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This systematic review aims to summarize the effects of wearing different types of wetsuits and swimsuits in front crawl swimming performance and physiological- and biomechanical-related variables. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming databases were searched from inception to 25th March 2022. From the 1398 studies initially found, 26 studies were included in the review. The quality assessment and inter-rater reliability between researchers were conducted. The full body was the most studied wetsuit, with its use allowing 3.2–12.9% velocity increments in distances ranging from 25 to 1500 m, in incremental tests, in 5 and 30 min continuous swimming and in open water events. The sleeveless long vs. the full-body wetsuit led to a 400–800 m performance enhancement. Higher stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index were observed while using three different covered body part wetsuits vs. a regular swimsuit, with a lower energy cost being observed when swimming with the full-body wetsuit compared to a swimsuit. These findings provide useful information for coaches, swimmers and triathletes about the full-body and sleeveless long/short wetsuit use, since these three wetsuits allow improving swimming performance in different distances in diverse aquatic environments.

Empirical observations supports that the addition of a plastic strip - also known as Randall foils - on the top edge of a rowing blade improve rowing efficiency during the cycle propulsive phase. The aim of the current study was to analyze the effect of using Big blades with and without Randall foils on rowing performance. Twenty experienced rowers performed two 90 s tethered rowing bouts (with and without Randall foils) to assess its impact on force production and physiologic variables. All tests were randomized and a repeated measure design was used to compare experimental conditions. Higher values of peak and mean peak forces (479.4 ± 134.7 vs 423.2 ± 153.0, d=0.83 and 376.5 ± 101.4 vs 337.1 ± 113.3 N, d=0.68), peak oxygen uptake (47.9 ± 7.5 vs 45.3 ± 7.3 mL∙kg-1∙min-1, d=0.19), peak blood lactate concentration (7.9 ± 1.6 vs 6.9 ± 1.7 mmol∙L-1, d=0.16), blood lactate increasing speed (0.08 ± 0.01 vs 0.07 ± 0.06 [(mmol·L-1)·s-1], d=0.27) and lactic anaerobic energy (27.4 ±7.9 vs 23.4 ± 8.1 kJ, d=0.23) were found for Big blades with vs without Randall foils, p

Survival outcomes increase significantly when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is provided correctly, but rescuers’ fatigue can compromise its delivery. We investigated the effect of two exercise modes on CPR effectiveness and physiological outputs. After 4 min baseline conditions, 30 lifeguards randomly performed a 100 m run and a combined water rescue before 4 min CPR (using an adult manikin and a 30:2 compression–ventilation ratio). Physiological variables were continuously measured during baseline and CPR using a portable gas analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and CPR effectiveness was analyzed using two HD video cameras. Higher oxygen uptake (23.0 ± 9.9 and 20.6 ± 9.1 vs. 13.5 ± 6.2 mL·kg·min−1) and heart rate (137 ± 19 and 133 ± 15 vs. 114 ± 15 bpm), and lower compression efficacy (63.3 ± 29.5 and 62.2 ± 28.3 vs. 69.2 ± 28.0%), were found for CPRrun and CPRswim compared to CPRbase. In addition, ventilation efficacy was higher in the rescues preceded by intense exercise than in CPRbase (49.5 ± 42.3 and 51.9 ± 41.0 vs. 33.5 ± 38.3%), but no differences were detected between CPRrun and CPRswim. In conclusion, CPRrun and CPRswim protocols induced a relevant physiological stress over each min and in the overall CPR compared with CPRbase. The CPRun protocol reduces the compression rate but has a higher effectiveness percentage than the CPRswim protocol, in which there is a considerably higher compression rate but with less efficacy.

This study aimed to compare three swimming conditions in a swimming flume with water at 26 ℃ (using swimsuit) and 18 ℃ (randomly with swimsuit and wetsuit). Seventeen swimmers (32.4±14.7 years old, 175.6±0.06 cm height, and 70.4±9.8 kg body mass) performed three bouts until exhaustion at a 400-m front crawl pace (24 h intervals). ANOVA repeated measures compared the experimental conditions. Swimming at 26 ℃ with swimsuit evidenced a higher metabolic demand (total energy expenditure; (E)), comparing to 18 ℃ swimsuit (p=0.05) and with 18 ℃ wetsuit (p=0.04). The 26 ℃ swimsuit condition presented higher peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), blood lactate concentrations ([La-]peak), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximal heart rate (HRmax), anaerobic lactic energy (AnL), E, energy cost (C), VO2 amplitude (Ap), and stroke rate (SR), but lower stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) than 18 ℃ wetsuit. The 18 ℃ swimsuit condition (comparing to wetsuit) lead to higher VO2peak, [La-]peak, HRmax, E, C, Ap, and SR but lower SL and SI. Swimming at aerobic power intensity with swim and wetsuit at 18 ℃ does not induce physiologic and biomechanical disadvantages compared to 26 ℃. The results suggested that the use of wetsuit might increase performance at 18 ℃ water temperature for competitive master swimmers. Its use is thus recommended in open water swimming competitions when the water temperature is 18–20 ℃.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of a swimming training mesocycle in master swimmers’ performance and active drag. Twenty-two 39.87 ± 6.10 year-old master swimmers performed a 25 m front crawl at maximal intensity before and after a typical four-week training mesocycle. Maximum, mean and minimum speeds, speed decrease and hip horizontal intra-cyclic velocity variation were assessed using an electromechanical speedometer, and the active drag and power to overcome drag were determined using the measuring active drag system. Maximum, mean and minimum front crawl speeds improved from pre- to post-training (mean ± 95% CI: 3.1 ± 2.8%, p = 0.04, 2.9 ± 1.6%, p = 0.01, and 4.6 ± 3.1%, p = 0.01, respectively) and the speed decrease along the 25 m test lowered after the training period (82.5 ± 76.3%, p = 0.01). The training mesocycle caused a reduction in the active drag at speeds corresponding to 70% (5.0 ± 3.9%), 80% (5.6 ± 4.0%), and 90% (5.9 ± 4.0%), but not at 100% (5.9 ± 6.7%), of the swimmers’ maximal exertions in the 25 m test. These results showed that four weeks of predominantly aerobic training could improve master swimmers’ performance and reduce their hydrodynamic drag while swimming mainly at submaximal speeds.

