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The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival rates and complications in TKA after UKA and HTO as compared with primary TKA using national health data. It was hypothesized that survival and complication rates would be worse in patients with a history of UKA or HTO compared to primary TKA.Based on a list of patients who underwent TKA from Korean National Health Insurance database, 315,071 underwent primary TKA (group A); 2177 TKA after HTO (group B); and 1284 TKA after UKA (group C). Revision rates were compared between the groups using log-rank tests and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of groups B and C were compared with those of the reference group (group A). A total of 1000 TKA matched patients were assigned to groups B and C according to propensity score for comparing revision rates after TKA and perioperative complication rates between TKA after HTO and UKA.The overall revision rate was 2.1% in group A, 2.0% in group B, and 4.2% in group C. The revision rate until 10 years after TKA was significantly higher in group B (p = 0.03) or C (p 0.0001) than in group A. The hazard ratios for revision was significantly higher in group A than in groups B and C at 10 years after index TKA (1.4 in group B and 3.7 in group C). The result of the comparison using PSM between TKA after HTO and UKA showed that TKA after HTO had lower risk of revision than TKA after UKA (HR: 0.41 at 10 years). However, no statistically significant differences in the perioperative complication rate between the two groups were found. (NS, not significant) CONCLUSIONS: TKA after UKA or HTO showed a significantly higher risk of revision than primary TKA. While TKA after HTO showed lower risk of revision than TKA after UKA, no significant differences in complications between TKA after UKA and HTO were found. Thus, surgeons must be aware of the low survival rate in TKA after UKA or HTO, especially in TKA after UKA.III (Retrospective cohort study).

With increasing demands for living organ donations, understanding the prevalence of depression and anxiety, which are the commonest psychiatric disorders in donors following organ transplantation, will serve to improve psychiatric care to safeguard donors' mental wellbeing. This descriptive systematic review examines all observational studies in English investigating prevalence of depression and anxiety in adult transplant donors using bibliographic databases. Sixty-two papers were included (kidney, n = 25; liver, n = 25; bone marrow, n = 7; uterus, n = 2; lung, n = 1; kidney and lung concurrently, n = 2). Post-transplantation depression and anxiety prevalence rates (Depression: 0–46.9%, Anxiety: 0–66.7%) did not differ significantly from pre-transplantation and were largely comparable to the general population. Other psychiatric disorders observed included bipolar disorder, conversion disorder, adjustment disorder and sleep disorder. Other psychological outcomes observed included lower quality of life, lower satisfaction of life and regret after donation. Pre-donation risk factors such as poor physical/psychological health status, and post-donation risk factors such as complicated post-surgical recovery and poor physical/psychological health in recipients were identified, predisposing donors to poor psychological outcomes. Individuals with risk factors should be monitored and provided with social support, psychoeducation, psychotherapy and long-term follow up. Future studies should adopt consistent methodological approaches to improve comparability between various studies. More research investigating poor psychological outcomes in other organ donors besides kidney and liver donors, donors who have past psychiatric history, unrelated and parent donors is warranted.

The aim of this study was to compare the long-term implant survival and outcomes in patients with high-flexion cruciate-retaining (CR) or high-flexion posterior cruciate-substituting (PS) knee implants. A total of 253 knees (CR group: 159 vs. PS group: 94) were available for examination over a mean follow-up of 10 years. Clinical outcomes were assessed including the Hospital for Special Surgery score, Knee Society score and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score at the final follow-up. Radiologic measurements were also assessed including the hip-knee-ankle angle and radiolucent lines according to the KSS system at the final follow-up. The survival rate was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. At the final follow-up, the mean total HSS scores were similar between the two groups (p = 0.970). The mean hip-knee-ankle angle at the final follow-up was similar between groups (p = 0.601). The 10- and 15-year survival rates were 95.4% and 93.3% in the CR group and 92.7% and 90.9% in the PS group, respectively, with no significant difference. Similar clinical and radiographic outcomes could be achieved with both the high-flexion CR and high-flexion PS total knee designs without a difference in survival rate after a 10-year follow-up.

