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Dietary interventions are currently being discussed as additional treatment options for mental disorders. The pathological mechanisms are not yet fully understood. It is hypothesized that certain nutrients and dietary pattern influence immune and inflammatory processes, the microbiome, the leptin-melanocortinergic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary axis, as well as neurotransmitters of the cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling cascades and neurotrophins. Observational studies have shown that traditional dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet have a protective effect on mental health. Supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids showed small to medium but significant effect sizes in meta-analyses from depression trials. The evidence with respect to the antidepressive effect of vitamin D supplementation is currently inconclusive.

Aim: To test the antidiabetic efficacy of ibipinabant, this new cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist was compared with food-restriction-induced weight loss, rosiglitazone (4 mg/kg) and rimonabant (3 and 10 mg/kg), using parameters of glycaemic control in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Methods: Body weight, food and water intake, fasted and non-fasted glucose and insulin, glucose tolerance and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were all assessed over the course of the 9-week study. Pancreatic insulin content and islet area were also evaluated. Results: At the end of the study, vehicle-treated ZDF rats were severely hyperglycaemic and showed signs of β-cell decline, including dramatic reductions in unfasted insulin levels. Ibipinanbant (10 mg/kg) reduced the following relative to vehicle controls: fasting glucose (−61%), glucose excursion area under the curve (AUC) in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, −44%) and HbA1c (−50%). Furthermore, non-fasting insulin, islet area and islet insulin content were all increased (71, 40 and 76%, respectively) relative to vehicle controls by the end of the study. All of these effects were similar to those of rimonabant and rosiglitazone, where ibipinabant was slightly more effective than rimonabant at the lowest dose and somewhat less effective than rosiglitazone at all doses. These antidiabetic effects appear independent of weight loss because none of the parameters above were consistently improved by the comparable weight loss induced by food restriction. Conclusions: Ibipinabant may have weight loss-independent antidiabetic effects and may have the potential to attenuate β-cell loss in a model of progressive β-cell dysfunction.

Impaired function/differentiation of progenitor cells might provide an explanation for the limited remyelination observed in the majority of chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. Here, we establish that in the normal adult human CNS, the transcription factors Nkx2.2 and Olig2 are strongly expressed in progenitor cells while mature oligodendrocytes are characterized by low levels of Olig2 or Nkx2.2. In vitro studies confirmed the expression of Olig2 in oligodendroglial progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes while astrocytes, microglial cells and neurons were negative for Olig2. In early multiple sclerosis lesions, we found Olig2-positive progenitor cells throughout all lesion stages and in periplaque white matter (PPWM). The number of progenitors in PPWM was significantly increased compared with the white matter from controls. In chronic multiple sclerosis lesions progenitor cells were still present, however, in significantly lower numbers than in early multiple sclerosis lesions. A subpopulation of progenitor cells in early multiple sclerosis lesions and PPWM but not in control cases co-expressed NogoA, a marker of mature oligodendrocytes. The co-expression of these two markers suggested that these cells were maturing oligodendrocytes recently recruited from the progenitor pool. In contrast, in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions maturing progenitors were only rarely present. In summary, we provide evidence that a differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitors is a major determinant of remyelination failure in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions.

Our aim was to evaluate bidirectional associations of obesity and depression in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with initial assessments in childhood or adolescence. The clarification of these relationships may support the development of innovative interventions, e.g. based on nutrition and mental health. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE. Main inclusion criteria were (i) assessment of subjects18 years at baseline, (ii) use of validated psychometric instruments and (iii) elicitation of objectively measured anthropometric data at least at one time point. Twenty-four studies met our inclusion criteria. Out of 19, 14 cross-sectional studies confirmed a significant association of obesity and depression. Three out of eight longitudinal studies reported associations between obesity and subsequent depression in female children and adolescents only, and three out of nine studies obtained evidence in favour of the other direction with two studies revealing significant results only for female and one only for male children and adolescents. Evidence is mixed, and secure conclusions are hampered by the methodological variance of the included studies. Relationships are seemingly more readily detectable in female children adolescents and in the cross-sectional compared with the longitudinal analyses. Possibly, the joint development of obesity and depression in predisposed subjects accounts for the latter discrepancy.