We compared the hydrodynamic characteristics and pull-out strategies of four backstroke-to-breaststroke turning techniques in young swimmers. Eighteen 11 and 12-year-old swimmers participated in a 4 week intervention program including 16 contextual interference sessions. The hydrodynamic variables were assessed through inverse dynamics, and the pull-out strategy kinematics were assessed with tracking markers followed by 12 land cameras and 11 underwater cameras. Swimmers randomly completed sixteen 30 m maximal backstroke-to breaststroke-open, somersault, bucket and crossover turns (four in each technique) with a 3 min rest. The data showed higher drag force, cross-sectional area and drag coefficient values for the first (compared with the second) gliding position. The crossover turn revealed the highest push-off velocity (2.17 ± 0.05 m.s−1), and the somersault turn demonstrated the lowest foot plant index (0.68 ± 0.03, 68%), which could have affected the first gliding, transition and second gliding depths (0.73 ± 0.13, 0.86 ± 0.17 and 0.76 ± 0.17 m). The data revealed the consistency of the time spent (4.86 ± 0.98 s) and breakout distance (6.04 ± 0.94 m) among the four turning techniques, and no differences were observed between them regarding time and average velocity up to 7.5 m. The hydrodynamic characteristics and pull-out strategy of the backstroke-to-breaststroke turns performed by the age group swimmers were independent of the selected technique.

Water polo is a team sport that has been suffering rule changes aiming for a more attractive game. Our goal was to unveil whether different offensive playing styles or methods were adopted by elite national teams from Eastern Europe and from other world countries after the new rules framework was applied at the 2019 FINA World Championship. Additionally, we questioned whether those rules induced a more dynamic game. A total of 648 offensive sequences from games contested by the top-six ranked national squads were analysed. Descriptive statistics, parametric and nonparametric tests were computed, and the effect size was used. The eastern Europeans were the tallest (t (76) = −4.081; p < 0.001, d = 0.42) and the Hungarians were higher than Italians (p = 0.005, dz = −0.41). Offensive time length differed between teams (H (5) = 30.50, p < 0.001) with Serbia being the fastest (Mdn = 22 s). In successful attacks without extra time, Italy was quicker than Spain (17.5 vs. 25.0 s; p = 0.031, dz = −0.36) scoring 30% of their total goals under 20 s, while Australia up to 24% and Croatia, Hungary and Spain ≤ 16.0%. When power-play occurred, the teams’ pass action was different (H (5) = 15.99, p < 0.007), with Italy performing more passes than counterparts, especially Serbia (Mdn = 13 vs. 9, respectively; p= 0.003, dz = 0.20) and with the exception of Hungary. Through fast play sequences, Italy, Serbia and Australia scored up to 33% of their goals, while Spain, Croatia, and Hungary scored ≤ 15%. The power-play contributed to ≥50% of teams’ goals, except for Spain and Australia (48 and 45%, respectively). Playing styles commonly attributed to Eastern vs. non-Eastern Europeans and other worldwide national teams such as Australia were not confirmed. However, offensive trends were perceived and described for the first time, and some base guidelines were suggested to distinguish the static or positional vs. a more dynamic playing model. Rule changes did not seem to induce the expected effects on game dynamics.

