab-oration and synthesis. We provide community-derived data and meta-data stand-ards and improve data integrity guided by the principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR), and aligned with the existing metadata lan-guages (e.g. ecological meta-data language)., The encouraging community involvement stems from SPI-Bird's decentralized ap-proach: research groups retain full control over data use and their way of data management, while SPI-Birds creates tailored pipelines to convert each unique data format into a standard format. We outline the lessons learned, so that other communities (e.g. those working on other taxa) can adapt our successful model. Creating community-specific hubs (such as ours, COMADRE for animal demogra-phy, etc.) will aid much-needed large-scale ecological data integration., The SPI-Birds have been supported by an NWO personal grant (grant number 016.Veni.181.054) to A.C., and a Research Council of Norway grant: 223257 (SFF-III) and 267511 (EVOCLIM).

HIV infections are still a very serious concern for public heath worldwide. We have applied molecular evolution methods to study the HIV-1 epidemics in the Comunidad Valenciana (CV, Spain) from a public health surveillance perspective. For this, we analysed 1804 HIV-1 sequences comprising protease and reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) coding regions, sampled between 2004 and 2014. These sequences were subtyped and subjected to phylogenetic analyses in order to detect transmission clusters. In addition, univariate and multinomial comparisons were performed to detect epidemiological differences between HIV-1 subtypes, and risk groups. The HIV epidemic in the CV is dominated by subtype B infections among local men who have sex with men (MSM). 270 transmission clusters were identified (>57% of the dataset), 12 of which included ≥10 patients; 11 of subtype B (9 affecting MSMs) and one (n = 21) of CRF14, affecting predominately intravenous drug users (IDUs). Dated phylogenies revealed these large clusters to have originated from the mid-80s to the early 00 s. Subtype B is more likely to form transmission clusters than non-B variants and MSMs to cluster than other risk groups. Multinomial analyses revealed an association between non-B variants, which are not established in the local population yet, and different foreign groups.

Supplemental oxygen is administered in the vast majority of patients in the perioperative setting and in the intensive care unit to prevent the potentially deleterious effects of hypoxia. On the other hand, the administration of high concentrations of oxygen may induce hyperoxia that may also be associated with significant complications. Oxygen therapy should therefore be precisely titrated and accurately monitored. Although pulse oximetry has become an indispensable monitoring technology to detect hypoxemia, its value in assessing the oxygenation status beyond the range of maximal arterial oxygen saturation (SpO(2) >= 97%) is very limited. In this hyperoxic range, we need to rely on blood gas analysis, which is intermittent, invasive and sometimes delayed. The oxygen reserve index (ORI) is a new continuous non-invasive variable that is provided by the new generation of pulse oximeters that use multi-wavelength pulse co-oximetry. The ORI is a dimensionless index that reflects oxygenation in the moderate hyperoxic range (PaO2 100-200 mmHg). The ORI may provide an early alarm when oxygenation deteriorates well before any changes in SpO(2) occur, may reflect the response to oxygen administration (e.g., pre-oxygenation), and may facilitate oxygen titration and prevent unintended hyperoxia. In this review we describe this new variable, summarize available data and preliminary experience, and discuss its potential clinical utilities in the perioperative and intensive care settings.

A major aim of evolutionary biology is to understand why patterns of genomic variation vary among populations and species. Large-scale genomic studies of widespread species are useful for studying how the environment and demographic history shape patterns of genomic divergence, and with the continually decreasing cost of sequencing, such studies are now becoming feasible. Here, we carry out one of the most comprehensive surveys of genomic variation in a wild vertebrate to date; the great tit ( Parus major ) HapMap project. We screened ca 500,000 SNP markers across 647 individuals from 29 populations, spanning almost the entire geographic range of the European great tit subspecies. We found that genome-wide variation was consistent with a recent colonisation across Europe from a single refugium in the Balkans and/or Turkey, with bottlenecks and reduced genetic diversity in island populations. Differentiation across the genome was highly heterogeneous, with clear “islands of differentiation” even among populations which are ostensibly panmictic. These islands of differentiation were consistently found in regions of low recombination, suggesting that background selection can rapidly promote population differentiation among even the most recently colonised populations. We also detected genomic outlier regions that were unique to peripheral great tit populations, most likely as a result of recent directional selection at the range edges of this species. These “unique” outlier regions contained candidate genes for morphology, thermal adaptation and colouration, supporting previous research in this species, and providing avenues for future investigation. Our study suggests that comprehensive screens of genomic variation in wild organisms can provide unique insights into evolution. Author summary Studying patterns of genetic variation is a useful way of determining why populations and species differ in nature. Genetic variation is shaped by natural selection, but also by the present and past size of populations, the amount of migration, and by features of the genome, such as variation in recombination rate, of the organism being studied. Teasing apart the effects of these different processes on genomic diversity is difficult, but one way that this can be achieved is by studying genomic variation across the entire range of a species. We performed a continental-scale analysis of genetic variation in the great tit - a widespread songbird that has been the focus of extensive ecological research. We first used genomic data to reconstruct the historical colonisation of great tits across Europe, and showed that during the last ice age, this species was likely restricted to a single region in Eastern Europe, from which they spread across the continent. We then studied how patterns of variation differ along the genome, and show that recombination rate is a key driver of variation among all populations. Importantly, by comparing many populations we were able to identify genes that have been subject to natural selection in specific geographical regions. We found that natural selection appeared to be strongest in populations on the edges of the great tit’s range acting on traits such as morphology, stress response and colouration. Large-scale genetic analyses such as ours are therefore useful approaches for understanding how evolution operates in the wild.