It is reported that the magnetoresistance (MR) of magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) like Co1 − xFex/Al2O3/Co1 − xFex improves upon thermal annealing. We investigate the mechanism of this improvement by comparing the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of half-MTJ structures (Co84Fe16/Al2O3) before and after annealing. Before annealing, XAS show the presence of few angstroms of Co- and Fe-oxides, which disappeared after annealing at 250 deg C for 1/2 hour. We attribute enhanced MR upon annealing to the disappearance of Co and Fe oxides at the interface which reduce the spin-polarization of the conduction electrons and cause spin-flip scattering, both leading to inferior performance of MTJ.

Results of resonant Auger spectroscopy experiments are presented for Cu, Co, and oxidized Al. Sub-lifetime narrowing of Auger spectra and generation of sub-lifetime narrowed absorption spectra constructed from Auger yield measurements, were observed. Resonant Auger yields are used to identify three valence states of oxidized Al. Partial absorption yield spectra were derived giving detailed electronic information and thickness information for the various chemical states of the bulk metal, the passivating aluminum oxide layer, and the metal-oxide interface region. In addition, the total absorption yield spectrum for the oxidized Al sample was constructed from the partial yield data, supporting the consistency of the authors method.

Element-specific magnetic moments in Fe/V superlattices are studied using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Superlattices are simultaneously deposited with the epitaxial orientations (100), (211), and (110), to explore the orientation dependence of these moments. The layer-averaged vanadium moments are antiparallel to those of the Fe and are larger than those observed in alloys with similar composition. The V moments decay monotonically and relatively slowly with distance from the Fe interface (exponential decay length: ) in qualitative agreement with recent calculations. In contrast to calculations, the magnitudes of the V moments fall on a universal curve for the three orientations.

The relationship between indirect exchange coupling and interlayer d-electron magnetic moments is studied using magnetometry and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in Fe/Cr multilayers. Multilayers are simultaneously prepared with growth axes along different crystallographic orientations to determine the orientation dependence of these properties. We find the Cr moments are antiparallel to the Fe, and that a Cr thickness (${\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{Cr}}$) of 1 ML has a moment of \ensuremath{\approx}-0.7${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$, 50% larger than the Cr moment developed in Fe-based dilute Cr alloys. For larger ${\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{Cr}}$ the Cr moment decays very quickly with distance from the Fe interface, while the Fe moment remains bulklike at all Cr thicknesses. It is found that for ${\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{Cr}}$10 \AA{} there are slight differences in the indirect (oscillatory) exchange coupling between Fe layers depending on crystallographic orientation. Intuitively, one would also expect an orientation dependence to the induced Cr moments, but we find them to be orientation independent. The orientation independence of the Cr moments correlates well with the orientation independent coupling which has been previously observed for ${\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{Cr}}$g10 \AA{}.

The effects of various regulations on hospital costs are estimated using a two decade long panel data set which spans the initiation, and in some instances the repeal, of various forms of hospital regulation. The long panel fosters two improvements over previous research. First, as state hospital cost levels may affect states' incentive to regulate, fixed effect estimators alleviate omitted variable bias derived from the states' regulatory discretion. Second, the long panel permits the estimation of many different regulatory program effects, but also facilitates the analysis of potential regulatory program interaction. The empirical results suggest that previous studies have exaggerated regulatory cost savings: although some interaction effects are indicated, hospital costs appear unresponsive to most regulatory programs. Copyright 1995 by MIT Press.

Drug-induced weight alteration can be a serious side effect that applies to several therapeutic agents and must be referred to in the respective approved labeling texts. The side effect may become health threatening in case of significant weight change in either direction. Several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with weight gain such as gabapentin, pregabalin, valproic acid, and vigabatrin and to some extent carbamazepine. Others are weight neutral such as lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and phenytoin or associated with slight weight loss as, e.g., felbamate. The focus of this chapter is on the two AEDs causing strong weight loss: topiramate and zonisamide. For both drugs, several molecular mechanisms of actions are published. We provide a review of these potential mechanisms, some of which are based on in vivo studies in animal models for obesity, and of clinical studies exploring these two drugs as single entities or in combinations with other agents.

