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An avalanche effect yielding inherent gain can be exploited in thin, single-crystal chemical vapor deposition (scCVD) diamond. It occurs when a high enough bias is applied across the diamond thickness while avoiding breakdown. This charge multiplication effect was studied previously with alpha particles and heavy ions either by using the transient current technique or by measuring the energy spectrum. The measurements we obtained to evaluate the charge multiplication performance of a 10 μm thick scCVD diamond detector used a novel approach—we employed an electrometer to characterize the response of the detector by performing directly coupled current measurements (time-averaged charge, at 1 Hz sampling) when exposed to 14.1 MeV neutrons from deuterium-tritium fusion. We measured both the dark and irradiated currents from the detector over a range of applied displacement field values from 2 to 75 V/μm. A histogram method with central mean and standard deviation width was used to determine the current over each measurement duration typically from 100 to 300 seconds. The dark-subtracted irradiated current (i.e., contrast) was used to evaluate the gain of the detector at each applied displacement field. The contrast at an applied displacement field between 15 and 20 V/μm was higher than the expected linear increase in contrast proportional to the increased applied bias, indicating the possible presence of avalanche events in the diamond. The detector response also indicated possible polarization and charge depletion effects. These results provide an opportunity to further explore the use of thin scCVD diamond as a fast neutron current mode detector with inherent gain.

The Gamma Array Simulation Toolkit (GAST) is a multi-physics software stack comprised of Geant4, MATLAB, and experimentally measured photomultiplier tube (PMT) impulse response waveforms that is used to model and inform the end-to-end performance of radiation detector systems. In order to validate the ability of GAST to predict the impulse response of a modeled detector configuration operated in current mode, experimental measurements using the Nevada National Security Site Transformational Diagnostics and Imaging 2 MeV endpoint energy electron linear accelerator (linac) with a tungsten target were performed. Seven different detector configurations consisting of unique combinations of scintillator material, size, reflectivity conditions, presence or absence of light guide, and PMT were evaluated. The resultant impulse response of each detector configuration was recorded and compared to a GAST simulation that emulated the respective linac experiment conditions. The comparison of the experimental and simulated detector impulse responses indicated that GAST can reliably predict detector impulse responses.

Diamond photoconductive detectors have been shown to detect fast neutrons with high gamma insensitivity. Depending on the application and the incident neutron energy, there are many possible choices when considering how diamond elements may be sized, arranged, and instrumented. As part of our design effort, we are using Geant4 and MCNP6.2 to simulate the effects of fast neutrons impinging on diamond detectors ranging in thickness from a few microns to a few hundred microns that are 4 mm on a side with intervening materials and other physical parameters. The models may be used to compare diamond detector measurements with incident neutrons ranging from ~1 to 14.1 MeV to better understand the nuclear and atomic physics effects contributing to an electronic signal. We are investigating pulse height, signal-to-noise ratio, and timing characteristics of prototype single-crystal chemical vapor deposition diamond detectors.

Often only a single physical process or component is investigated in the simulation of radiation detector systems. The results are then considered to be representative of what is expected in the correlating physical experiment. Although singular assessments may serve as a good estimate, the overall performance of a radiation detector system depends on several physical processes and the performance of all components within the system. Our Geant4-based multiphysics simulation toolkit couples radiation transport with optical photon processes, providing simulations of radiation detector systems components from the scintillator through the photocathode of the photodetector. Work to incorporate the backend detector components, including the complete photodetector and subsequent electronics (e.g., amplifiers, digitizers), is underway. Geant4 is used to model the radiation transport and optical photon processes that occur in the front-end detector system components when exposed to a chosen source. These components include the scintillator, detector housing, optical coupling to the photodetector, and photocathode of the photodetector. Characteristics of several detector systems that have been studied include time response; pulse height spectra; number of photoelectrons per MeV; detector efficiency versus incident quanta energy; and effects on detector response due to change in geometries, materials, and reflectivity. Comparison of these characteristics by means of this toolkit enables the selection of the optimal individual components; thus, it is possible to specify the radiation detector system best suited to meet the requirements of any physical experiment.

