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Review of: Min Zawāyā al-Dhākira: Alā Hāmish Thawrat 14 Tamūz (‘From the corners of memory: On the periphery of the 14 July Revolution’), Tareq Yousif Ismael (2021)Beirut: Maktabat al-Naha al-Arabiyya, 240 pp.,ISBN 978-9-92291-292-9, p/bk

Recently, 3D composites have gained prominence over 2D composites due to their remarkable through-the-thickness reinforcement that enhanced performances of structures subject to multi-directional stress conditions. However, it is at the expense of reduced in-plane properties. 3D composites also increased damage tolerance due to their high impact and delamination resistance properties, which are susceptible in 2D composites. In aeronautics, both are major concerns in primary structures such as lifting and control surfaces due to high vibrational loads from the airflow. Advancements in the aeroelasticity of aircraft structures show an increasing trend in using smart materials with composite structures for improved aeroelastic performance. An example is combining shape memory alloys (SMAs) with composites for improving damping, stiffness, and vibrational characteristics by utilizing stress generation and strain accommodation properties of SMAs in response to temperature and load, respectively. Published works are mostly numerical in nature, and experimental research is noticeably lacking as aeroelasticity is multidisciplinary and involves both structural and aerodynamic methodology. In this work, 3D composites with embedded SMA wires (for improved in-plane properties) are evaluated in terms of flutter performance in wind tunnel flutter testing under low airspeed conditions. Three 3D orthogonal interlock configurations with a different interlocking pattern of yarns with SMA wire were considered. These 3D configurations are layer-to-layer (L2L), through-the-thickness (TT), and a modified interlock (MF) structure that provides the strongest grip to SMA wire than L2L and TT. The effect of SMA positioning, at mid and near to trailing and leading edges of the cantilevered composite plate, on the aeroelastic flutter properties is also investigated. Results showed that activating SMA wires embedded in 3D structures have significantly improved post-flutter properties while there is a decrement in flutter speed and flutter frequency due to increased flexibility of deflected plate in the airflow by SMA-induced stresses. Among 3D structures, L2L with SMA near to trailing edge showed significant improvement in post-flutter properties by decreasing 22.2% in twist limit cycle oscillation (LCO) amplitude while L2L with SMA at mid showed a decrement of 9.5% for bending LCO amplitude. Hence, this work showed that embedding SMA is beneficial for mitigating the post-flutter vibrations but at the consequence of reduced flutter speed and frequency of flexible composite plate.

Background: Coronaviruses (COV) are a large family of viruses that cause infections ranging from the common cold to more serious diseases. Mild to severe respiratory illnesses have been linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been classified as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization. It has been demonstrated that the severity of COVID-19 is highly positively linked with hypocalcemia. Furthermore, calcium imbalances among other electrolytes are linked to the prognosis of COVID-19. Objectives: This study demonstrates a connection between serum calcium levels and COVID-19 as biomedical indicators of COVID-19 infections in Sulaymaniyah city, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Baxshin Hospital for about two months from February 2022 to April 2022. The work was conducted with a total of 40 patients including 22 males and 18 females. The patients’ ages ranged from 22 to 80 years old. By analyzing a sample from a nasopharyngeal swab and performing real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), all of the patients tested positive as having COVID-19 infection. Serum calcium was determined from the blood samples of the patients in order to evaluate their serum calcium levels. The statistical package for social science (SPSS) was utilized to examine the obtained data. Results: The study revealed a level of calcium between 6.10 and 9.86 mg/dL in male and female patients. The majority of the female patients (61%) displayed low levels of serum calcium, and 33% of the males had a low level of calcium. It can be seen that the highest rate of male patients (66.6%) exhibited a normal level of serum calcium, while 33.3% showed decreased serum calcium. Based on gender and age groups, a statistically significant difference in calcium levels was observed. Conclusions: This study discovered that infection with COVID-19 has some significant laboratory abnormalities, including hypocalcemia, showing that serum calcium might be employed as a prognostic marker in the clinic.