Survival outcomes increase significantly when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is provided correctly, but rescuer&rsquo, s fatigue can compromise CPR delivery. We investigated the effect of a 100-m maximal run on CPR and physiological variables in 14 emergency medical technicians (age 29.2 &plusmn, 5.8 years, height 171.2 &plusmn, 1.1 cm and weight 73.4 &plusmn, 13.1 kg). Using an adult manikin and a compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2, participants performed 4-min CPR after 4-min baseline conditions (CPR) and 4-min CPR after a 100-m maximal run carrying emergency material (CPR-run). Physiological variables were continuously measured during baseline and CPR conditions using a portable gas analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and analyzed using two HD video cameras (Sony, HDR PJ30VE, Japan). Higher VO2 (14.4 &plusmn, 2.1 and 22.0 &plusmn, 2.5 mL&middot, kg&minus, 1&middot, min&minus, 1) and heart rate (123 &plusmn, 17 and 148 &plusmn, 17 bpm) were found for CPR-run. However, the compression rate was also higher during the CPR-run (373 &plusmn, 51 vs. 340 &plusmn, 49) and between every three complete cycles (81 &plusmn, 9 vs. 74 &plusmn, 14, 99 &plusmn, 14 vs. 90 &plusmn, 10, 99 &plusmn, 10 vs. 90 &plusmn, 10, and, 101 &plusmn, 15 vs. 94 &plusmn, 11, for cycle 3, 6, 9 and 12, respectively). Fatigue induced by the 100-m maximal run had a strong impact on physiological variables, but a mild impact on CPR emergency medical technicians&rsquo, performance.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after a drowning episode is performed under fatigue conditions. However, the characterization of CPR in this context is still unknown. Our purpose was to investigate the effect of a 100-m simulated in-water rescue on CPR and physiological parameters in trained certified lifeguards.Thirty trained certified lifeguards (age 24.6 ± 3.8 yrs; height 178.2 ± 7.4 cm and weight 76.9 ± 10.6 kg) completed two protocols using an adult manikin: (i) 4-min CPR after 4-min baseline conditions (CPR), and (ii) 4-min CPR after a 100-m simulated in-water rescue in the sea (CPR Rescue), both with a compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2. Physiological parameters of the subjects were continuously measured (breath-by-breath) during baseline and CPR conditions, using a telemetric portable gas analyzer (K4bThe 100-m simulated in-water rescue induced higher values of physiological related parameters all over the 4-min CPR exercise (e.g. Tidal Volume: 1.5 ± 0.4 and 2.4 ± 0.5 L; VOFatigue induced by the 100-m simulated in-water rescue had a strong physiological expression but a minimal impact on CPR performance. Key words: CPR; fatigue; lifeguards; VO

The purpose of this study was 1) to look at and organise the literature on the analysis of futsal matches and 2) to identify research themes. We analysed the main national and international bibliographic databases using key words relating to futsal in different languages, which were linked to terms pertaining to match analysis. Out of a total of 722 documents, the study focused on 79 papers specifically dealing with our intended objectives. The literature was classified into three groups: studies related to notational analysis (65), studies related to the analysis of movement and interpersonal coordination (13), and review studies (1). As primary conclusions, we found that there is a lack of consensus on the vocabulary used and on common meanings for defining the different variables of the game in all countries. The language most widely used is Portuguese, which hampers the international dissemination of information. Additionally, publication in international scientific journals is scarce (13%), in spite ...

We have evaluated water polo vertical jump and shooting success determinants, their interplay, identified its main variables and proposed a predictive model. Twenty-two sub-elite players (23.23±7.2...

En el presente documento se analizan las características de los entrenamientos de los deportistas de salvamento acuático, tales como los recursos humanos, materiales, condiciones de entrenamiento y control del mismo, así como la práctica de otro tipo de deportes. La muestra del estudio está referida a los deportistas de Salvamento Acuático Deportivo que participaron en el Campeonato Gallego de Aguas Cerradas en el año 2006. Dicha muestra asciende a un total de 73 deportistas, de los cuales el 43,84% (32) son mujeres y el 56,16% (41) son varones. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó a través del paquete informático SPSS 12.0 en el entorno Windows XP Profesional, llevándose a cabo un análisis descriptivo de los datos (frecuencias absolutas, medias, porcentajes, desviaciones,…). Entre los resultados más destacados podemos apreciar una formación adecuada de los entrenadores, así como una valoración aceptable en relación a las condiciones de sus entrenamientos (piscina, gimnasio, material específico y pulsímetros). Una mayor presencia de entrenamientos estratégicos y tácticos frente a otro tipo de entrenamientos. Entrenamientos en grupo con una frecuencia de entrenamiento físico casi diaria en sesiones de hora y media. Por otro lado, se encuentra un bajo porcentaje de simultaneidad con otras prácticas deportivas y una menor dedicación a éstas, con respecto al salvamento acuático deportivo.Abstract: TIn the present document are analyzed the characteristics of training of aquatic rescue sportspeople, as human resources, materials, training conditions and its control, as the practice of other kind of sports. The sample of the study is refered to sportspeople of Aquatic Sport Rescue that took part in the Campeonato Gallego de Aguas Cerradas in the year 2006. That sample rise to a total of 73 sportspeople, of which 43.84% (32) are women and 56.16% (41) are men. The statistical analysis of data was carried out through the software package SPSS 12.0 in the Windows XP Professional environment, and a descriptive analysis of data (absolute frequencies, averages, percentages, deviations...) was carried out. Among the most highlighted results can be seen a adequate training, as well as an acceptable assessment according to the conditions of coaching (swimming pool, gymnasium, specific material and pulsometers).