A proof-of-concept investigation of a rapid detection system for shielded high-Z material using a petawatt laser-based muon source is presented. Unlike cosmic-ray muons, a laser-induced muon beam has unique characteristics that can be exploited for use in a rapid detection system. These characteristics include: (1) a near-point source of muons, (2) well-characterized muon energies, (3) directionality of the beam, and (4) well-defined timing of the muons. A detector system is being developed that combines multiple muon detection technologies to characterize an active muon source. This detection system and the associated data acquisition and analysis techniques are designed to search for deflections of the muon beam as it passes through high-Z materials. Additionally, the ability of the system to differentiate muons from the expected secondary particles, such as high-energy gammas and electrons, is being explored. The detector system's ability to differentiate muons from other particles, muon angular distribution, and measured muon flux will be discussed.

This work will describe the proof-of-concept research applying muon tomography technologies based on drift tube systems to create images using near-horizontal trajectory muons. To date, the majority of imaging studies using cosmic-ray muons have used near-vertical trajectory muons. This work compares imaging results using near-vertical trajectory muons with results using near-horizontal trajectory muons. The muon flux is much lower for the near-horizontal trajectory muons, requiring longer imaging times, but the average muon energy is higher, so the horizontal results are expected to better differentiate high-Z materials. The muon tracking system is easily configurable and can be oriented to capture near-vertical trajectory or near-horizontal trajectory cosmic-ray muons. The software can track each muon passing through the system, and generate 3D images of the scene. The experimental design and preliminary results will be presented, including the comparisons of detection efficiency, image resolution, and integration times.

Silicon-based photodetectors offer several benefits relative to photomultiplier tube–based scintillator systems. Solid-state photomultipliers (SSPM) can realize the gain of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) with the quantum efficiency of silicon. The advantages of the solid-state approach must be balanced with adverse trade-offs, for example from increased dark current, to optimize radiation detection sensitivity. We are designing a custom SSPM that will be optimized for green emission of thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI(Tl)). A typical field gamma radiation detector incorporates thallium doped sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) and a radiation converter with a PMT. A PMT’s sensitivity peaks in the blue wavelengths and is well matched to NaI(Tl). This paper presents results of photomultiplier sensitivity relative to conventional SSPMs and discusses model design improvements. Prototype fabrications are in progress.

Events in [Formula: see text] collisions at 1.8 TeV with total transverse energy exceeding 500 GeV are used to set limits on quark substructure. The data are consistent with next-to-leading order QCD calculations. We set a lower limit of 2.0 TeV at 95% confidence on the energy scale ΛLL for compositeness in quarks, assuming a model with a left-left isoscalar contact interaction term. The limits on ΛLL are found to be insensitive to the sign of the interference term in the Lagrangian.

Soft cosmic ray tomography has been shown to successfully discriminate materials with various density levels due to their ability to deeply penetrate matter, allowing sensitivity to atomic number, radiation length and density. Because the multiple muon scattering signal from high Z-materials is very strong, the technology is well suited to the detection of the illicit transportation of special and radiololgical nuclear materials. In addition, a recent detection technique based on measuring the lower energy particles that do not traverse the material (range radiography), allows to discriminate low and medium Z-materials. We have demonstrated it first using Monte Carlo simulations. More recently, using a Mini-Muon Tracker developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, we performed various experiments to try out the radiation length technology. This paper presents the results from real experiments and evaluates the likelihood that soft cosmic ray tomography may be applied to detect high-explosives.

We discuss an innovative low-dose approach for detecting shielded strategic nuclear materials (SNM) based on measuring the energy-loss of energetic protons penetrating an object.

Muon tomography is a technique that uses cosmic ray muons to generate three dimensional images of volumes using information contained in the Coulomb scattering of the muons. Advantages of this technique are the ability of cosmic rays to penetrate significant overburden and the absence of any additional dose delivered to subjects under study above the natural cosmic ray flux. Disadvantages include the relatively long exposure times and poor position resolution and complex algorithms needed for reconstruction. Here we demonstrate a new method for obtaining improved position resolution and statistical precision for objects with spherical symmetry.

The passage of muons through matter is mostly affected by their Coulomb interactions with electrons and nuclei. The muon interactions with electrons lead to continuous energy loss and stopping of muons, while their scattering off nuclei lead to angular 'diffusion'. By measuring both the number of stopped muons and angular changes in muon trajectories we can estimate density and identify materials. Here we demonstrate the material identification using data taken at Los Alamos with the Mini Muon Tracker., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, Accepted to AIP Advances