[ES] El género de copépodos Tigriopus Norman, 1869 se distribuye en todo el mundo en charcas de rocas costeras y se considera que actualmente incluye 14 especies válidas. Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer 1860), con sus subespecies Tigriopus fulvus adriaticus Van Douwe 1913 y Tigriopus fulvus algiricus Monard 1935, y Tigriopus minutus Bozic 1960 han sido descritos para el área del Mediterráneo, pero la diversidad real del género es desconocida actualmente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la identidad real de las poblaciones mediterráneas de Tigriopus y dilucidar su taxonomía y patrón de diversidad genética. Con este fin, se secuenció un fragmento del gen de ADN mitocondrial (citocromo c oxidasa subunidad I, COI) como marcador de referencia. Los resultados sugieren la presencia de una sola especie caracterizada por una estructuración genética con una notable base geográfica en toda el área de estudio. El patrón de diversidad observado aquí se atribuye tentativamente a una fuerte monopolización de las charcas de las costas rocosas por parte de los primeros inmigrantes que las alcanzan. Sin embargo, tal monopolización se interrumpe periódicamente por los eventos de extinción local, los cuales son frecuentes en los hábitats de charcas de rocas que son intrínsecamente inestables. Aquí proponemos para este patrón el nombre de ¿monopolización periódica¿ (¿clockwork monopolization¿)., [EN] The copepod genus Tigriopus Norman, 1869 is distributed worldwide in coastal rock pools and it is currently considered to include 14 valid species. Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer 1860), with its subspecies Tigriopus fulvus adriaticus Van Douwe 1913 and Tigriopus fulvus algiricus Monard 1935, and Tigriopus minutus Bozic 1960 are currently reported to occur in the Mediterranean area, but the actual diversity of the genus is currently unknown. We aimed to assess the actual identity of Mediterranean Tigriopus populations and to elucidate their taxonomy and pattern of genetic diversity. In order to reach these goals, a fragment of a mitochondrial DNA gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI) was sequenced to be used as a reference marker. Our data suggest the presence of a single species characterized by a noteworthy geographically based genetic structure in the whole study area. The observed diversity pattern is tentatively ascribed here to a strong monopolization of the rock pools by the first immigrants that reached them. However, such a monopolization is periodically disrupted by local extinction events, which are frequent in the intrinsically unstable rock pool habitats. We propose the name "clockwork monopolization" for this pattern., We wish to thank Prof. Vezio Cottarelli for the help he provided us with the collection of some samples of T. fulvus and for the stimulating discussions we had on the topic of this manuscript. G Alfonso (University of Salento, Italy) and A Millán (University of Murcia, Spain) kindly provided some of the studied samples.

Currently, the deployment of tracking devices is one of the most frequently used approaches to study movement ecology of birds. Recent miniaturization of light‐level geolocators enabled studying small bird species whose migratory patterns were widely unknown. However, geolocators may reduce vital rates in tagged birds and may bias obtained movement data. There is a need for a thorough assessment of the potential tag effects on small birds, as previous meta‐analyses did not evaluate unpublished data and impact of multiple life‐history traits, focused mainly on large species and the number of published studies tagging small birds has increased substantially. We quantitatively reviewed 549 records extracted from 74 published and 48 unpublished studies on over 7,800 tagged and 17,800 control individuals to examine the effects of geolocator tagging on small bird species (body mass, + Publisher's Statement: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: "Brlík, V, Koleček, J, Burgess, M, et al. Weak effects of geolocators on small birds: A meta‐analysis controlled for phylogeny and publication bias. J Anim Ecol. 2020; 89: 207– 220", which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12962. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.; Read Only Lizenz.