Alien fish species have negative effects on the abundance, diversity and richness of native fish species in southern Iraq. The numbers of alien fish species are constantly increasing due to the entry of invasive species. This has resulted in shifts in the historical composition of fish community structure and scarcity of some native species which represent the keystone in the building of fish populations. Fish samples were monthly collected from three sites in southern Iraq (Al-Chibyaish marsh, the lower parts of Euphrates River, and the northern part of Shatt Al-Arab River) from April 2017 to June 2018. A total of 14,853 individuals of fish were sampled, which represented 26 species, 24 genera and 13 families of bony fishes. Ten alien fish species were recorded, affiliated to nine genera and five families, namely Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Heteropneustidae, Poeciliidae and Xenocyprididae. Three alien fish species dominated the abundance in the three sites; the Prussian carp Carassuis gibelio comprised 12.58%, 26.19%, and 13.84%, the Blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus formed 16.78%, 13.66%, and 18.79%, , and the Redbelly tilapia Coptodon zillii comprised 7.37%, 7.71%, and 14.66% of the total number of species in three study sites respectively. ( …. ) These alien fish species created serious shifting in fish composition, diversity, richness, and abundance of native fish populations in comparison to the results of the historical survey in southern Iraq.

بابه‌تی ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌ بریتیه‌ له‌ هه‌ڵوێستی ڕایمۆند لۆل له‌ هزری ئیسلامی، له‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌دا هه‌وڵمان داوه‌ به‌ شێوه‌یه‌كی كورت هه‌ڵویستی ڕایمۆند لۆل بخه‌ینه‌ ڕو له‌ هزری ئیسلامی و كاریگه‌ری ئه‌و فه‌یله‌سوف و سۆفیه‌ موسڵمانانه‌ی كه‌ بیری لۆلیان ئاڕاسته‌ كردووه‌، توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌مان دابه‌ش كردووه‌ بۆ دو خاڵی سه‌ره‌كی و له‌ هه‌ر خاڵێك چه‌ند بابه‌تێكمان ڕونكردۆته‌وه. خاڵی یه‌كه‌م تایبه‌ته‌ به‌ ‌ هه‌ڵوێستی ڕایمۆند لول له‌ فه‌لسه‌فه‌ی ئیسلامی، ئه‌م خاڵه‌مان دابه‌شكردووه‌ بۆسه‌ر دو بابه‌ت، یه‌كه‌میان ململانێێ نێوان عه‌قڵ و ئاین، هه‌ڵوێستی لۆلمان له‌م بواره‌دا ڕون كردۆته‌وه‌ كه‌ ئه‌و چۆن ده‌یه‌وێ له‌ نێوان ئه‌م دو بابه‌ته‌ هاوسه‌نگی دروست بكات، كه‌ به‌پێی بۆچونه‌كانی ئه‌و ده‌كرێ له‌ ڕێگه‌ی باوه‌ڕوه‌ بگه‌ین به‌ حه‌قیقه‌ت و عه‌قڵ‌ پێوه‌ر نه‌بێت بۆ گه‌یشتن به‌ئیمان، بابه‌تی كاریگه‌ر بون به‌ فه‌لسه‌فه‌ی غه‌زالی خوێندنه‌وه‌ی كتێبه‌كانی، بابه‌تێكی تره‌ باسمان لێوه‌ كردووه‌ له‌گه‌ڵ دژایه‌تی كردنی ڕایمۆند لۆل بۆ فه‌لسه‌فه‌ی ئیبن ڕوشد، لۆل یه‌كێك بووه‌ له‌و كه‌سایه‌تیانه‌ی كه‌ زۆر به‌توندی دژایه‌تی فه‌لسه‌فه‌ی ئیبن ڕوشدی كردووه‌، هه‌موو هه‌وڵێكی داوه‌ بۆ ئه‌وه‌ی كاریگه‌ربونی به‌سه‌ر جیهانی مه‌سیحیه‌وه‌ نه‌هێڵێ، له‌ ڕیگه‌ی ده‌زگا ئه‌كادیمی و ئاینییه‌كان بۆ چونه‌كانی ڕه‌تبكرێنه‌وه‌. له‌ خاڵی دووه‌م باسمان له‌ ڕایمۆند لۆل و هزری سۆفیگه‌ری كردووه‌، باسكردنی لۆل وه‌ك سۆفی و كاریگه‌ر بونی ئه‌و به‌ موسڵمانان له‌ شێوازی ته‌ركه‌ دونیاو خۆته‌رخان كردن بۆ خودا ناسی، له‌ چوارچێوه‌ی بابه‌تی سۆفیگه‌ریش تیشكمان خستۆته‌ سه‌ر كاریگه‌ر بونی ڕایمۆند لۆل به‌ گه‌وره‌ سۆفی ئه‌نده‌لوسی (ئیبن عه‌ره‌بی)، كه‌ بۆچونه‌كانی هه‌ردولامان ڕونكرته‌وه‌ سه‌باره‌ت به‌بابه‌تی سۆفیگه‌ری و به‌ شێوه‌یه‌كی كورت باسمان له‌و كتێبانه‌ كردووه‌ كه‌ كاریگه‌ری ئیبن عه‌ره‌بی به‌سه‌ر ڕایمۆند لۆله‌وه‌ به‌دیارده‌كه‌وێت.