Determinar la composición corporal y las diferentes características físicas y condicionales fue el primer objetivo planteado en este estudio, donde se valoraron a 45 jugadores de balonmano masculino de la Región de Murcia, correspondiente a la categoría juvenil. Los clubes analizados han sido el Murcia, Alhama, Jumilla y Águilas. El segundo objetivo de este trabajo consiste en establecer diferencias entre los equipos valorados y las líneas de juego de carácter ofensivo. El proceso de recogida de datos antropométricos se llevó a cabo siguiendo el protocolo estipulado por el ISAK. El análisis estadístico realizado fue en primer lugar descriptivo y, posteriormente, un análisis inferencial para establecer las diferencias estadísticas entre los distintos equipos y sus líneas de juego, en todas las variables de estudio. La valoración condicional se centró básicamente en la determinación del somatotipo, en la evaluación de la velocidad de lanzamiento y en la fuerza isométrica de tren superior. Los equipos de la parte superior de la tabla presentan valores superiores en las variables antropométricas pero sin ser estadísticamente significativas estas diferencias. Se constata la importancia de la mesomorfia como característica predominante en el somatotipo del jugador de balonmano. Las mayores velocidades se alcanzaron en los lanzamientos en los que hay desplazamiento previo.Abstract: The aim of this study was two fold, first to determine the body composition, physical and conditional characteristics of male handball players, who were playing in juvenile level in Murcia. A Second objective was to establish differences among the teams evaluated and offensive playing lines. The teams analyzed were playing in Murcia, Alhama, Jumilla and Águilas. 45 juvenile male handball players participated in this study. Anthropometric data were collected following ISAK protocols. A descriptive statistical analysis was made in order to obtains means and standard deviation of the simple. An ANOVA analysis was performed in order to establish differences among teams and its playing lines. The somatotype, throwing velocity and grip were analyzed in all teams The best teams show higher values in anthropometric variables than the worts, but these differences does not reach statistical significance. Mesomorphy is a very important characteristic in handball player. Higher throwing velocities were reach in throwings with previous displacements.

El objetivo de este estudio es encontrar los valores de eficacia en las microsituaciones de juego con y sin posesión del balón en waterpolo y analizar la relación entre esos valores y la condición de ganador o perdedor. Los partidos masculinos y femeninos del X Campeonato del Mundo de waterpolo fueron grabados en video, y analizados de forma consensuada por especialistas entrenados, siguiendo las directrices de la metodología observacional. Se han evaluado mediante coeficientes las microsituaciones de juego en igualdad numérica, contraataque, replegamiento defensivo, desigualdad numérica temporal simple y penalti, obteniendo valores de eficacia. Para el tratamiento estadístico se realizó un anova de un solo factor seguido por la prueba de Tukey, revelando diferencias significativas en 38 coeficientes en categoría femenina y 46 en categoría masculina; tomando como referencia un valor de pd».05. En conclusión, se puede inferir que en la categoría femenina existen diferencias significativas entre la condición de ganador y perdedor en doce en igualdad numérica, doce en el contraataque y replegamiento defensivo, catorce en desigualdad numérica temporal simple y ninguno en el penalti. En hombres, existen diferencias significativas entre la condición de ganador y perdedor en doce en igualdad numérica, ocho en el contraataque y replegamiento defensivo, catorce en desigualdad numérica temporal simple y doce en el penalti.Palabra clave: waterpolo, eficacia, ganador, perdedor.Abstract: This study aimed to find the efficacy values in the playing micro-situations with or without ball possession in the sport of water polo and to analyze the relation between these values and the condition of winner or loser. The female and male matches of the X Water polo World Championship were video-recorded, out agreed by consensus between trained specialists, continuing the directors of the observational methodology. The playing micro-situations were evaluated by means of coefficients such as numerical equality, counterattack, defensive adjustment, simple temporary numerical inequality and penalty, thereby obtaining efficacy values. Data analysis was carried out by an ANOVA of a single factor followed by the Tukey test, revealing significant differences in 38 coefficients in the female category and in 46 coefficients in the male category; reference value was p d» 0.05. In conclusion, we can say that in the female category there are significant differences between the condition of winner or loser in twelve in numerical equality, twelve in counterattack and defensive adjustment, fourteen in simple temporary numerical inequality and none in penalty. In male, there are significant differences between the condition of winner or loser in twelve in numerical equality, eight in counterattack and defensive adjustment, fourteen in simple temporary numerical inequality and twelve in penalty.Key words: water polo, efficacy, winner, loser.

Anualmente en España mueren un gran número de personas por enfermedades relacionadas con el corazón. El paro cardíaco es la causa principal en este tipo de muertes. Conocer y dominar las técnicas de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar Básica (RCPB) son fundamentales para auxiliar a un accidentado de estas características. En este estudio se analizó 1) la importancia de conocer estas técnicas en la población en general, y 2) la percepción de la dificultad de comprensión y ejecución de las técnicas. Se utilizó un cuestionario diseñado “ad hoc” como instrumento para la recogida de información. El instrumento se sometió a procesos de validación y fiabilidad para el estudio. Se administró el cuestionario a 235 personas voluntarias de edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 65 años. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, en función del género y de las variables importancia de conocimiento y aprendizaje / ejecución de las técnicas. Entre los resultados más relevantes, podemos destacar un interés de la sociedad a aumentar la formación en este tipo de conocimientos. Formación que sería ideal en la mayoría de los grupos de edad de la población (adolescentes a ancianos). Así mismo, las técnicas de RCPB son fáciles de comprender y, en menor medida de ejecutar, percepción más relevante entre de la gente que manifiesta conocer y dominar dichas técnicas. Palabra clave: Soporte vital básico, enfermedad cardiovascular, primeros auxilios, educación.Abstract: Annually in Spain many people die from diseases related to heart. Heart attack is the main cause of such deaths. Know and control the basic techniques of basic Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are essential to help a person away from these features. This study examined 1) the importance of knowing these techniques in the general population, and 2) the perception of the difficulty of understanding and application of techniques. We used a questionnaire designed "ad hoc" as a tool for collecting information. The instrument was subjected to validation and reliability for the study. The questionnaire was completed by 235 volunteers aged between 10 and 65. We performed a descriptive analysis, based on gender and the variables importance of knowledge and learning / apply techniques. Among the most relevant results, we emphasize an interest of society to improve training in this type of knowledge. Training would be ideal in most age groups of people (teens to seniors). Likewise, CPR techniques are easy to understand and execute a lesser extent, relevant perception among people who acknowledge and application these techniques.Key words: Basic Life Support, cardiovascular disease, first aids, education.

