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A need for multi-functional assessment tools evaluating trade-offs and co-benefits for various types of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) has been increasingly identified in recent years. Methodologically, concepts for a tool are presented which include quantifying the demand and potential for NBS to enhance ecosystem service (ES) provision, and linking ESs to readily quantifiable and legislatively-relevant environmental quality indicators (EQIs). The objective of tool application is to identify optimal NBS placement across a diverse set of socio-environmental indicators, whilst also incorporating issues of relative location of areas of implementation and benefit accrual. Embedded within the tool is the importance of evaluating outcomes in terms of economic benefits and of sustainable development goals. The concepts are illustrated with simplified examples, relating to the case of implementing urban forestry as an exemplar NBS. By summarising the knowledge base it is demonstrated that benefits of NBS are substantially scale-dependent in two main respects; those of extent and proximity to receptors. Evaluation tools should be capable of quantifying scale-dependence. The substantive importance of these considerations and how their dynamics vary between indicators and services is illustrated graphically through schematic functions. When developed, the tool should be used as a focus for consultation and co-design to pinpoint the size of NBS necessary to achieve a sufficient level of benefit for a particular receptor. This could be measured against target levels of benefit for each indicator, distinguishing between primary intended outcomes and those co-benefits or trade-offs that are secondary or unintended.

Physical fitness is a quality-of-life outcome that all adults can benefit from physically and mentally. Opportunities to develop and increase fitness levels can lead to positive mental and physical wellness. Unfortunately, young adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) may not have many opportunities to engage in physical fitness activities in their natural environments. Virtual fitness programs provide an online platform that incorporates features similar to in-person fitness programs, but make fitness activities accessible to people in their homes. This article examines the development of a virtual fitness program for young adults with ID. The authors also discuss ways to increase intrinsic motivation to maintain participation in virtual fitness for young adults with ID.

Perspectives of administrators, educators, parents, and students concerning the educational experiences of students who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) were examined at two inclusive elementary/middle schools in Yerevan, Armenia. A qualitative study using a case study design was used. There were 33 participants including 15 educators, 6 parents, and 12 students. The students ranged from 9 to 14 years of age. The educators and parents were all typically hearing while 11 of the students were DHH and one was typically hearing. In total, there were 23 interviews and 13 classroom observations. Interviews focused on the following questions: Why is inclusion important? Why is inclusion successful? How can inclusion be improved? Themes emerging from the data included administrative support, frequency modulation (FM) systems, professional development, service delivery, and sign language. Implications are discussed and suggestions are offered to improve inclusion for students who are DHH.

Although research literacy is necessary for the competent delivery of psychological services, many psychology students hold negative attitudes toward research subjects. The current study explored undergraduate students' perceptions of research subjects relative to nonresearch subjects. A sample of 249 Australian (45.4%) and Singaporean (54.6%) first-year university students (M[subscript age] = 21.27, SD[subscript age] = 5.14, females = 75.9%) indicated their interest in, and perceived value of, 32 psychology subjects (based on title and a short description). They also nominated their most/least interested and valued subject and provided a free-text explanation for their selections. Participants perceived research subjects as significantly less interesting and valuable relative to nonresearch subjects (d values were indicative of a large difference for interest and a small-to-medium different for value). Cluster analysis indicated that research subjects are seen as distinct, forming their own cluster. This finding was supported by thematic analysis of participants' open-ended responses. Students considered research subjects to be especially difficult, requiring skills they did not possess or enjoy using (e.g., mathematics), and lacking relevance to their future studies and intended careers. The findings suggest that research methods instructors should aim to emphasize the relevance of research to practice in high interest areas (e.g., psychopathology).

J Miller, TH TarterSouthern Illinois University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Springfield, IL, USAAbstract: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a frequent cause of lower urinary symptoms, with a prevalence of 50% by the sixth decade of life. Hyperplasia of stromal and epithelial prostatic elements that surround the urethra cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), urinary tract infection and acute urinary retention. Medical treatments of symptomatic BPH include; 1) the 5α-reductase inhibitors, 2) the α1-adrenergic antagonists, and 3) the combination of a 5α-reductase inhibitor and a α1-adrenergic antagonist. Selective α1-adrenergic antagonists relax the smooth muscle of the prostate and bladder neck without affecting the detrussor muscle of the bladder wall, thus decreasing the resistance to urine flow without compromising bladder contractility. Clinical trials have shown that α1-adrenergic antagonists decrease LUTS and increase urinary flow rates in men with symptomatic BPH, but do not reduce the long-term risk of urinary retention or need for surgical intervention. Inhibitors of 5α-reductase decrease production of dihydrotestosterone within the prostate resulting in decreased prostate volumes, increased peak urinary flow rates, improvement of symptoms, and decreased risk of acute urinary retention and need for surgical intervention. Interim results of the ongoing Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAt) study have shown combination therapy with the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride and the α1-adrenergic antagonist tamsulosin offer significant improvements from baseline compared with either drug alone.Keywords: prostatic hyperplasia, 5α-reductase, dutasteride, tamsulosin

Lymph chylomicrons of different sizes are known to be cleared at different rates, but the underlying mechanism for this effect has not been resolved. To investigate the differences in clearance rates between small and large particles, chylomicron-like lipid emulsions labeled with radioactive triolein and cholesteryl oleate were injected into conscious rats. The clearance from plasma of small emulsion particles was significantly slower than large when equal lipid masses of small and large particles were injected. Similar results were obtained in clearance studies with lymph chylomicrons. When equal numbers of either small or large emulsion particles were injected into rats, the clearance of the triolein label from large particles was significantly slower than small particles but no significant difference was found in the clearance of the remnants (traced by the cholesteryl oleate label) derived from small and large particles. However, when increased numbers of either small or large particles were injected, the clearances of emulsion triolein and remnants were significantly decreased. Larger particles were found to be lipolyzed significantly less than small. Simultaneous injections showed competition for removal of large and small particles, suggesting competition for a common, saturable removal process. Our findings provide evidence that particle number and size are determinants of the rates of plasma clearance of the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the results are consistent with a saturable process. Our data also show that particle number is more important than size and higher numbers of particles markedly affect the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. However particle uptake by the liver is not sensitive to remnant size.

The herbicide clopyralid (Transline) is commonly applied by air to control yellow starthistle, a noxious weed, in California. In laboratory studies, clopyralid toxicity in Fowler's toad was low, indicating a wide safety margin when used under field conditions. In addition, monitoring of clopyralid drift following aerial application demonstrated that 98-foot (30-meter) buffers between treatment areas and water sources provided adequate drift protection for an adjacent stream and vernal pools. Nevertheless, to ensure that movement of the herbicide to water sources is minimized, it is important to prevent application error, particularly accidental encroachment into established buffer zones. This study demonstrated that drift potential for clopyralid was minimal even with an aerial application and a slight downwind breeze toward sensitive aquatic sites. It is also the first report demonstrating a high tolerance to clopyralid in larval toads.