Gene flow is usually thought to reduce genetic divergence and impede local adaptation by homogenising gene pools between populations. However, evidence for local adaptation and phenotypic differentiation in highly mobile species, experiencing high levels of gene flow, is emerging. Assessing population genetic structure at different spatial scales is thus a crucial step towards understanding mechanisms underlying intraspecific differentiation and diversification. Here, we studied the population genetic structure of a highly mobile species - the great tit Parus major - at different spatial scales. We analysed 884 individuals from 30 sites across Europe including 10 close-by sites (< 50 km), using 22 microsatellite markers. Overall we found a low but significant genetic differentiation among sites (F-ST = 0.008). Genetic differentiation was higher, and genetic diversity lower, in south-western Europe. These regional differences were statistically best explained by winter temperature. Overall, our results suggest that great tits form a single patchy metapopulation across Europe, in which genetic differentiation is independent of geographical distance and gene flow may be regulated by environmental factors via movements related to winter severity. This might have important implications for the evolutionary trajectories of sub-populations, especially in the context of climate change, and calls for future investigations of local differences in costs and benefits of philopatry at large scales. (C) 2016 The Linnean Society of London, The study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (3100A0-102017 to HR, P2BEP3_152103 to KL and PMPDP3_151361/161858 to ML). We thank L. Gustafsson and J. Forsman who kindly allowed us to use their nest boxes. We gratefully thank E. Bezault, L. Cornetti and two anonymous reviewers for valuable advice on genetic analyses and helpful comments on the manuscript. All samples were collected under licenses of national authorities and financially supported by the Academy of Finland grant (to NP and 265859 to TE), the Netherland Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO-VICI 86503003 to JK and NWO-VICI to MV), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (Horizon grant to KvO), the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA 75618 to JT), the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (IUT 34-8 to RM), the OSU-OREME, the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (CGL2010-21933-CO-02 to EB), the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/13594/2003 to ACN) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-08-JCJC-0041-01 to BD).

There is a lack of data on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectiveness in Spain. We described the awareness of and willingness to use PrEP and examined potential barriers and facilitators to their use among men who have sex with men recruited either online or in voluntary HIV testing centers in Spain. Nearly a third of men (28.7 %) were aware of PrEP and 57.6 % said they would be willing to use it if available, 16.6 % saying they would be unwilling to use PrEP and 25.8 % not being sure. Men who had heard of PrEP were more forceful in their opinions on willingness to use PrEP (willing/not willing: 29.8 %/32.6 % vs. don't know: 21.8 %). The greatest consensus regarding more acceptable PrEP attributes was in the mode of delivery and its cost. Doctors (91 %) or pharmacists (85.3 %) were the preferred providers. The results confirm the need to inform and educate on PrEP and define implementation strategies.

El periodo reproductivo es un rasgo crucial de la historia de la vida e implica importantes consecuencias para la eficacia biologica. Las diferencias en las estrategias de historia de vida pueden conducir a diferentes respuestas a las mismas condiciones ambientales, incluso entre especies estrechamente relacionadas. Investigar los factores que afectan el periodo reproductivo en especies estrechamente relacionadas y simpatricas puede ayudar a comprender la relacion entre los diferentes rasgos de la historia de vida y las respuestas especificas de las especies a los factores ecologicos. En este trabajo investigamos los efectos del momento estacional (fotoperiodo), la variabilidad climatica local y la abundancia de presas sobre el periodo reproductivo de dos aves insectivoras simpatricas con diferencias en la fenologia de reproduccion y de muda y diferentes estrategias migratorias, el carricerin real Acrocephalus melanopogon y el carricero comun Acrocephalus scirpaceus. Durante un periodo de cinco anos, el periodo reproductor se determino examinando las placas incubatrices de individuos capturados en los anillamientos estandarizados, mientras que la disponibilidad de alimento se evaluo mediante muestreo de invertebrados. La epoca del ano, las temperaturas medias y la abundancia de algunos taxones presa se correlacionaron entre ellos y todos influyeron en la fenologia reproductiva de las especies de estudio de acuerdo con el analisis de regresion por minimos cuadrados parciales. Ademas de algunas diferencias interespecificas en el efecto de los factores ambientales en la fenologia reproductiva, encontramos fuertes similitudes entre los patrones observados en las dos especies. Esto sugiere que, a pesar de las diferencias interespecificas en sus historias de vida, los mecanismos ecologicos que dan forma a la fenologia reproductiva son similares en las dos especies y los mismos factores ambientales estan involucrados en la determinacion del momento de la reproduccion.