El objetivo de este trabajo es triple: 1) Describir la estructura antropométrica, composición corporal y somatotipo de los mejores deportistas de salvamento. 2) Describir y comparar las características antropométricas de los deportistas de salvamento en función de sus especialidades, y 3) Comparar a los mejores deportistas de salvamento de Galicia con respecto a los especialistas de salvamento acuático del panorama nacional. La muestra empleada en este estudio fueron 85 deportistas de élite salvamento deportivo, de ellos 51 fueron hombres y 34 fueron mujeres. Los hombres presentaron una media de edad de 20.8±3.0 años, 74.9±8.4kg, 179.8±7.1cm de altura y 185.2±9.8cm de envergadura. Las mujeres presentaron una media de edad de 19.8±2.8 años, 60.4±7.4kg, 164.9±6.4cm de altura y 166.4±9.9cm de envergadura. Para el estudio se valoró el peso, la altura, la envergadura, cinco diámetros y cinco perímetros, calculándose el porcentaje graso, muscular y el somatotipo. Se aplicó un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA), con un post hoc de Tukey para analizar las diferencias entre categorías. Los deportistas de salvamento presentan un somatotipo mesomorfo balanceado en los varones y meso-endomórfico para las mujeres, siendo la mesomorfia el valor predominante en ambos casos. Existen diferencias entre la especialidad de playa y la de piscina. Los deportistas de selección gallega presentan un perfil antropométrico diferente al de los especialistas de piscina del panorama nacional.Palabras clave: deporte, playa, piscina, natación, rendimiento, perfil deportivo.Abstrac: The aim of the study was threefold: 1) To describe the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of the best sport lifesaving athletes 2) To describe and compare physical characteristics of the sport lifesaving athletes by discipline and 3) To compare the best Galician sport lifesaving athletes with the rest of Spanish sport lifesaving athletes. 85 elite sport lifesavers were recruited for the study, 51 men and 34 women. Physical characteristics of the sample were 20.8±3.0 years; 74.9±8.4kg and 179.8±7.1cm height and 185.2±9.8cm of arm span for male and 19.8±2.8 years, 60.4±7.4kg of weight, 164.9±6.4cm of height and 166.4±9.9cm of arm span for female. Additionally, 5 body girths and 5 skeletal breadths, somatotype, fat and muscle percentage were analysed. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey post hoc test were used to determine if significant differences existed in the anthropometric profile among disciplines. Male sport lifesavers athletes show a balanced mesomorph and female sport lifesavers show a mesomorphic endomorph somatotype Male and female show predominance in mesomorph component. Our data suggest that there are differences between beach discipline and pool discipline. Galician sport lifesavers show differences in anthropometric profile with national pool specialist.Key words: sport, beach, pool, swimming, performance, sport profile.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factor structure of a Spanish version of the Sport Motivation Scale adapted to physical education. A second aim was to test which one of three hypothesized models (three, five and seven-factor) provided best model fit. 758 Spanish high school students completed the Sport Motivation Scale adapted for Physical Education and also completed the Learning and Performance Orientation in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire. We examined the factor structure of each model using confirmatory factor analysis and also assessed internal consistency and convergent validity. The results showed that all three models in Spanish produce good indicators of fitness, but we suggest using the seven-factor model (χ2/gl = 2.73; ECVI = 1.38) as it produces better values when adapted to physical education, that five-factor model (χ2/gl = 2.82; ECVI = 1.44) and three-factor model (χ2/gl = 3.02; ECVI = 1.53).

The objective of this research was to study the predictive power of motivation and motivational climate with regard to the importance and usefulness awarded to Physical Education (PE). The sample consisted of 1298 Spanish students (626 males = 48.2%; 672 females = 51.8%) secondary schools students from provinces of Almeria, Granada and Malaga participated. The age range was between 12 and 19 years (M = 15. 13) (SD=1.43), with the median age for boys being 15.26 (SD=1.42) and that of girls 15.01 (SD = 1.43) years. We used a questionnaire composed of Sports Motivation Scale, Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire and Importance of PE. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted with SPSS v.17.0. The results of this work show the importance of intrinsic motivation for both boys and girls as a predicting variable for greater importance and usefulness being ascribed to PE, while a greater number of variables have an effect among girls.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the goal orientation effects on the motivation and motivational climate perceived by elite female handball players. A sample was taken consisting of 63 players of ages ranging from 16 to 36 years. The instruments for data gathering were the Spanish versions of Perception of Success Questionnaire, Sport Motivation Scale and Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire. Data were statistically analyzed by descriptive and multivariate analyses (MANOVA 2x2). The main results show that high ego female players present a lower motivational climate for execution, and low ego ones an identified EM. On the other hand those with high task orientation show achievement as IM, stimulation as IM, identified EM and introjected EM, as well as a mastery-oriented motivational climate.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave también en inglés La finalidad tanto de la webquest como de la página web es guiar al alumno en la búsqueda e investigación de una tarea propuesta, facilitándole a su vez las herramientas necesarias, con el objetivo de que adquiera las competencias marcadas. Por ello, se describe la aplicación práctica de ambas herramientas en las clases de Educación Física de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, con contenidos relacionados con las actividades físico-deportivas en el medio natural. Así, se pretende aportar ideas adicionales que motiven al uso de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación como herramienta didáctica dentro del ámbito de la Educación Física. ESP