Thermally activated reversal of the antiferromagnet (AFM) in exchange biased bilayers plays an important role in determining the magnetic characteristics of the bilayer. Bulk magnetometry measurements of these effects are difficult to make because the AFM has zero macroscopic magnetic moment and, therefore, changes in the AFM have to be inferred from the behaviour of the pinned ferromagnet layer. By making careful measurements of hysteresis loops on IrMn( X A)/CoFe(100 A) ( X =50,70,100) bilayers, the time-dependent behaviour of the AFM has been illustrated. We show that the reversal in the AFM is governed by one of two mechanisms, which are responsible for the increased coercivity seen in the bilayers. We also show that the reversal is dependent upon the thickness of the AFM layer.

The magnetic properties of a series of PtMn (t A )/ Co (20 A ) (t=50, 100, 150, 200 A ) exchange biased films are investigated using bulk magnetometry and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). From the bulk magnetometry measurements, the exchange field and coercivity is observed to increase with PtMn thickness. XMCD spectra are used to probe the interface region between the ferromagnetic Co and antiferromagnetic PtMn. The observed Mn XMCD is indicative of uncompensated Mn at the interface. These uncompensated Mn spins may be partially responsible for the increased coercivity observed in this exchange biased system.

Drug-induced weight alteration can be a serious side effect that applies to several therapeutic agents and must be referred to in the respective approved labeling texts. The side effect may become health threatening in case of significant weight change in either direction. Several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with weight gain such as gabapentin, pregabalin, valproic acid, and vigabatrin and to some extent carbamazepine. Others are weight neutral such as lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and phenytoin or associated with slight weight loss as, e.g., felbamate. The focus of this chapter is on the two AEDs causing strong weight loss: topiramate and zonisamide. For both drugs, several molecular mechanisms of actions are published. We provide a review of these potential mechanisms, some of which are based on in vivo studies in animal models for obesity, and of clinical studies exploring these two drugs as single entities or in combinations with other agents.

A technique combining x-ray magnetic linear dichroism absorption spectroscopy and rotational hysteresis loops is demonstrated. This technique, x-ray magnetic linear loops (XMLL), is used to extract magnetocrystalline anisotropy information. Results from two systems, a polycrystalline Fe film, and an epitaxial Fe film which exhibit different magnetic anisotropies, are shown. The measured XMLL is described using a simple single-domain anisotropy model.

Interaction effects in a series of disordered Co/Cu multilayers have been studied at low applied fields. The samples had Cu thickness tCu chosen to give antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (FM) coupling. From measured remanence curves, both switching field distributions and ΔM curves have been determined. AF coupled films exhibit globally demagnetizing interactions. However, the interactions in the FM coupled films exhibit magnetizing interactions for thinner Cu layers and competing magnetizing and demagnetizing interactions for thicker Cu spacer layers.

Photoluminescence from tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) films has been observed using tunable soft x rays as an excitation source. The photons were tuned to energies above and below the K absorption edges of C, N, O, and Al. The luminescence was in turn used to monitor the absorption. It was found that the luminescence induced by soft x ray exhibits additional emission bands at shorter wavelengths compared to ultraviolet excitation. While all K edges exhibit optical x-ray absorption fine structures (XAFS) similar to those of total electron and fluorescence yield, the optical XAFS at the C K-edge resonance are enhanced for the C1s to π* transitions, indicating site specificity. These observations are attributed to the energetics of the process and the local electronic structure.

Site-selective luminescence experiments were performed upon porous-silicon samples exposed to varying degrees of oxidation. The source of different luminescence bands was determined to be due to either quantum confinement in nanocrystalline silicon or defective silicon oxide. Of particular interest is the defective silicon-oxide luminescence band found at 2.1 eV, which was found to frequently overlap with a luminescence band from nanocrystalline silicon. Some of the historical confusion and debate with regards to the source of luminescence from porous silicon can be attributed to this overlap.