Introduction: Despite advances in surgical techniques and anaesthetic management in lung cancer surgery, cardiopulmonary complications are the most important causes of postoperative morbimortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) parameters as predictors of postoperative complications in lung cancer surgery patients. Method: This observational prospective study included patients who were candidates for lung cancer surgery (LCS) at our hospital. Patients with either a post-bronchodilator FEV1% or DLCO Results: 118 patients were included, (71% men); mean age was: 66 + 10 years; mean FEV1 (%): 69 ± 14 and mean DLCO (%) = 68 ± 16. The mean VO2 max (ml/kg/min) was 18 ± 4. The incidence of complications was 16% (84.8% of total complications were respiratory). Table 1 shows the clinical, functional and CPET characteristics of patients according to the presence of complications. After adjusting for perioperative factors by logistic regression, the best predictor factors of postoperatorive total complications were exercise VE/VCO2 slope and VE max (OR: 1,12, p=0,018; OR: 0,95; p=0,019, respectively). For postoperative respiratory complications, the best predictor factors were VO2 max and FEV1/FVC (OR=0.751, p=0.003; OR=0.932, p=0.006, respectively) Conclusions: The predictive capacity of VO2 max and VE/VCO2 for postoperative morbidity supports the use of CPET as a tool to improve the stratification of risks in lung cancer patients. These results reaffirm the inclusion of the CPET in the first steps of preoperative risk assessment algorithms.

[EN] Several loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting events have been recorded along Spain's Mediterranean coast, outside its known nesting range, in recent years. In view of the possible expansion of its nesting range and considering the conservation status of this species, management measures like nest protection and head-start programs have been implemented. To study the dispersal behavior and survival of head-started loggerheads, 19 post-hatchlings from three nesting events were satellite tracked after their release in three consecutive years (2015-2017). This paper presents the first study of survival probabilities and dispersal movements of loggerhead post-hatchlings in the Mediterranean basin. Monitored post-hatchlings dispersed over large areas using variable routes, mainly off the continental shelf. Nonetheless, post-hatchlings dispersed to high-productivity warmer areas during the coldest months of monitoring. These areas might be optimum for their survival and development. We observed differences regarding dispersal orientation and routes among individuals, even from the same nest, release date, and location. Our survival models contributed to improving current survival estimates for sea turtle post-hatchlings. We observed a high probability of survival in head-started individuals during the first months after release, usually the most critical period after reintroduction. The data did not support an effect of habitat (neritic or oceanic) in survival, or an effect of the region (Balearic sea or Alboran sea) in survival probability. Differences in survival between nests were observed. These differences might be related to parasitic infections suffered during the head-starting period. This study shows that nest management measures may contribute to the conservation and range expansion of the loggerhead turtle population in the western Mediterranean., This satellite study was funded by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Ministerio de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente (ref: 16MNSV006), Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (ref: CGL2011-30413), Fundacion CRAM, Fundacion Hombre y Territorio and Eduardo J. Belda. Corresponding author, S. Abalo, was supported by a Ph.D. grant (FPU) from Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). J. Tomas is also supported by project Prometeo II (2015) of Generalitat Valenciana and project INDICIT of the European Commission, Environment Directorate-General. We are extremely thankful to the entities that have collaborated: we thank all professionals at the Oceanografic, especially at the ARCA Rehabilitation Center, for their many efforts and whole-hearted dedication to the best animal care. In particular, we are grateful to the Conselleria d'Agricultura, Medi Ambient, Canvi Climatic i Desenvolupament Rural of the Valencia Community Regional Government. We also thank the professionals at Centro de Recuperacion de Animales Marinos (CRAM) for their dedication and animal care. We are thankful to the Marine Zoology Unit of the University of Valencia, NGO Xaloc, EQUINAC, Aquarium of Sevilla, Donana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC) and to involved professionals at Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion del Territorio (CMAOT) of Junta de Andalucia, especially at the Andalusian Marine Environment Management Center (CEGMA) for their efforts with animal care, logistics for release events and necropsy of "Rabiosa". We are particularly grateful to the people who called 112 to report a nesting event and to the nest custody volunteers. Thanks are due to the staff of Parador de El Saler for volunteering logistical support. The authors wish to acknowledge the use of the Maptool program for analysis and graphics in this paper. Maptool is a product of SEATURTLE.ORG (Information is available at www.seaturtle.org). Also, we acknowledge the use of the Douglas Argos Filter (DAF) utility in Movebank (www.movebank.org) and especially David Douglas for his help and recommendations. Finally, we thank the reviewers for their reviewing efforts.

Supplemental oxygen is administered in the vast majority of patients in the perioperative setting and in the intensive care unit to prevent the potentially deleterious effects of hypoxia. On the other hand, the administration of high concentrations of oxygen may induce hyperoxia that may also be associated with significant complications. Oxygen therapy should therefore be precisely titrated and accurately monitored. Although pulse oximetry has become an indispensable monitoring technology to detect hypoxemia, its value in assessing the oxygenation status beyond the range of maximal arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ≥97%) is very limited. In this hyperoxic range, we need to rely on blood gas analysis, which is intermittent, invasive and sometimes delayed. The oxygen reserve index (ORI) is a new continuous non-invasive variable that is provided by the new generation of pulse oximeters that use multi-wavelength pulse co-oximetry. The ORI is a dimensionless index that reflects oxygenation in the moderate hyperoxic range (PaO2 100–200 mmHg). The ORI may provide an early alarm when oxygenation deteriorates well before any changes in SpO2 occur, may reflect the response to oxygen administration (e.g., pre-oxygenation), and may facilitate oxygen titration and prevent unintended hyperoxia. In this review we describe this new variable, summarize available data and preliminary experience, and discuss its potential clinical utilities in the perioperative and intensive care settings.