Membrane distillation is a promising option for desalination owing to its advantages, but additional studies are still required before drawbacks such as membrane wetting can be resolved. To investigate the effects of organic and inorganic contents in feed solutions on membrane wetting, a lab-scale direct contact membrane distillation system was operated with different compositions of synthetic feed solutions. CaCl2 and MgSO4 were added to the feed solutions at different concentrations. Humic acids were injected into the feed solutions as organic additives. The hydrophilicity of humic acids was changed by ozonation with different ozone contact times. Membrane wetting was monitored by measuring the distillate flux and conductivity during operation. As a result, when the concentrations of CaCl2 and MgSO4 increased, membrane wetting was increasingly promoted. Once the membrane pores were wetted, salts could pass through from the feed side to the distillate side through the wetted pores, resulting in scale formation even on the distillate side of the membrane after being dried, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Without ozonation, humic acids were hydrophobic and induced severe membrane fouling, but this retarded the membrane wetting. With ozonation, humic acids were hydrophilic and accelerated the membrane wetting, which was more significant with longer ozone contact times. Hydrophilic ozonated humic acids reduced the liquid entry pressure of the membranes, enhancing the potential for membrane wetting.

Background The procedure of femoral stem revision is challenging, and bone conservation with less stress shielding is a mandatory effort in these cases. Although there are several reports of stem revision with stems designed for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), there is no report on stem revision with the Wagner cone prosthesis. Methods Between 1996 and 2008, 41 hips of 41 consecutive patients were subjected to femoral revision THA using the Wagner cone prosthesis. The mean age during revision surgery was 56.1 years, and the mean follow-up period was 14.8 years. The clinical results were evaluated, and the femoral component was assessed radiologically. Results The results showed that the average period from the first operation to revision THA was 8.0 years. Additionally, the mean Harris hip score improved from 52 points preoperatively to 83 points at the final follow-up. All stems showed bone integration in the radiological evaluation. A subsidence of more than 5 mm was observed in 3 out of 28 (10.7%) femoral stems. Two patients needed an acetabular revision for acetabular cup loosening during the follow-up period. Furthermore, one patient had recurrent dislocation and had to undergo revision surgery for soft tissue augmentation. Conclusions We achieved favorable clinical and radiological long-term outcomes in femoral stem revision using the Wagner cone prosthesis. This cementless femoral stem could be an option for femoral stem revision in cases with relatively good bone stock.

We demonstrate highly reliable and mass-production ready 22nm FD-SOI 40Mb embedded-MRAM for industrial-grade (-40~125°C) applications. This technology having 5x solder reflows compatibility stack has passed JEDEC standard qualification (ECC-OFF) with total reliability failures below the product life-time bit-failure-rate requirement for industrial-grade. Using design-process co-optimization, we show the extended performance to meet -40~150°C product operation for Auto-Grade-1 applications with stable read performance, ~47% reduced read power, data retention of 20yrs (0.1 PPM), read disturb rate of

We demonstrate superior data retention of 1 month at 125°C with improved switching efficiency at 10 ns write time without back-hopping failure. The 40Mb macro having the advanced MTJ stacks show wide operating temperature range from -40 to 125°C with the read margin even up to 150°C and zero fail bit count with ECC on. Our study indicates that the tight switching voltage distribution and the coherent switching are essential not only for fast switching but also back-hopping margin improvement. Furthermore, our paper shows an engineering pathway how advanced MTJ stack engineering can improve key device parameters.

We report a reliable TDDB lifetime projection model using power law verified from 40Mb STT-MRAM macro at sub-ppm failure rate to realize nearly unlimited endurance for cache applications. A specially designed macro, having internal temperature control systems and capable of applying accelerated voltage at 40Mb array level with wide operating temperature range: −40~125 °C and varying pulse widths: 200~10 ns, is used for the study. We demonstrate a superior endurance performance of > 1 E 12 cycles at 1 ppm failure rate using 40Mb macro combined with SRAM -like MTJ stack with lower operating voltage at BER ~ 1 ppm at 1 0 ns write pulse.

Filtration and backwashing during the operation of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) physically induce the cyclic attachment and detachment of microbes on the membrane surface. Thus, permeate flu...