This study investigates how an unemployment spell between jobs affects a job-changer's new wages. One hypothesis holds that the search and mobility costs associated with unemployment between jobs are compensated for by increased wage gains resulting from more intensive job search; opposing hypotheses are that unemployed job changers are at a disadvantage because they have fewer job contacts than job changers who move directly from one job to another, or because they are unable to gain new skills or develop good work habits while unemployed. The results of this analysis of 1979–81 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men support the first hypothesis: an unemployment spell between jobs is associated with wage gains higher than those obtained when the job change was made with no intervening unemployment.

We evaluated 190 patients in the placebo group of the CHAMPS trial in order to assess factors associated with short-term clinical and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes in patients with a first clinical demyelinating event involving the optic nerve, spinal cord, or brainstem/cerebellum, and subclinical demyelination on brain MRI. The two study outcomes were 1) development of clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) and 2) development of CDMS or two or more new or enlarging brain MRI T2 lesions. The presence of gadolinium (Gd)- enhancing lesions on the baseline scan was the only MRI characteristic associated with a higher risk of both the clinical and combined outcomes (p=0.003 and

Formation of a common type of Fe-As local bonding in Fe thin films on GaAs surfaces of differing orientation and preparation is evidenced through a common charge transfer at the interface. X-ray absorption studies of unoccupied $3d$ states for Fe thin films on sputtered GaAs(100) and cleaved GaAs(110) display a similar amount of $3d$ charge transfer into the GaAs substrate even though the mode of surface preparation leads to reduced intermixing in the (100) case. Implications of these results for the understanding of the role of the Fe-GaAs interface in both electronic and magnetic properties are discussed.

C 25 H 27 NO 4 •H 2 O cristallise dans P2 1 avec a=6,563, b=7,922 et c=20,877 A, β=94,32 o , Z=2; affinement jusqu'a R=0,057. Determination des configurations relatives S et R en C(7a) et C(13b). Le cycle oxazepine≃7 membres adopte une conformation pseudo-bateau. Les deux dihydropyranne ont une conformation demi-chaise. Le compose du titre cocristallise avec une molecule d'eau qui forme une liaison hydrogene faible de 2,84 A

C 25 H 27 NO 4 •H 2 O cristallise dans P2 1 avec a=6,563, b=7,922 et c=20,877 A, β=94,32 o , Z=2; affinement jusqu'a R=0,057. Determination des configurations relatives S et R en C(7a) et C(13b). Le cycle oxazepine≃7 membres adopte une conformation pseudo-bateau. Les deux dihydropyranne ont une conformation demi-chaise. Le compose du titre cocristallise avec une molecule d'eau qui forme une liaison hydrogene faible de 2,84 A

Synchrotron x-ray scattering has been used to examine stacking faults in the constituent layers of an antiferromagnetically coupled (AFC) media film. By varying the x-ray incident angle, we have varied the x-ray penetration depth and, hence, the layer under examination. Three films were studied, one consisting of a full AFC media structure and the other two consisting of a single magnetic layer with the thicknesses of the constituent layers in the AFC medium. The stacking faults in the bottom magnetic layer were investigated using the single layer film. The stacking fault density in the top AFC media layer was measured using careful depth profiling to ensure that the penetration depth of the x rays remained within the top layer. We were unable to estimate the stacking faults in the bottom layer film but the stacking fault densities are constant at approximately 5% for the top layer of the AFC media and the top layer single film within a relatively large error of 3%.

The activation volume of reversal νact is a critical parameter in the characterization of thin film media since it determines the smallest unit of a magnetic material that can be reversed in a single step and hence defines the minimum bit size. In the recent past, there have been reports in the literature of a number of methods to determine the activation volume and it has become apparent that these methods provide inconsistent results. In this work, we describe both a theoretical and experimental comparison between the two principle methods used to determine the fluctuation field and hence the activation volume in thin film media. We have examined a thin film medium and find that inconsistencies between the methods do occur. These can be attributed to the reversible component of magnetization. We show that measurements of the fluctuation field, which is the fundamental quantity, determined from measurements of the ratio of the magnetic viscosity to the irreversible susceptibility are consistent with meas...