Island populations are frequently smaller than continental populations, have lower genetic diversity, are more inbred and show genetic differentiation from the mainland ones. However, sufficient numbers of immigrants may reduce the differentiation of insular populations and moderate the effects of genetic drift. In this study, we compared insular and continental populations of Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti and Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus. We assessed the degree of genetic differentiation between insular and continental birds, their demographic history and genetic diversity. We compared the results, taking into account the differences in migration strategy and morphology of the two warblers. We found slightly lower genetic diversity in the insular populations than in the continental birds, possibly because of the lower population size or reduced immigration. The genetic differentiation between island and mainland birds was low, but higher in Cetti’s Warbler than in the Great Reed Warbler, suggesting differences in the species’ capability of crossing the sea. We found evidence for a past bottleneck in both the insular and continental populations of Cetti’s Warbler, while for the Great Reed Warbler we found no signs of past population reductions. A high dispersal capability of the Great Reed Warbler may have allowed high gene flow, which may explain the observed interspecific differences in the demographic history of the Great Reed Warbler and Cetti’s Warbler.

Background HIV-1 CRF19_cpx, is a recombinant variant found almost exclusively in Cuba and recently associated to a faster AIDS onset. Infection with this variant leads to higher viral loads and levels of RANTES and CXCR4 co-receptor use. Objectives The goal of this study was to assess the presence of CRF19_cpx in the Spanish province of Valencia, given its high pathogenicity. Study design 1294 HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) sequences were obtained in Valencia (Spain), between 2005 and 2014. After subtyping, the detected CRF19_cpx sequences were aligned with 201 CRF19_cpx and 66 subtype D sequences retrieved from LANL, and subjected to maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses and Bayesian coalescent reconstructions. The presence of resistance mutations in the PR/RT region of these sequences was also analyzed. Results Among the 9 CRF19_cpx sequences from different patients found (prevalence n =4, and B, n =3), suggesting the existence of at least two independent introductions which subsequently started to expand in the studied Spanish region. Unprotected sex between men was the only known transmission route. Coalescent analyses suggested that the introductions in Valencia occurred between 2008 and 2010. Resistance mutations in the RT region were found in all sequences from group A (V139D) and in two sequences from group B (E138A). Conclusions This study reports for the first time the recent expansion of CRF19_cpx outside Cuba. Our results suggest that CRF19_cpx might become an emerging HIV variant in Spain, affecting Spanish native MSM and not only Cuban migrants.

[EN] This research deals with two insectivorous reedbed-nesting songbirds, the Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides and the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus breeding at the Marjal de Pego-Oliva (Valencia-Alicante, Spain). Our aims were to study the diet and the prey selection of the two species and to assess the dietary differences between them. Diet composition has been assessed by examining samples off regurgitated food obtained using apomorphine as an emetic. Prey availability was estimated through standardized invertebrate sampling. The diet of the two warblers were significantly different and included arthropods belonging to the orders Araneida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Mantodea and Orthoptera. The most represented prey were Araneida and Coleoptera in the diet of Savi s Warblers, and Hymenoptera and Coleoptera in the diet of Great Reed Warblers. Both species positively selected Araneida and Coleoptera and avoided Diptera, while for other arthropod taxa prey selection differed between the two warbler, We are grateful to G. Assandri, D. Beneyto, M. Delandes, P. Lucio, M. Marin, C. Mompo, M. Morganti, R. Oliver, R. Piculo, E. Pons, R. Sanchez-Serrano and D. Vidal for their help with the fieldwork, and to S. Ano, N. Ibanez and J. Villarroya for their help in counting and classifying invertebrates. We would like to thank the authorities of the Marjal de Pego-Oliva Natural Park and the Servei de Conservacio de la Biodiversitat de la Generalitat Valenciana for providing the facilities to work in protected areas, and for providing the relevant permits. The present work has been partly financed by Projects CGL2005-02041 and CGL2010-21933/CO2-02 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. FC was supported by an Atraent talent grant from the University of Valencia. Juan A. Amat and two anonymous reviewers contributed to improve an earlier version of the manuscript.