Stable isotopic technique and hydrochemistry was used in studying the water resources interaction of near Haditha Reservoir area, western Iraq. Throughout the study area, 14 groundwater samples (Bashina, Zwachi springs and Wells), 8 surface water samples from the study area, and 7 spring samples were analyzed for 2H and 18O stable isotopes and hydrochemical analysis. In this study, the temperature, altitude and continental effects on the isotopic composition of rain water in Iraq were studied. The climate of the study area is classified as semi-arid to arid region. The results show a variation in the isotopic values of Haditha reservoir and Euphrates river. This variation is due to the effect of the low surface area and the low velocity of water of Haditha Reservoir on the amount of evaporation, compared with the high velocity and the large surface area of Euphrates river. There was a variation in the isotopic values between Bishina and Zwachi springs, due to two factors that appear to modify the isotopic signatures of the springs, namely the lack of hydraulic connection between the springs of Bishina and Zwachi, meaning that they recharge from different sources. The changes in oxygen isotope composition of the groundwater between a deep reservoir and the springs (Bishina) may be caused by the dilution with near surface waters (Haditha reservoir) with different oxygen isotope compositions. The variation in the isotopic content in the studied area indicated that there are various origins of springs recharge and a different interactions of the multiple sources of springs with the mutli-depths of springs water.

Mishrif Formation (Late Cenomanian) has been studied in four oilfields in southern Iraq, and studied samples were examined by mineralogy and geochemistry analysis using XRF and XRD techniques. The mineralogical study reveals that dolomite and calcite are the main minerals in the rock formation in studied oil fields, whereas quartz and clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite) represent secondary minerals composition. For geochemical classification of Mishrif rock, Ca/Mg ratio was applied and this reveals that Calcitic Limestone is a major type in studied samples. The paleo - salinity has been examined by using Ca/Mg and Mg/Ca ratios and they referred to moderate salinity during deposition. Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios have been applied to measure paleo-temperature, so infer a moderate paleo-temperature for Mishrif Formation in studied samples. Based on the comparison between low Sr/Ca and the relatively high Ca/Mg ratios, infer that a dolomitization process played the main role among diagenesis processes.

Energy is an important requirement for population growth, technological progress and urbanisation. Worldwide energy demand has been projected to increase 5-fold by 2100. Fulfilment of these energy requirements cannot be solely reliant on fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas, on account of their adverse environmental impacts and concomitant depletion of natural resources. As a result multiple approaches for generating alternative energy are being explored globally.In this review paper, focused on the viability of waste especially MSW being a source for bioenergy products such as methane gas, bio-enzyme, biofuel and bio-fertiliser production. This review also focuses on the environmental impacts of MSW, the effect of MSW pre-treatments and properties (physical and chemical) on bioenergy products production.