Summary The purpose of this study is two-fold: first, to analyse the relationship between the existing orientation of achievement goals, beliefs about the causes of success, and the degree of intrinsic satisfaction; and second, to verify the main effects of gender interaction in such scales. The sample was composed of 163 professional lifeguards. A descriptive analysis of the multiple variables that were studied was done, as well as a multivariate analysis of variance. A multivariate linear regression by steps was done with the intention of analysing the importance of the various subscales in the prediction of a specific behaviour of professional lifeguards. The majority of the specialists demonstrated a task orientation and enjoyed practicing sports. They believe that with effort, success can be reached in sports.

Foot and hand set-up position effects were analysed on backstroke start performance. Ten swimmers randomly completed 27 starts grouped in trials (n = 3) of each variation, changing foot (totally immersed, partially and totally emerged) and hand (lowest, highest horizontal and vertical) positioning. Fifteen cameras recorded kinematics, and four force plates collected hands and feet kinetics. Standardised mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were used. Variations with feet immersed have shown lower vertical centre of mass (CM) set-up position (0.16 m), vertical impulse exerted at the hands, horizontal and vertical impulse exerted at the feet (0.28, 0.41, 0.16 N/BW.s, respectively) than feet emerged with hands horizontal and vertically positioned. Most variations with feet partially emerged exhibited higher and lesser vertical impulse exerted at hands than feet immersed and emerged (e.g. vertical handgrip, 0.13, 0.15 N/BW.s, respectively). Variation with feet emerged and hands on the lowest horizontal handgrip depicted shorter horizontal (0.23, 0.26 m) and vertical CM positioning at flight (0.16, 0.15 m) than the highest horizontal and vertical handgrip, respectively. Start variations have not affected 15-m time. Variations with feet partially or totally emerged depicted advantages, but focusing on the entry and underwater biomechanics is relevant for a shorter start time.

The aims of this study were: 1) determine if there is a difference in the efficacy and velocity of shots between winning and losing teams 2) analyse the relationship between efficacy values accordi...

Water polo is a team sport characterized by a high-intensity, intermittent activity, where technical and tactical aspect are of a great importance. For that reason, the main aim of this study was to define the anthropometrical characteristics, maximum isometric grip strength, training and competition throwing velocities, and the efficacy indices in female high-level water polo players. A second purpose was to examine the differences between the throwing velocities in training vs. European championships in the water polo female national team. Ten elite trained female water polo players participated in this study. Before the competitive phase of their season, the following measures were taken: standard anthropometry, static and dynamic training throwing velocities, and hand-grip dynamometry. In the competitive phase, efficacy indices, average and maximum throwing velocities from all the participants were also determined. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between different training situations and different competitive throwing velocities. We concluded that elite female water polo players modify their throwing velocity depending if the throw is performed during training or competitive situation.

We aimed to analyse the handgrip positioning and the wedge effects on the backstroke start perfor10 mance and technique. Ten swimmers completed randomly eight 15 m backstroke starts (four with hands on highest horizontal and four on vertical handgrip) performed with and without wedge. One surface and one underwater camera recorded kinematic data. Standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used. Handgrip positioning did not affect kinematics with and without wedge use. Handgrips horizontally positioned and feet over wedge displayed greater knee 15 angular velocity than without it (SMD = −0.82; 95% CI −1.56, −0.08). Hands vertically positioned and feet over wedge presented greater take-off angle (SMD = −0.81; 95% CI −1.55, −0.07), centre of mass (CM) vertical positioning at first water contact (SMD = −0.97; 95% CI −1.87, −0.07) and CM vertical velocity at CM immersion (SMD = 1.03; 95% CI 0.08, 1.98) when comparing without wedge use. Swimmers extended the hip previous to the knee and ankle joints, except for the variant with hands vertically 20 positioned without wedge (SMD = 0.75; 95% CI −0.03, 1.53). Swimmers should preserve biomechanical advantages achieved during flight with variant with hands vertically positioned and wedge throughout entry and underwater phase.