[EN] Coastal wetlands are highly dynamic changing ecosystems because of the effects of meteorology, wildlife interactions and human activities. They are one of the world's most threatened ecosystems, and threats to them drive the most specialist species to unfavorable conservation status and population trends. Therefore, it is important to frequently monitor the coverage changes of the different vegetation types to understand these species' population dynamics. However, frequent and detailed cartography entails costly efforts. Here, satellite images with field mapping were combined to create vegetation classification maps for past years from SPOT-5 images in the Pego-Oliva coastal wetland (Spain) and obtained classification accuracies above 85%. Together with habitat selection models, this information was used to understand the changes in the habitat of a threatened bird species, the Eastern Iberian reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus witherbyi), whose population has sharply declined in recent decades in Spain. A statistically significant reduction in reed-rush patches (positively selected habitat) and an increase in homogeneous reed patches (negatively selected habitat) were observed in those areas where the species disappeared as breeders. This study shows the potential of remote sensing and GIS techniques for the a posteriori monitoring of variation in the habitats available for threatened species to set up management and conservation measures., The authors thank the authorities of the Marjal Pego-Oliva Natural Park for providing the facilities to work in protected areas and for the relevant permits. This study has been funded by projects CGL2005-02041/BOS and CGL2010-21933-C02-02 from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. P. Vera was granted research support by Spanish Ornithological Society/BirdLife in 2008. Nacho Encabo and Marcial Marin helped with the fieldwork in 2006 and 2007.

Summary. Given the 80% decline of the eastern Iberian reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus witherbyi breeding population in recent decades, our aim was to identify the habitat components selected during territory establishment and to characterise the vegetation features that are positively or negatively selected at the territory scale. GLMM were used to explain the occurrence of territories in 11 wetlands. Fourteen variables with four vegetation dominance categories were analysed with respect to habitat composition, while occupancy of seven vegetation classes and 12 reed structural parameters were analysed with respect to habitat structure. The proportion of reed-cattails (Typha) measured by the habitat approach was the variable with the greatest likelihood of being the model that best fitted our data, but showed poor discriminative ability. The proportion of reed with tussocks was higher in occupied territories than in non-occupied territories. The main results are consistent with a previous study of habita...

In this study, the virus-removal capacity of nanofiltration was assessed using validated laboratory scale models on a wide range of viruses (pseudorabies virus; human immunodeficiency virus; bovine viral diarrhea virus; West Nile virus; hepatitis A virus; murine encephalomyocarditis virus; and porcine parvovirus) with sizes from 18 nm to 200 nm and applying the different process conditions existing in a number of Grifols' plasma-derived manufacturing processes (thrombin, α1-proteinase inhibitor, Factor IX, antithrombin, plasmin, intravenous immunoglobulin, and fibrinogen). Spiking experiments (n = 133) were performed in process intermediate products, and removal was subsequently determined by infectivity titration. Reduction Factor (RF) was calculated by comparing the virus load before and after nanofiltration under each product purification condition. In all experiments, the RFs were close to or greater than 4 log10 (>99.99% of virus elimination). RF values were not significantly affected by the process conditions within the limits assayed (pH, ionic strength, temperature, filtration ratio, and protein concentration). The virus-removal capacity of nanofiltration correlated only with the size of the removed agent. In conclusion, nanofiltration, as used in the manufacturing of several Grifols' products, is consistent, robust, and not significantly affected by process conditions.

[EN] Random Forests (RFs) and Gradient Boosting Machines (GBMs) are popular approaches for habitat suitability modelling in environmental flow assessment. However, both present some limitations theoretically solved by alternative tree-based ensemble techniques (e.g. conditional RFs or oblique RFs). Among them, eXtreme Gradient Boosting machines (XGBoost) has proven to be another promising technique that mixes subroutines developed for RFs and GBMs. To inspect the capabilities of these alternative techniques, RFs and GBMs were compared with: conditional RFs, oblique RFs and XGBoost by modelling, at the micro-scale, the habitat suitability for the invasive bleak (Alburnus alburnus L.) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus L). XGBoost outperformed the other approaches, particularly conditional and oblique RFs, although there were no statistical differences with standard RFs and GBMs. The partial dependence plots highlighted the lacustrine origins of pumpkinseed and the preference for lentic habitats of bleak. However, the latter depicted a larger tolerance for rapid microhabitats found in run-type river segments, which is likely to hinder the management of flow regimes to control its invasion. The difference in the computational burden and, especially, the characteristics of datasets on microhabitat use (low data prevalence and high overlapping between categories) led us to conclude that, in the short term, XGBoost is not destined to replace properly optimised RFs and GBMs in the process of habitat suitability modelling at the micro-scale., This project had the support of Fundacion Biodiversidad, of Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition. We want to thank the volunteering students of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Marina de Miguel, Carlos A. Puig-Mengual, Cristina Barea, Rares Hugianu, and Pau Rodriguez. R. Munoz-Mas benefitted from a postdoctoral Juan de la Cierva fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (ref. FJCI-2016-30829). This research was supported by the Government of Catalonia (ref. 2017 SGR 548).