In the era of embedded MRAM (eMRAM) technology evolution for the replacement of eFlash and SRAM, the correlation between magnetic immunity (MI) and eMRAM reliability must be well understood to realize the mass production. In this paper, we have classified the types of MIs and also established the MI guidelines for eMRAM product reliability for the first time. From 40Mb eMRAM package-level data, our proposed MI specifications guarantee the 10 years of reliability at operating temperatures ranging from -40°C to 150°C, which covers all industrial-grade and automotive-grade-1 applications.

The thermoelectric performance of the segmented annular thermoelectric generators with the bismuth telluride and skutterudites has been investigated. The effect of the length ratio of the hot-segment leg to total length leg on the thermoelectric performance of the segmented annular thermoelectric generators is analysed and discussed and the optimization design of the annular thermoelectric generator with bismuth telluride and skutterudites as the materials with high thermoelectric performance is obtained. The result of the thermoelectric performance with the manipulated variable of the increase of length ratio, the output power, output voltage and efficiency of the segmented annular thermoelectric generators increase at the beginning then decrease afterwards. Additionally, to compare with the single bismuth telluride and skutterudites annular thermoelectric generators, the output voltage, output power and the conversion efficiency of the segmented annular thermoelectric generators can be improved twice. Lastly, the thermoelectric performance of the segmented annular thermoelectric generators operating in the changes of the temperature. The result has proved that as the temperature increase, the thermoelectric performance of the annular thermoelectric generator will also increase. Hence, the acquired results may be given some useful applications of the bismuth telluride and skutterudites on the segmented annular thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery.

For removal of arsenic in the aqueous phase, hydrous iron oxides (HIOs) were immobilized in alginate beads with enhanced porosity (designated as HIO-P-alginate beads). The HIO-P-alginate beads had macropores, observed by SEM, as well as mesopores and featured a higher BET surface area than previously developed adsorbent beads. Thus, the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) by the HIO-P-alginate beads was more rapid than that of previously reported HIO-alginate adsorbents. The kinetics of adsorption were well described by a pseudo-second-order model, indicating that chemisorption mainly governed the As(III) and As(V) adsorption. We confirmed a chemisorption mechanism for the As(III) and As(V) adsorption, through isotherm studies using the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model. The application of an intraparticle diffusion model to the kinetic data suggested that the As(V) adsorption onto the HIO-P-alginate beads was controlled entirely by intraparticle diffusion whereas the As(III) adsorption was governed by intraparticle diffusion only at short contact times. As(III) adsorption was highest at neutral pH; however, As(V) adsorption was highest at low pH. Both As(III) and As(V) adsorption did not compete with nitrate adsorption, and the As adsorption improved with increasing ionic strength. The HIO-P-alginate beads could be regenerated several times with a NaOH solution and were successfully reused for arsenic removal.

Concrete is widely used in the industry due to its effectiveness in terms of cost and strength. In this study, the introduction of bio-based aggregate as coarse aggregate in lightweight foam concrete will be investigated to find a better solution for fire incidents that are commonly happened. As such, lightweight foam concrete (LWFC) has been applied in many buildings especially in non-load bearing wall to enhance thermal conductivity, sound insulation and fire resistance. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of incorporating bio-based aggregate namely oil palm shell (OPS) into lightweight form concrete in terms of strength properties and fire resistance. Three different concrete mix was designed containing different percentage of OPS aggregate replacement (0, 5, 10 and 15%). From the result, the compressive strength of the LWFC-CTR mixture had achieved the highest compressive strength at 28-day, which is recorded at 3.82 MPa. The fire resistance of LWFC-OPS 15% had showed a positive outcome with improvement by almost 23.5% compared to control mix at 15 minutes. Therefore, the major finding of this research is the incorporation of eco-friendly OPS aggregate has improved the fire resistance of lightweight foam concrete, which can be used as an alternative solution for non-load bearing walls.