ObjectivesTo determine whether: the N95 respirator affects nasal valve patency; placement on the bony vault improves patency; and external nasal anatomy affects the outcome.MethodsA prospective study with 50 participants was conducted. Nasal patency was measured by the minimal cross-sectional area via acoustic rhinometry, and using the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation survey, before and after wearing the N95 respirator and after adjustment.ResultsThe minimal cross-sectional area was narrowed by 27 per cent when wearing the N95 respirator (p < 0.001), and improved by 9.2 per cent after adjustment (p = 0.003). The total Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation score increased from 10.2 to 25.4 after donning the N95 respirator (p < 0.001), and decreased from 25.4 to 15.6 after adjustment (p < 0.001). There was no correlation with external nasal anatomy parameters.ConclusionWearing the N95 respirator causes narrowing of the nasal valve, and adjustment onto the bony vault improves symptoms. The findings were not affected by external nasal anatomy.

The countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) are considered food secure due to their ability to import sufficient food to meet their populations’ demand, despite considerable environmental limitations to conventional agriculture. However, over-reliance on externally produced food leaves these countries vulnerable to food shortages during crises that disrupt international production and shipping. Advanced Controlled Environment Agriculture technology has the potential to improve food self-sufficiency by multiplying vegetable crop yields while optimizing efficiency of agricultural inputs and minimizing land requirements. This paper demonstrates how approximately 15 km2 of indoor farms or less than 0.1 km2 of vertical farms could reduce or eliminate the need to import six important vegetable crops in the State of Kuwait. If properly contextualized and supported by clear legislation and well-managed regulatory bodies, indoor agriculture initiatives may provide a pathway for GCC countries to reduce their dependence on imported foods and increase resilience to food supply disruption during disasters or conflict. This case study contextualizes the need for improved food self-sufficiency in light of vulnerabilities from regional and global threats, illuminates unique challenges faced by GCC countries considering adoption of the proposed technologies, and summarizes opportunities inherent in the current legal and policy framework.

A simple, automated and sensitive continues flow-injection analysis/merging zones technique (CFIA/MZ) method was developed for the determination of D-Penicillamine (thiol drug) in pure, pharmaceutical formulations and biological sample. This method involved the reaction of 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulphonic acid Sodium Salt (NQS) with D-Penicillamine to produce a brawn-colored complex which has maximum absorbance at 463nm. The method was cheap, economic, precise and accurate where the limit of detection was 6.3 µg.mL-1 and the RSD% was 0.34 and Recovery was 99.31%. Various chemical and physical conditions that affected the reaction have been studied. A wide calibration curve was rectilinear within the concentration range (15-1000) μg.mL-1 with a sample through put of 103 sample.hour-1. The proposed procedure was applied successfully for the estimation of PEN in pharmaceutics and biological sample and the results obtained were favorably compared with those given by a reference method of United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), and there was no significant difference between the obtained results, regarding accuracy and precision at the 95% confidence level.

Stable isotopes 18O/16O and 13C/12C in the carbonate rocks of the Mishrif Formation are examined here to define the depositional characters in the basin includes paleo temperatures and paleo depth. The Mishrif formation (Cenomanian – Early Turonian) has extensive distribution in Iraq and Middle East. Mishrif Formation composed of organic detrital limestone. Four boreholes in four oilfields, Noor – well (11), Amarah – well (14), Buzurgan – well (24), Halfaya – well (8), in south east of Iraq have been studied. The studied samples have negative δ18O isotope values studied well, with Average (-4.11‰), (-4.47‰), (-4.48‰), (-4.18‰) in the studied wells respectively. Carbon Isotope composition positive values in the study samples, with average (2.32‰), (1.84‰), (2.20‰), (2.24‰) are studied well respectively. The Stable isotope (18O/16O and 13C/12C) of Mishrif Formation provide the first records of paleotemperature for the (Cenomanian – Early turanian ) which indicate moderate during deposition. The plot of depositional environment refers to warm water carbonate sediment and the bulk samples cluster tightly to small positive reflect modal isotope composition of dominant skeletal marine carbonate. The paleo-salinity (Z values) provide the marine deposits in studied samples. As the paleo-temperature was high temperature by (T values). The paleo depth he all studied samples in the four oilfields are fall in the same level which is in the upper part of Thermocline this indicate the moderate depth