[EN] Differential traits (e.g., feeding at different heights in trees) have evolved to allow the coexistence of putative competitors; such traits have been well studied in small passerines (e.g., Paridae), mainly during the winter. However, few studies have been carried out during the breeding season, when competition could be more intense. We applied here a multidimensional approach, examining ecological (prey type and size, and nesting habitat characteristics) and life history (timing of maximum nestling food demand) traits that might help to explain the coexistence of great (Parus major), crested (Lophophanes cristatus), and coal (Periparus ater) tits breeding in a Mediterranean pine forest. The diets of great and crested tit nestlings were equally diverse, and more diverse than that of coal tit nestlings. Prey size diversity was similar among species. Great and crested tits consumed longer caterpillars than coal tits. This last species preferred to build its nests in nest boxes surrounded by mature vegetation, while great tits preferred immature vegetation and crested tits preferred intermediate vegetation stages. Finally, the breeding cycles of both great and coal tits overlapped to a great extent, while crested tits bred earlier. In summary, each species has a unique combination of niche characteristics that might contribute to the coexistence of the 3 tit species., [FR] Différents traits bioécologiques (ex. une alimentation à différentes hauteurs dans les arbres) ont évolué pour permettre la coexistence des présumés compétiteurs. Ces traits ont été bien étudiés chez les petits passereaux (ex. chez les paridés) principalement en hiver. Cependant, peu d'études se sont attardées à la saison de reproduction, alors que la compétition est peut être plus intense. Nous avons utilisé une approche multidimensionnelle comprenant une étude de traits écologiques (type et taille des proies, caractéristiques de l'habitat de nidification) et de traits d'histoire de vie (période où la demande alimentaire des oisillons est maximale), des traits qui pourraient aider à expliquer la coexistence des mésanges charbonnière (Parus major), huppée (Lophophanes cristatus) et noire (Periparus ater) nichant dans une pinède méditerranéenne. Le régime alimentaire des mésanges noires était moins diversifié que celui des mésanges charbonnière et huppée dont la diversité était similaire. La diversité dans la taille des proies était semblable chez les 3 espèces. Les mésanges charbonnière et huppée consommaient des chenilles de plus grande taille que ne le faisait la mésange noire. Cette dernière préférait construire son nid dans des nichoirs situés dans une végétation mature, tandis que la mésange charbonnière préférait la végétation immature et la mésange huppée les stades intermédiaires de végétation. Finalement, les périodes de reproduction des mésanges charbonnière et noire se chevauchaient en bonne partie, tandis que la mésange huppée se reproduisait plus tôt. En résumé, chaque espèce de mésange présente une combinaison unique de caractéristiques de niche écologique pouvant contribuer à la coexistence des 3 espèces., We would like to thank J. L. Gre o, who helped in the field tasks. The study was financed by the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (MEC, projects CGL2004-00787, CGL2007-61395, and CGL2010-21933-C02-02). F. Atienzar had an FPU grant from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (AP2004-0907). Vegetation data used in the present study were processed at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) thanks to M. E. Visser and the late L. J. M. Holleman. We thank Sierra Mariola Natural Park and the land owners for their collaboration. Most of the analyses and writing for the present paper were done during a short stay at the NIOO thanks to a grant awarded to F. Atienzar by the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (2008).

Bird nests are structures whose properties affect breeding performance. Thus, the vast majority of bird species build their own characteristic nests, selecting appropriate materials to do so. However, in habitats where the availability of "ideal" materials is low, some ability to use alternative ones would be necessary, even at the cost of having breeding success reduced. The Great Tit (Parus major) breeds under widely different environmental conditions. Its nests are althought to be composed mainly of moss, although very few studies have quantified nest composition. Our target here was describing Great Tit nest mass and composition in four different Mediterranean habitats, and exploring their fitness consequences. We recorded the basic breeding parameters, collected nests after fledging, and decomposed a sample of them, in four eastern Spanish populations: Pina (pines and oaks), Mariola (pines), Font Roja (holm oaks), and Sagunto (orange trees). Nests were heavier in Sagunto and Mariola and lighter in Font Roja, and those from Sagunto had the lowest amount of moss. Clutch size decreased as moss mass increased in the four sites. In Sagunto, hatching success increased as moss mass increased. In all habitats, nestling condition was lower when the amount of sticks and feathers was higher. We conclude that Great Tit nest mass and composition varies considerably between habitats, and the amount of different materials could affect different breeding parameters., We would very much thank to all the people who have helped in the fieldwork at the different study areas over the years, to the students who assisted in nest dissection. We thank to the Spanish Meteorological Agency and to F. Atienzar for providing temperature data. This work has benefited from projects CGL2004-00787 and CGL2007-61395 (Ministry of Education and Science) and CGL2010-21933-C02-02 (Ministry of Science and Innovation).