The relationship between interlayer coupling and interlayer d-electron magnetic moments is studied using magnetometry and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism in Fe/Cr multilayers. Multilayers are simultaneously prepared with growth axes along different crystallographic orientations to determine the orientation dependence of these effects. It is found that the oscillatory exchange coupling is orientation dependent in the low thickness regime but surprisingly, the induced Cr d-electron magnetic moments are not orientation dependent. Similar results are found in the Fe/V multilayer system. This is evidence for the importance of sp band derived coupling in the low thickness regime.

We have studied Fe/TM multilayers (TM=Mo, Nb, Ru, Rh, Pd) using x-ray magnetic circular dischroism, magneto-optical Kerr effect, and x-ray diffraction. A diverse set of magnetic behaviors emerges from the analysis. We focus on the behavior which can be attributed to the existence of a physical interface between different chemical species. In particular, we have measured an enhanced Fe moment in some cases (TM=Ru, Mo, Rh, Pd) yet not in others (TM=Nb). These results will be discussed, including the relative orbital and spin moments and the effects of alloying at the interface. The measured induced moments in the TM layer will be presented as well where applicable.

Does a mother's welfare receipt increase the future dependency of her children? Does the welfare system, thus, stimulate the dependency of future generations? Parameter estimates reported here suggest such intergenerational effects. The sample comprises young girls and their mothers. After control for observed and unobserved heterogeneity, a mother's welfare participation is found to increase her daughter's later welfare dependency. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.

Medicaid has become an important source of payment for long term care over the last twenty years. Of the $40.6 billion spent on nursing home care in 1987, Medicaid payments accounted for $17.8 billion-about 42 percent of the total [24]. The aging of the population, along with advances in health care technology that increase life expectancy, are likely to further increase the demand for nursing home services and inflate Medicaid expenditures. From 1987 to the year 2000, the U.S. population age 65 and above is projected to increase by 18 percent, and the population age 85 or more years is projected to increase by 53 percent, compared to an overall population increase of 10 percent [24]. Recent experience suggests that about 37% of those over 65 and about 60% of those over 85 at the time of their deaths had used nursing homes [16]. Due in part to this projected rapid growth in the population most likely to use nursing home services, by the year 2000 total expenditures on nursing home care are expected to be $130 billion, with Medicaid expenditures approaching $45 billion [9]. In response to actual and anticipated growth in Medicaid expenditures, state governments have experimented with a variety of cost control measures. Most of these control expenditures by reducing access to care, such as tightening eligibility criteria. Over the past decade, however, many states also adopted prospective payment for nursing homes-a method of reimbursement designed to increase efficiency and control costs. The hope was that adoption of prospective payment would hold down Medicaid expenditures without substantially reducing the availability or quality of care.

Ahstract-Analyses of voluntary labor mobility suggest that job search facilitates job change while specific training inhibits mobility. Further, given that specific skills cannot be transferred between jobs, and since both search and training are costly, it is reasonable for workers to specialize in search or specific training on a given job. Training or search specialization, however, implies that estimation methods which treat the incidence of a quit as exogenous underestimate mobility effects on wages. The larger wage effects reported here result from simultaneous estimation but also reflect more accurate measurement of wage growth between jobs.

Typically, 30 percent of an enlisting cohort leave before completing the first term, and attrition rates remain near this level even though over 90 percent of recent cohorts are high school graduates. This paper uses individual-level data to analyze attrition among high school graduates who enlisted in spring 1979. To control for selectivity bias, enlistment is analyzed jointly with attrition. Three variables observable at the time of enlistment are found to have a strong negative effect on attrition: positive expectations of further education, months in the Delayed Entry Program, and employment stability. As a set, these variables discriminate a wide range of attrition likelihood. No evidence of selectivity bias is found for this cohort; hence, results are applicable not only to enlistees but also to prospects. Policy implications are discussed.