Liver metastases are mainly supplied by the hepatic artery, allowing the administration of intra-arterial hepatic chemotherapy (IAHC) while preserving normal parenchyma. The progression-free survival and response rate are prolonged by IAHC which can improve the rate of secondary resectability. Severe abdominal pain requiring high-dose opioids can appear during HIAC administration. This pain is related to extrahepatic infusion and gastroduodenal ulceration. However, intense abdominal pain was observed under oxaliplatin IAHC specifically without any extrahepatic infusion. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 68 patients who received IAHC in our center between 2011 and 2015. Patient’s demographics and disease characteristics were collected. Other variables such as the type, duration, and dosage of the chemotherapy administered, as well as the usage of painkillers before, during, or after intra-arterial administration, were also registered. The mean age of the patients was 59 years. 61.7% were male (n = 42). The mean dose of oxaliplatin administered was 162 mg per cure over 6.7-h course. Fifty percent were diagnosed with a left colon cancer, and 85.2% had synchronous liver metastasis. While 47% of patients received IAHC as a third-line therapy, the main chemotherapeutic drug was oxaliplatin (85.2% of cases; n = 58), then OPTILIV protocol (5FU, irinotecan, oxaliplatin) (13.3%; n = 9), and mitomycin C (1.5%; n = 1). A dose reduction of 23.6% had been noted in 58.8% (n = 40) cases due to adverse effects. Among patients who received opioids during IAHC (n = 40), 20% required opioids in intercure. Before, during, and after IAHC administration, patients complained of abdominal pain in 8.8%, 58.8%, and 19.1%, and opioids were used in 10.2%, 57.3%, and 19.1%, respectively. The main onset of pain occurs during the third cycle of chemotherapy. Among our patients, 11.7% and 22% had ulcer and extrahepatic perfusion, respectively, while 7.3% of them were asymptomatic. The mean occurrence of these signs was during the fourth cycle of IAHC. 33.8% and 52.9% of patients had abdominal pain while an extended and short infusion time, respectively. Lengthening of the infusion time did not prevent the occurrence of abdominal pain significantly but was nonetheless decreased compared with patients undergoing short infusion durations. Pain was more common in patients who did not have a dose reduction and who presented with ulcer and extrahepatic perfusion. Abdominal pain occurred on average one cycle before ulcer or extrahepatic perfusion diagnosis. In current practice, pain should be an alarming indicator in patients receiving IAHC, as it may be associated with ulcer or extrahepatic perfusion and thus requiring opioids.