Diets containing high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decrease inflammation and the incidence of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease while trans-fatty acids (TFA) intake increases the incidence of these conditions. Some health benefits of n-3 PUFA are mediated through the impact of their oxygenated metabolites, i.e. oxylipins. The TFA, trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 18:2n-6) is associated with adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, oxidative stress, and wasting. We examined the impact of a 4-week feeding of 0, 0.5, and 1.5% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) in the presence and absence of 0.5% CLA on AT oxylipin profiles in female C57BL/6N mice. Esterified oxylipins in AT derived from linoleic acid (LNA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), DHA, and putative from CLA were quantified. CLA containing diets reduced AT mass by ~62%. Compared with the control diet, the DHA diet elevated concentrations of EPA-and DHA-derived alcohols and epoxides and LNA-derived alcohols, reduced ARA-derived alcohols, ketones, epoxides, and 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F1α (P

Studying dispersal is crucial to understand metapopulation and sink-source dynamics and invasion processes. The capability to disperse is especially important for species living in fragmented habitats like wetlands. We investigated the distribution of natal and breeding dispersal distances and philopatry in Spanish populations of two closely related reedbed-nesting birds, the Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon and the Eurasian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus. These warblers are morphologically very similar, but differ in migration strategy and, in our study area, in population size. Our aims were to find the best model for dispersal distances and to assess the occurrence of intra- or interspecific differences in dispersal patterns. We used ringing data from the Spanish marking scheme and selected recaptures to avoid including migrating individuals. In both species, most individuals were philopatric but dispersing birds were able to cross large distances (up to more than 100 km), suggesting the capability to compensate for habitat fragmentation. We found the heavy-tailed Cauchy distribution to be the best conceptual description for our data, in all cases but natal dispersal of Moustached Warblers. Among Eurasian Reed Warblers, natal philopatry was lower than breeding philopatry. We found no significant interspecific differences. This does not confirm the hypothesis of higher dispersal ability in long distance migrants (like Eurasian Reed Warblers) than in resident/short distance migrant bird species (like Moustached Warblers). The similarity in dispersal patterns among the two warblers may be explained by their close phylogenetic relatedness, similar constraints imposed on both species by a patchy habitat or similar evolutionary pressures., We are grateful to the many ringers who collected the data during years of fieldwork in Spain. Francesco Ceresa is supported by an "Atraent talent'' grant from the University of Valencia.

Capsule: We found high diet overlap and different uses of space and time between Moustached Warblers Acrocephalus melanopogon and Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus breeding in sympatry at a marshland in Spain. Aims: To study the degree of diet overlap between both species, their space use on a local scale and their breeding phenologies. Methods: We studied the breeding phenologies of the two species by standardized ringing activity. Spatial distribution was investigated by point counts. We determined diet composition from emetic samples and we collected invertebrates by standardized sweep-netting to estimate food availability. Results: Diet and prey selection were similar among species. Conversely, spatial overlap was relatively small (, The present work has been partly financed by Projects CGL2005-02041 and CGL2010-21933/CO2-02 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Francesco Ceresa is supported by an 'Atraent talent' grant from the University of Valencia.

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of dietary fatty acids that are widely marketed as weight loss supplements. The isomer responsible for this effect is the trans -10, cis -12 CLA (10E12Z-CLA) isomer. 10E12Z-CLA treatment during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes induces expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2; COX-2). This work demonstrates that COX-2 is also induced in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes after a single treatment of 10E12Z-CLA at both the mRNA (20–40 fold) and protein level (7 fold). Furthermore, prostaglandin (PG)F 2α , but not PGE 2 , is significantly increased 10 fold. In female BALB/c mice fed 0.5% 10E12Z-CLA for 10 days, COX-2 was induced in uterine adipose (2 fold). In vitro , pharmacological COX-2 inhibition did not block the effect of 10E12Z-CLA on adipocyte-specific gene expression although PGF 2α was dose-dependently decreased. These studies demonstrate that PGF 2α was not by itself responsible for the reduction in adipocyte character due to 10E12Z-CLA treatment. However, PGF 2α , either exogenously or endogenously in response to 10E12Z-CLA, increased the expression of the potent mitogen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) ligand epiregulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Blocking PGF 2α signaling with the PGF 2α receptor (FP) antagonist AL-8810 returned epiregulin mRNA levels back to baseline. Although this pathway is not directly responsible for adipocyte dependent gene expression, these results suggest that this signaling pathway may still have broad effect on the adipocyte and surrounding cells.