The center of pressure (COP) position reflects a combination of proprioceptive, motor and mechanical function. As such, it can be used to quantify and characterize neurologic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the movement of COP and its variability in healthy chondrodystrophoid dogs while walking to provide a baseline for comparison to dogs with spinal cord injury due to acute intervertebral disc herniations. Fifteen healthy adult chondrodystrophoid dogs were walked on an instrumented treadmill that recorded the location of each dog’s COP as it walked. Center of pressure (COP) was referenced from an anatomical marker on the dogs’ back. The root mean squared (RMS) values of changes in COP location in the sagittal (y) and horizontal (x) directions were calculated to determine the range of COP variability. Three dogs would not walk on the treadmill. One dog was too small to collect interpretable data. From the remaining 11 dogs, 206 trials were analyzed. Mean RMS for change in COPx per trial was 0.0138 (standard deviation, SD 0.0047) and for COPy was 0.0185 (SD 0.0071). Walking speed but not limb length had a significant effect on COP RMS. Repeat measurements in six dogs had high test retest consistency in the x and fair consistency in the y direction. In conclusion, COP variability can be measured consistently in dogs, and a range of COP variability for normal chondrodystrophoid dogs has been determined to provide a baseline for future studies on dogs with spinal cord injury.

We demonstrate the manufacturable 22nm FD-SOI 40Mb embedded MRAM (eMRAM), by achieving product functionality and reliability at package level across industrial-grade operating temperature range (−40 to 125 °C) with ECC-off mode. The magnetic tunnel junction stack, integration and etch processes were optimized to achieve superior MTJ performances to meet all product requirements. From package level data, we confirmed the product reliability by passing LTOL, HTOL, 1M endurance cycling and 5x solder reflows tests with failure rate < 1 ppm. In addition, we demonstrate the eMRAM capability to cover stand-by magnetic immunity of ~ 600 Oe at 105 °C for 10 years and active-mode magnetic immunity of ~500 Oe.

We present superior endurance performance of 22-nm FD-SOI embedded MRAM macro designed for industrial-grade MCU applications. This macro shows zero endurance failure across operating temperature (-40~ 125 °C), while meeting the data retention requirement at 260 °C (median post-reflow BER < 1E-7). Based on extensive TDDB characterizations, we confirm sufficient endurance margins for < 1 ppm failure rate after 1E6 cycles, and also examine the feasibility of achieving nearly unlimited endurance for cache-like SRAM applications.

Bulk AlN crystals grown by sublimation on SiC substrates exhibit relatively high dislocation densities. The kind of defect formation at early growth stages influences the structural quality of the grown crystals. In this work, the dislocation distribution near to the interface is understood through investigation of thin (≤1.5 mm) continuous (non-cracked) freestanding crystals obtained in one process with the evaporation of the substrates. The AlN specimens were characterized using synchrotron radiation imaging techniques. We revealed by triple-axis X-ray diffraction study that, near to the former interface, randomly distributed dislocations configured to form boundaries between $$\sim $$ 0.02 $$^{\circ }$$ misoriented sub-grains (from [0001] direction). Threading dislocation structure similar to that in epitaxial GaN films was not detected. To explain these observations, a theoretical model of misfit stress relaxation near the interface is suggested.

The morphology of a macrodefect in a single-crystal silicon carbide wafer has been investigated by the computer simulation of an experimental X-ray phase-contrast image. A micropipe, i.e., a long cavity with a small (elliptical in the general case) cross section, in a single crystal has been considered as a macrodefect. A far-field image of micropipe has been measured with the aid of synchrotron radiation without a monochromator. The parameters of micropipe elliptical cross section are determined based on one projection in two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the X-ray beam propagation direction, when scanning along the pipe axis. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the phase contrast method supplemented with computer simulation for studying such macrodefects when the defect position in the sample volume is unknown beforehand.