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على ما يأتي: أهم المشكلات التي تواجه الباحثين التربويين في جامعة دهوك. نسبة البحوث المنجزة من قبل الباحثين التربويين خلال فترة عملهم في التدريس. مستوى رضا الباحثين التربويينعن بحوثهم المنجزة الغرض (الهدف) من إنجاز البحوث (هل هي للترقية العلمية فقط أم رغبة في حل المشكلات التي تواجه العلمية التربوية وغيرها). و لغرض تحقيق اهداف البحث تم إتباع المنهج الوصفي المسحي, و تم إعداد أداة للبحث على شكل إستبانة من النوع المغلق المفتوح مكونة من (26) فقرة تعبر كل واحد منها عن مشكلة من المشكلات التي تواجه الباحث في البحث التربوي مع أربعة أسئلة مفتوحة تلت تلك الفقرات و تم تطبيقها على عينة مؤلفة من (43) تدريسي و تدريسية في أقسام كلية التربية الاساسية و الرياضية في جامعة دهوك و بعد تحليل البيانات إحصائياً باستخدام قانون الوسط المرجح لاستخراج حدة (قوة) الفقرات أظهرت النتائج أن جميع فقرات الاستبانة شكلت مشكلات تمثل عائقاً أمام الباحثين التربويين إذ كانت درجة حدتها ووزنها المئوي أعلى من المتوسط , كذلك تبين أن نسبة إنجاز البحوث كانت منخفضة جداً فقد ظهر ان نسبة 41,3% من التدريسيين لم ينجزوا أي بحث , و نسبة 41,3% أنجزوا بحثاً واحداً في السنة أما نسبة 17,2% فقد أنجزوا بحثين خلال السنة , و ظهر كذلك أن نسبة 53% راضين عن مستوى إنجازهم و بالمقابل 47% غير راضين , أما عن الغرض من إنجاز البحوث كان للترقية العلمية بنسبة 63% قد أنجزوا البحوث لغرض الترقية العلمية و بنسبة 21% قد أنجزت البحوث رغبةً في حل المشكلات التربوية ونسبة 16% كان الغرض منها الاثنين معاً . و في ضوء هذه النتائج خرج الباحثان بمجموعة من التوصيات و المقترحات لغرض النهوض بواقع و مستوى إنجاز البحوث التربوية في جامعة دهوك .

Worldwide significant amounts of food waste are generated daily causing serious environmental issues, occupying land and requiring expenditure of resources for its treatment. A smart method for handling this food waste problem is the development of novel processes targeting the conversion of this waste into value added products. Although valorization of food waste to biofuels, biochemicals and bio-polymers have been widely investigated, the utilization of food waste streams into biofertiliser has not been intensively reviewed. Conversion of food waste, especially agriculture residues into biofertiliser would reduce its environmental impact, improve nutrition levels of the soil, decrease requirements for synthetic chemical fertiliser and have a direct benefit on food production. This paper reviews recent progress in the field regarding the production of biofertiliser from food waste, using anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, chemical hydrolysis, in situ degradation and direct burning methods. This review also highlights the latest field applications of biofertiliser derived from various food waste streams. It confirms that the technology for the conversion of food waste to biofertilisers is viable, but the production efficiency could be improved with better process control strategies, strict quality controls, development of a smart product distribution system and adoption of advanced technologies. Field tests have indicated that biofertilisers which are obtained in proper managed AD plants are safe and could partially replace the use of chemical fertilisers in field application.

Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) becomes an increasing problem worldwide; however, MSW contains high lignocellulosic content that can be further processed for the generation of electricity, transportation fuel and other commercially important products. This study aims to explore the possibility of hydrolyzing MSW into a sugar solution, which could then be fermented into liquid biofuels, such as bioethanol. Two commercial cellulase enzymes, Cellic® CTec2, and a fresh prepared fungal filtrate were used to hydrolyse MSW. Results revealed that CTec2 displayed the best hydrolysis efficiency. Use of an alkali pre-treatment on MSW before enzymatic hydrolysis failed to show any improvement in terms of release of sugars, an assessment of the efficacy of addition of surfactants revealed that addition of tween 80 or polyethylglycol had a no significant effect on release of sugars. Results revealed that by increasing the solid liquid ratio the amount of glucose increased, Data generated by this study was analysed using design expert stat program.

The main objective of this paper was to assess the level and the determinants of quality of life (QOL) amongst patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 200 adult MS patients. Inclusion criteria were: MS diagnosis for at least one year, and aged 21+ years. However, exclusion criteria were: having other neurological diseases, serious cardiovascular, orthopedic or other disability precluding participation. Self-administered questionnaire employed MSQOL-54 with two outcomes: Physical Health Composite (PHC) and mental health composite (MHC). Satisfaction with Daily Occupation scale was adopted through face to face interviews. The median of PHC and MHC scores were 48.9/100, and 53.4/100 respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that unemployment was a determinant of poor PHC, while low monthly income was a predictor of poor MHC. Additionally, low endurance and sensory problems were associated with poor PHC, and MHC, while motor problems were allied with only poor PHC. Patient's satisfaction level with performing activities of daily living was positively associated with PHC and MHC. Assessment of QOL is suggested to be comprised in medical settings.