C 23 H 28 N 4 O 3 •CH 3 OH cristallise dans P2 1 /n avec affinement jusqu'a 0,088. Deux types de liaison hydrogene lient les zwitterions [N(4)…O(17') 2,70 A et N(1)…O(24') 2,85 ]. La molecule de solvant est liee par liaison hydrogene au groupement carbonyl

Le (5aRS, 8aRS) dimethyl-6,6 oxo-8 perhydrofuro [3,4-b] azepinecarboxylate-8a d'ethyle cristallise dans P2 1 /c avec a=7,189, b=15,057 et c=13,101 A, β=96,62 o , Z=4; affinement jusqu'a R=0,066. La structure a ete elucidee en vue de determiner la configuration absolue, impossible a determiner sans ambiguite par RMN. Le cycle perhydroazepine adopte une conformation chaise

Methyl { 1-[ ( 1 'R)1 '-methoxybutyl]-2,3,4-triO-acetyl-fl-D-glucopyranosid }uronate, ClsH2sOt 1, Mr =420.41 , orthorhombic, P212121, a = 8 . 6 0 4 ( 3 ) , b = 13.500 (2), c = 18.664 (4) A, V = 2167.9 A 3, z = 4, D x = 1.288 Mg m -3, 2(Mo Ks) = 0.71069 A, /~ = 0-10 mm -1, F(000) = 896, T = 298 K, R = 0.055 for 1592 observed reflections. The structure was investigated to determine the relative configuration, which could not be established unambiguously by NMR. The endocyclic acetal bond is longer than the exocyclic by

C 18 H 22 N 2 O 4 cristallise dans P1 avec affinement jusqu'a 0,064. Conformation chaise de l'heterocycle C(1), C(2), C(3), C(4), N(5), C(11). L'autre heterocycle a une conformation demi-chaise deformee