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials have been touted for their excellent light-absorbing properties, implying great potential for low-cost fabrication of high-performance solar cells. Nevertheless, numerous studies revealed that choice of materials and optimization of device architecture is crucial for realizing high efficiency photovoltaics consisting perovskite photoactive materials. PEDOT:PSS, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate), has been widely selected as a hole transport material, for its high transparency, which allows enough light to the photoactive layer. However, perovskite solar cells with PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer often suffers low stability, due to the high acidity compared to the other devices. In this research, we introduce various effective solutions for controlling electrical and chemical properties of PEDOT:PSS, for realization of high efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Introducing inorganic copper-based chalcogenide, (such as copper sulfide, Cu2-xS) nanoparticles [1] and organic nanosheets [2] (covalent organic nanosheets, CONs) to PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer resulted in improved charge dynamics factors and device performance. The incorporation of the CuS nanoparticles induced interaction between PEDOT molecules and the particles, which resulted in structural transition of PEDOT:PSS and its higher hole mobility. Interestingly, UV-selective absorbing properties of CuS particles reduced photo-induced damage on perovskite materials, by filtering UV light from the sunlight which enhanced the devices’ stability significantly. On the other hand, the additional organic interlayer between PEDOT:PSS and hole-selective electrode facilitates formation of even film morphology, which contributed to the higher crystallinity of perovskite layers and enhanced charge separation, which resulted in higher performance compared to the pristine device. Suppressing acidity of PEDOT:PSS layer has been another target for enhancing stability of perovskite solar cells. Acidity modification by incorporation of imidazole [3] not only prevented unintentional degradation of device structure, and the PEDOT:PSS with modified pH brought about higher performance which originated from tuned surface properties and molecular rearrangement, which resulted in better crystallization of perovskite coated onto the PEDOT:PSS layers, and efficient charge transport. Also, tailoring ratio of amount of PEDOT to PSS molecules by inducing solution reaction between neutral and acid PEDOT:PSS [4] revealed encouraging electric properties and stability of PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer. This work provides solutions for effective tailoring of electrical and chemical properties of PEDOT:PSS, which will shed light on the low-cost and reliable fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics. [1] Kim, B. G., Jang, W., Choa, Y. H., and Wang, D. H., ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2020, 8, 20, 7617–7627. [2] Park, S., Kim, M. S., Jang, W., Park, J. K., and Wang, D. H. Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 4708-4717. [3] Yi, M., Jang, W., and Wang, D. H. (2019). ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2019, 7, 8245–8254. [4] Kim, M., Yi, M., Jang, W., Kim, J. K., and Wang, D. H. Polymers, 2020, 12, 129.

Based on previous experience and attempt, a real-size mosaic Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) has been developed within the framework of the CMS muon upgrade efforts. The chamber is a 5-gap with plates made each of 6 pieces of low resistive glass. Cosmic ray test at CERN 904 shows that its efficiency can reach above 95% with a gas mixture of 90% C2H2F4, 5% i-C4H10 and 5% SF6. The chamber was also tested with CMS dry gas(95.2% C2H2F4, 4.5% i-C4H10, 0.3% SF6) at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). Efficiency results calculated by a simple tracking method show that the good performance is maintained at rates up to 10 kHz/cm(2).

International audience; We measure the efficiency of CMS Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors in proton-proton collisions at the centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV using the tag-and-probe method. A muon from a Z0 boson decay is selected as a probe of efficiency measurement, reconstructed using the CMS inner tracker and the rest of CMS muon systems. The overall efficiency of CMS RPC chambers during the 2016–2017 collision runs is measured to be more than 96% for the nominal RPC chambers.

International audience; The high luminosity expected from the HL-LHC will be a challenge for the CMS detector. The increased rate of particles coming from the collisions and the radioactivity induced in the detector material could cause significant damage and result in a progressive degradation of its performance. Simulation studies are very useful in these scenarios as they allow one to study the radiation environment and the impact on detector performance. Results are presented for CMS RPC stations considering the operating conditions expected at the HL-LHC.

We demonstrate a fully functional embedded MRAM (eMRAM) macro integrated into a 22-nm FD-SOI CMOS platform. This macro combined with eFlash-flavor MTJ film stacks shows median-die bit error rate (BER) < 1 ppm after 5× solder reflows. It also meets the automotive grade-1 data retention requirement and shows intrinsic stand-by magnetic immunity of 1.4 kOe (BER criteria = 1 ppm) after 1-hr exposure at 25 °C. The results reveal that eMRAM is capable of serving a broad spectrum of eFlash applications at 22 nm or beyond.