Analysis of the chemical components of Municipal solid waste (MSW) indicated that the presence of high concentrations of toxic heavy metals. The aim of this study was to select the best leaching condition, in order to generate a compost product, which adheres to the environmental standards for safe use. To determine the role of organic acids produced in the bioleaching process, chemical leaching experiments were compared using inorganic (H2SO4) or organic acids (oxalic, and gluconic acids). These results revealed that addition of H2SO4 correlated with a lower retained yield when comparing with addition of the other acids. Bioleaching was then studied by culturing fungi on the MSW. Addition of Aspergillus niger correlated with an efficient removal of heavy metal elements. The effect of pH was also determined and assays at pH 5.5 using a clay medium (32.4%) or at pH 2.5 using a sorghum medium (28%) were characterised by a lower retained yield. In the above conditions, we looked at elemental ions which have been deemed beneficial to the environment (P and K) and those which are toxic (Cd, Cu,Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn), these elements were measured in the solid fractions.

A morphometric analysis of Galal Bedrah river basin was carried out by several processes that take place on STRM DEM (Shuttle Rader Topography mission), thereby employing the Spatial Analysis tool in Arc GIS (version 10.5) software for analyzing the study area. Primarily, the Arc GIS software was the basic tool used for extracting the river Basin as well as its drainage network. Upon analyzing, the drainage network was classified using Strahler’s System for classification, which in turn reveals that the drainage pattern is almost dendritic, with the basin order being fifth-order. The study further evaluates the morphometric parameter and its influence on soil physical, landform, and other hydrologic characteristics. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm) was found to be 2.35 that have a strong effect on the runoff and its intensity, high relief value, drainage density, and stream frequency. All these values indicate that the basin exhibits erosion and sediment transfer and play a significant role in different hydrological studies.

The current research aims to investigate the relief, areal morphometric and linear characteristics of the basin of AL-Adhaim using GIS technique. This method is produced pertinent for the extraction of the basin stream and the drainage networks for basin. Advantageously, this technique saves time, effort and also improves the accuracy of the analysis of its drainage networks. The study depends on the analyses of the Digital Elevation Model of the Basin area taken from SRTM Satellite with a resolution of 3000 cm. Upon analyzing the results obtained from the morphometric analysis for streams, one can classify the basin as sixth stream order, and the watershed can be noted, with mean bifurcation ratio (4.43) which have an effect on runoff. Apart from this, the elongation proportion of the basin is 0.97 that in turn demonstrates that the study area is circularly elongated. Additionally, the drainage texture of the AI-Adhaim watershed is 2.33 which implies that coarse texture. Therefore, the present investigate can prove to be very helpful in planning the management and watershed and other hydrological investigates in the future.

The generator is one of the costly elements of a small wind turbine. This paper developed a suitable low-cost small wind turbine generator, which can be modified to be easily manufactured. The experiment was conducted in two parts, the first part involves monitoring the current, voltage, power, and temperature for the Bosch 140 alternator before re-winding (initial case), and the second part includes monitoring of parameters (current, voltage, power) with modifying the alternator (Bosch 140) by re-winding depending on the results of the JAMG program simulation (last case). The Bosch 140 alternator was modified consistently by reducing the wire diameter to half to double the windings to evaluate the maximum torque. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the stator’s design optimization to achieve a maximum torque of the magnet. The final result shows a good indication of the modified alternator’s efficiency, where it is increased by about 30% from the initial case, and the generation of voltage started at a low rotation speed. It was observed that the new optimization of claw-pole alternator provides fairly the double torque with at least 16% reduction in rotation speed.