Background:The assessment of energetic and mechanical parameters in swimming often requires the use of an intermittent incremental protocol, whose step lengths are corner stones for the efficiency of the evaluation procedures.Purpose:To analyze changes in swimming kinematics and interlimb coordination behavior in 3 variants, with different step lengths, of an intermittent incremental protocol.Methods:Twenty-two male swimmers performed n × di variants of an intermittent and incremental protocol (n ≤ 7; d1 = 200 m, d2 = 300 m, and d3 = 400 m). Swimmers were videotaped in the sagittal plane for 2-dimensional kinematical analysis using a dualmedia setup. Video images were digitized with a motion-capture system. Parameters that were assessed included the stroke kinematics, the segmental and anatomical landmark kinematics, and interlimb coordination. Movement efficiency was also estimated.Results:There were no significant variations in any of the selected variables according to the step lengths. A high to very high relationship was observed between step lengths. The bias was much reduced and the 95%CI fairly tight.Conclusions:Since there were no meaningful differences between the 3 protocol variants, the 1 with shortest step length (ie, 200 m) should be adopted for logistical reasons.

This research has analysed differences by gender and age on perceived motivational climate and goal orientations of students in their Physical Education lessons. For this, a questionnaire composed of the Perception of Success in Sport adapted to Physical Education and the Learning Orientation Questionnaire and Performance in Physical Education Lessons was administered. The sample consisted of a total of 846 high school students from 12 to 19 years of age. We performed correlation analyses and multivariate variance analyses (MANOVA 2x3). The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between goal orientations and perceived motivational climate by students. The girls presented higher values of ego orientation and perception of a performance climate than the boys. The only age differences exist in the performance motivational climate. As the main conclusion, we note that teachers should pay much more attention to the motivational climate created in class as the students get older, fostering a learning climate. Also, the teacher needs to find strategies that keep girls away from traditional stereotypes and reinforce them socially Esta investigación analizó las diferencias en función del sexo y la edad en el clima motivacional percibido y las orientaciones de meta de estudiantes en sus clases de Educación Física. Para ello, se administró un cuestionario compuesto por el Cuestionario de Percepción de Éxito en el Deporte adaptado a la Educación Física y por el Cuestionario de Orientación al Aprendizaje y al Rendimiento en las Clases de Educación Física. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 846 estudiantes de secundaria de 12 a 19 años. Se realizó análisis de correlación y de varianza multivariado (MANOVA 2x3). Los resultados mostraron que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre las orientaciones de meta y el clima motivacional percibido por el alumnado. Las chicas presentan valores mayores de orientación al ego y de percepción de un clima implicante al rendimiento que los chicos. Y las únicas diferencias por edad se dan en el clima motivacional implicante al rendimiento. Como principal conclusión señalar que el docente debe prestar mucha más atención al clima motivacional creado en clase conforme el alumnado va creciendo, fomentando un clima implicante al aprendizaje. Asimismo tendrá que buscar estrategias que alejen a las chicas de estereotipos tradicionales y las refuercen socialmente Actividad Física y Deporte

The aim of this study was to investigate the factor structure of a Spanish version of the Sport Motivation Scale adapted to physical education. A second aim was to test which one of three hypothesized models (three, five and seven-factor) provided best model fit. 758 Spanish high school students completed the Sport Motivation Scale adapted for Physical Education and also completed the Learning and Performance Orientation in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire. We examined the factor structure of each model using confirmatory factor analysis and also assessed internal consistency and convergent validity. The results showed that all three models in Spanish produce good indicators of fitness, but we suggest using the seven-factor model (χ(2)/gl = 2.73; ECVI = 1.38) as it produces better values when adapted to physical education, that five-factor model (χ(2)/gl = 2.82; ECVI = 1.44) and three-factor model (χ(2)/gl = 3.02; ECVI = 1.53). Key PointsPhysical education research conducted in Spain has used the version of SMS designed to assess motivation in sport, but validity reliability and validity results in physical education have not been reported.Results of the present study lend support to the factorial validity and internal reliability of three alternative factor structures (3, 5, and 7 factors) of SMS adapted to Physical Education in Spanish.Although all three models in Spanish produce good indicators of fitness, but we suggest using the seven-factor model.

The present study is focused on improving the university teaching quality developed in the new European Space of Higher Education (ESHE). To achieve this purpose, Comunication and Information Technologies (CIT) have been used as teaching tools in the following university subjects: Teaching Handball, Specialization in Handball, and Basics of Handball. Audiovisual materials (WebQuest and virtual seminar) were designed for teaching support either in theoretical or in practical classes. In the same way, those teaching tools were used in the implementation of handball didactic unit in High School physical education classes. The positive results achieved shows that using CIT as teaching tools in University or High School classes stimulates the students learning. Keywords: WebQuest, University, skills, ESHE, CIT El presente trabajo tuvo como finalidad mejorar la calidad de la docencia universitaria en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES), mediante el uso y el fomento de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) como recurso docente en las asignaturas de Enseñanza del Balonmano, Especialización en Balonmano y Fundamentos del Balonmano. Para tal fin, se elaboró un material audiovisual que posteriormente sirvió de apoyo tanto en las clases de estas asignaturas, correspondientes al primer y tercer curso de la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte y al primer curso de Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte respectivamente. Del mismo modo, estas herramientas también sirvieron de apoyo en las clases de Educación Física a la hora de impartir los contenidos relativos a esta especialidad en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato. El resultado final de este trabajo fue una WebQuest y un seminario virtual destinado a la introducción de los fundamentos del Balonmano. A partir de los resultados positivos que hemos alcanzado, se puede afirmar que este tipo de herramientas incentiva el aprendizaje del alumno y la aplicación de las TIC en las aulas universitarias. Palabras clave: WebQuest, universidad, competencias, EEES, TIC