(6aRS,8RS, 10aRS)-4,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10aOctahydro-2,4,6,6,8-pentamethyl1H-[ 2]benzopyrano[3 ,4-d]pyrimidinel ,3(2H)-dione, CI6H24N203, M , = 292.38, triclinic, P1, a = 7 . 7 5 9 (1), b = 8 . 3 1 3 (2), c -12.985 (2)A, tx=90.08 (2), f l = 9 8 . 3 8 (2), y = 113.24 (2) °, V = 759.8 A 3, Z 2, D x = 1.274 Mg m -3, 2(Mo Ka) = 0.71069 A, /~ = 0.08 mm -~, F(000) = 316, T = 298 K, R = 0.050 for 2229 observed reflections. The structure was investigated to determine the relative configuration which could not be established unambiguously by NMR. The trans-fused cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation, whereas the dihydropyran ring takes a twisted half-chair form. 0108-2701/89/010167-02503.00 Experimental. Crystal size 0.2 × 0.4 x 0.8 mm. StoeSiemens four-circle diffraqtometer, monochromated Mo Ka radiation, profile-fitting mode involving variable scan width and speed (Clegg, 1981). 3914 reflections measured, 2Oma × = 50 °, h -9-*9, k -9 -*9 , 10-*15, three check reflections with no significant intensity change. 2668 unique reflections (R~,t= 0.059), of which 2229 with F > 4tr(F) were used for all calculations [SHELXS86 (Sheldrick, 1985); SHELX76 (Sheldrick, 1976)]. Cell constants refined from +20 values of 36 reflections in the range 20--25 ° . Absorption correction was not necessary. Extinction correction was performed yielding a secondary-extinction coefficient x of 0.013 (3), where Fc* = F c (1 + © 1989 International Union of Crystallography 168 A HETERO-DIELS-ALDER ADDUCT Table 1. Atomic coordinates (x 104) and equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (A 2 x 10 3) X y z Ueq* C(4a) 7239 (3) 4096 (2) 3908 (1) 31 (1) 0(5) 6930 (2) 5261 (2) 3284 (I) 38 (1) C(3) 7754 (3) 3595 (2) 5732 (1) 36 (1) C(I) 7396 (3) 1363 (2) 4360 (1) 38 (1) N(2) 7692 (2) 1995 (2) 5410 (1) 39 (1) 0(3) 8006 (2) 4075 (2) 6648 (1) 51 (1) N(4) 7493 (2) 4637 (2) 4942 (1) 35 (1) C(10a) 7181 (3) 2135 (2) 2443 (I) 32 (1) C(7) 7110 (3) 3309 (2) 662 (1) 37 (1) C(10b) 7296 (3) 2571 (2) 3586 (1) 32 (I) C(8a) 8072 (4) 2020 (3) -792 (2) 57 (1) O(1) 7238 (2) -132 (2) 4176 (1) 56 (1) C(8) 8484 (3) 2546 (3) 370 (1) 40 (1) C(6) 6255 (3) 4721 (2) 2164 (1) 35 (1) C(2) 7889 (4) 833 (3) 6224 (2) 59 (I) C(6a) 7439 (3) 3780 (2) 1835 (1) 32 (1) C(9) 8400 (3) 1010 (3) 1028 (2) 45 (1) C(10) 8662 (3) 1456 (3) 2202 (1) 41 (1) C(4) 7508 (3) 6343 (3) 5249 (2) 43 (1) C(6Y) 6646 (3) 6462 (3) 1684 (2) 50 (1) C(6X) 4131 (3) 3608 (3) 2030 (2) 47 (1) * Equivalent isotropie U defined as one third of the trace of the orthogonalized U u tensor. 0 .002xFc2/s in20) -°'25. Structure solution by direct methods. Refinement on F to R = 0.050, wR = 0.074; all non-H atoms anisotropic, H atoms were included using a riding model [C--H 0.96 A, U(H) = 0.08 A 2, except for methyl protons U(H) = 0.12 A2], 191 parameters, S = 2.49, weighting scheme w -~ = o2(F) + 0.0005F 2 which led to a featureless analysis of variance in terms of sin0 and F o, max. A/tr = 0.001, max. and min. heights in final Ap map 0.30 and -0 .16 e A -3 respectively. Atomic scattering factors from International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1974). The site occupation factors for the two components of the disordered methyl group C(4) were initially refined (with their sum fixed at 1) and then fixed; an idealized hexagon was employed for the H-atom positions with U(H) = 0.08 A 2. Atomic parameters are given in Table 1, selected bond distances and angles in Table 2.* Fig. 1 shows a thermal-ellipsoid plot with the atom numbering. Related literature. For the preparation of some related compounds via a tandem-Knoevenagel-hetero-DielsAlder reaction see Brumby (1987), Tietze (1984) and Tietze, Stegelmeier, Harms & Brumby (1982).

C 22 H 28 O 3 cristallise dans P2 1 2 1 2 1 avec a=8,072, b=10,280 et c=21,618 A, Z=4; affinement jusqu'a R=0,035. La structure a ete etudiee en vue de determiner la constitution de la moitie lactone et la configuration relative qui n'avaient pu etre etablies sans ambiguite par RMN

C 24 H 27 NO 4 •CH 2 Cl 2 cristallise dans P2 1 2 1 2 1 avec affinement jusqu'a 0,049. Les deux heterocycles adoptent une conformation demi-chaise

Le (3S, 4R, 7aR, 10aS)-decahydro-1,2,3,4,7,7a,8,9,10,10a tetramethyl-2,3,7,7 phenyl-4 cyclopenta [d] pyranno [3, 2-f] oxazepine-1,4 one-1, C 21 H 27 NO 3 , cristallise dans P2 1 2 1 2 1 avec a=7,379, b=12,993 et c=20,094 A, Z=4; affinement jusqu'a R=0,043. La structure a ete determinee pour etablir la configuration relative, ce qui n'a pu etre fait sans ambiguite par RMN. Conformation demi-chaise pour le cycle a 7 membres. Desordre de l'atome (C9)