The aim of this study was to define and examine the relationships between the anthropometrical characteristics, maximum isometric grip strength, and competition throwing velocities and efficacy indices in high-level water polo player. Eleven elite trained male water polo players participated in this study. During preseason training, the following measures were taken: standard anthropometry (height, body mass, arm spam, skinfolds, body girths, and skeletal breadths) and grip strength. During official European Competitions (n = 7), efficacy indices (offensives: shot definition, resolution, precision, blocked and defensives: shot resolution when defending and shots stopped when defending), average and maximum throwing velocities from all the participants by zones and in some offensive tactical phases (even, counterattacks and power play) were also determined. Throwing velocities were different (p ≤ 0.05) between some of the offensive tactical phases (even = 17.9 ± 2.4 vs. power play = 16.7 ± 2.6 m·s(-1)). In addition, significant correlations were found between competitive throwing velocities and different offensive efficacy indices. We concluded that there were significant correlations between conditioning and performance variables with anthropometrical characteristics and offensive tactical indices (blocked shots received and shot precision). Coaches should pay attention to these indices for the development of performance throughout the season.

The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors for injuries on a beach. It is important to know all the risk factors for injuries that can happen in a beach to prevent accidents. Risk factors were grouped in four main categories: beach morphology (BM), beach equipment (BE), lifeguard service (LS), and miscellaneous aspects (MA). All of them were evaluated according to their importance using a survey by Spanish and International experts. Descriptive analysis showed that LS is the main mechanism by which to reduce injuries on a beach. Lifeguard service in-service training is very important as are the affluence and activities developed by the beach patrons, the influences of weather and climate on the beach, and other infrastructures as risk factors for dangers on beaches. Language: en

The aim of this paper is to know the relations between both theories through motivation, motivational climate and the importance of Physical Education (PE). The sample consisted of 1298 Spanish students (626 males = 48.2%; 672 females = 51.8%). Secondary schools students from the provinces of Almeria, Granada and Malaga participated. The age range was between 12 and 19 years (M = 15. 13) (SD=1.43), the boys’ age average being 15.26 (SD=1.42) and that of the girls being 15.01 (SD = 1.43) years. We used a questionnaire which included Sports Motivation Scale (SMS), Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire (LAPOPECQ) and Importance of PE (IPE). MANOVA was performed. The results of this study show that PE students in high school have a higher intrinsic than extrinsic motivation, and that there is an even greater motivation among boys than among girls. Furthermore, among students, the perception of motivational climate for learning is greater than for performance, although the boys perceive a greater performance climate. Boys also ascribe greater importance and utility to PE.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue doble: (a) analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) adaptado a la Educación Física (EF); y (b) analizar la predicción de la importancia y utilidad concedida a la EF a partir de las orientaciones de meta, percepción de competencia y satisfacción del alumnado. El cuestionario estuvo compuesto por los siguientes instrumentos: POSQ, Escala de Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el Ejercicio, Satisfacción con la EF e Importancia de la EF. Se administró a 846 estudiantes españoles de secundaria de 12 a 19 años. La estructura del POSQ se analizó mediante procedimientos confirmatorios y mostró una consistencia interna fiable y una estructura factorial estable (apoyando el modelo teórico hipotetizado: orientación al ego y a la tarea). Así, se considera un instrumento válido para medir la orientación de meta disposicional en EF. Para la predicción de la importancia de la EF a partir de las orientaciones de meta, competencia y satisfacción, se halló un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que confirmó que la orientación a la tarea es la que más influye en la percepción de competencia y ésta en la satisfacción/diversión, lo que predice que el alumnado considere más importante y útil la asignatura. The present research has two main goals: (a) to analyze psychometric properties of the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) adapted to Physical Education (PE), and (b) to analyze the prediction of importance and usefulness granted to PE from goal orientations, perceived competence and student satisfaction. The questionnaire consisted of the following instruments: POSQ, Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale, Satisfaction with PE and the Importance of PE. They were administered to 846 Spanish high school students aged 12 to 19 years. POSQ structure was analyzed by confirmatory procedures and it showed reliable internal consistency and a stable factor structure which supports the hypothesized theoretical model: ego and task orientation. Thus, it is considered a valid instrument to measure dispositional goal orientation in PE. For predicting the importance of PE from goal orientations, competence and satisfaction, it was used a structural equation model which confirmed that task orientation is the most influential on perceived competence, and the latter in satisfaction/fun. Fact that predicts the students consider the subject more important and useful.

The basic aim of this research study is to analyze the efficacy values and speed of shot of two championships female water polo, comparing winning and losing indicators classified according to different playing situations (even, power play, transition and penalty). Fifty female games that formed part of the 2008 European Championship and the 2009 World Championship have been analyzed. The results showed significant differences between winning and losing teams in the coefficients of accuracy of shots in the European Championship, and in the coefficient of definition, resolution of shots and the resolution, detention and error of shots at goal in the World Championship. The maximal speed achieved was 17.31 m.s -1 in the European Championship. It could be said that the efficacy values that determine the difference between winning and losing teams are those that make reference to the accuracy of the shot. The even microsituation is the most important determining factor in the winner or loser status of a team. No differences were found in the speed of shot between winning and losing teams within the same championship but they do exist between championships.