Search

PMCID: PMC4112539.-- International Myeloma Working Group: et al., Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive variant of myeloma characterized by the presence of circulating plasma cells. It is classified as either primary PCL occurring at diagnosis or as secondary PCL in patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma. Primary PCL is a distinct clinic-pathological entity with different cytogenetic and molecular findings. The clinical course is aggressive with short remissions and survival duration. The diagnosis is based upon the percentage (≥20%) and absolute number (≥2 × 10 9/l) of plasma cells in the peripheral blood. It is proposed that the thresholds for diagnosis be re-examined and consensus recommendations are made for diagnosis, as well as, response and progression criteria. Induction therapy needs to begin promptly and have high clinical activity leading to rapid disease control in an effort to minimize the risk of early death. Intensive chemotherapy regimens and bortezomib-based regimens are recommended followed by high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation if feasible. Allogeneic transplantation can be considered in younger patients. Prospective multicenter studies are required to provide revised definitions and better understanding of the pathogenesis of PCL., This work has been supported in part by “Josep Font” Grant from Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and RD06/0020/0005 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.

Multiple wireless access network combine together to form wireless communication system. Making handoff decision is critical task in wireless networks and it increases day by day with increase the number of mobile devices which is interface with the network. In this scheme we are going to propose the seamless approach to perform vertical and horizontal handoff. This scheme will reduce the probability of call blocking and dropping during the handoff process. This also helps to reduce the unnecessary handoff in networks.

Statistical Approach for the Understanding of Secondary Phloem in 125 Tropical Dicotyledons

Variation of P -protein in the Seive Tube Elements of Secondary Phloem of Some Angiosperms

Structure of Sieve Area in Some Ferns

Some aspects of Phloem Structure in Pistia stratiotes

Vegetative and Reproductive Development of Shoot Apex of Brinjal (Solanum melongena) and Chilli (Capsicum annuum)

Digital forensic is the method of providing digital evidence in order to prove the crime in digital world. In context of cloud environment the term digital forensics becomes more challenging due to dynamic and decentralized nature of cloud. The research proposes the digital forensic technique using Cloudsim. Cloud simulator is a powerful tool for modeling, simulating and carry out experimentation. This research presents digital forensic technique in context of cloud environment using cloudsim. The scenario of crime is created by hacking the client’s sensitive data, which is stored in cloud. The tiled bitmap algorithm is used to detect tampering of database on cloud server which presents the potential evidence. Also the proposed method is used to store the file on cloud server using timestamp and encryption method to avoid hacking. The research focuses on one of the category of crime that is tampering of data on cloud server.

A new mathematical model for representing geometric tolerances is applied to polygonal faces and is extended to show its sensitivity to the precedence (ordering) of datum reference frames. The model is compatible with the ASME/ISO Standards for geometric tolerances. Central to the new model is a Tolerance-Map®2, a hypothetical volume of points that corresponds to all possible locations and variations of a segment of a plane which can arise from tolerances on size, position, form, and orientation. Every Tolerance-Map is a convex set. This model is one part of a bi-level model that we are developing for geometric tolerances. The new model makes stackup relations apparent in an assembly, and these can be used to allocate size and orientational tolerances; the same relations also can be used to identify sensitivities for these tolerances. All stackup relations can be met for 100% interchangeability or for a specified probability. Methods are introduced whereby designers can identify trade-offs and optimize the allocation of tolerances. Examples are presented that illustrate important features of the new model.

Botanist Jaykrishnabhai: 1849-1929

Cloud computing is one of the leading development technology of current era. It has got so much of importance because of the high optimization of IT resources as a service to the consumers on demand with high availability, flexibility, reliability and scalability. Cloud computing basically converts the desktop computing into service level computing using remote servers or huge datacenter. The cloud computing has lended many user friendly features in terms of various services available through internet but the harsh reality about cloud computing is that they are prone to security threat attacks. One of the major concerning security threats is called Distributed Denial of service attack (DDOS). DDOS attack destroys the ability of the system to provide service by overwhelming the bandwidth of network device and saturating the computation resources of service provider. This paper describes experimental analysis of impact of flooding DDOS attack in cloud environment through simulation in cloudsim. In this experiment we will be defining Infrastructure as service (IaaS) in cloudsim and this IaaS will be deployed in Eucalyptus cloud suite. Simulation of attacks will be carried out on the few VM instances defined in cloudsim and computational parameters of VM are observed for VM with normal operation and VM under attack.

Cloud Computing is on demand network, data access anywhere anytime. Pay per model is gaining commercial day by day. Due to the popularity of cloud and all time availability, the security issue is again the main concern nowadays. The client don't know where the data is stored and in which datacenter. The distributed nature of cloud is again the point of security in cloud and also gives the chance to malicious activities to be carried out very easily. Cloud computing presents the abstract layer to user for storing their confidential data hiding their architectural details. Due to this whenever the malicious activity happens in cloud, it becomes very difficult to trace. This gives rise to new area of research in the field of digital forensics that has unique challenges and opportunities in context of cloud. This paper presents the detail study of malicious activity that can be carried out in cloud and with the help of some case studies and detailed methodology of proposed architecture earlier mentioned in the paper.

Diagnosis of twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome is a rare fetal anomaly that can be misdiagnosed on prenatal ultrasound. We confirmed the use of colour-flow Doppler for prenatal diagnosis of TRAP syndrome and used serial fetal echocardiography for non-invasive evaluation of the fetus. A patient with twin intrauterine pregnancy was referred to our centre with suspected intrauterine fetal demise following a 16 week ultrasound. Serial colour-flow Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated retrograde arterial flow in an acardiac twin. Following diagnosis of TRAP syndrome, serial fetal echocardiography was employed to follow the normal twin for signs of heart failure, including right atrial dilation, tricuspid regurgitation and pericardial effusion. When early signs of fetal heart failure were suspected a viable female infant was delivered at 32 weeks' gestation. We suggest that serial fetal echocardiography represents a non-invasive approach that can be used to follow fetal cardiac function of the normal twin in TRAP syndrome.

The ancestry of date palm is reviewed with reference to the complex relationship existing between date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and sugar date palm (P. sylvestris) during early introduction of the date palm into India, especially in Kutch, Gujarat. The cultivation practices of growing the date palm in important regions of India are described. Because of climatic limitations, it is impossible to fully ripen fruits on the trees; therefore, harvest is done at khalal stage with subsequent artificial ripening. The common varieties preferred for cultivation and their performance are reviewed. The institutions involved in activities of introducing imported cultivars and developing tissue culture plants from local varieties are detailed. Introductions of elite foreign cultivars have been successful, especially with respect of Barheecv. Studies are underway to assess the germplasm value of seedling date palms, and to establish tissue culture laboratories to propagate local varieties and imported cultivars. Because India is the world’s largest importer of dates, local production has strong potential to supply domestic markets and to create jobs in the dry areas of the northwest. Problems facing the cultivation of date palm in India are pointed out.

A new mathematical model is presented for the tolerances of planar surfaces. The model is compatible with the ASME Standard for geometric tolerances. Central to the new model is a Tolerance-Map, a hypothetical volume of points which corresponds to all possible locations and variations of a segment of a plane which can arise from tolerances on size, form, and orientation. Every Tolerance-Map®2 is a convex set. This model is one part of a bi-level model that we are developing for geometric tolerances. The new model makes stackup relations apparent in an assembly, and these can be used to allocate size and orientational tolerances; the same relations also can be used to identify sensitivities for these tolerances. Stackup relations are developed for parts where the centers of faces are offset laterally. All stackup relations can be met for 100% interchangeability or for a specified probability. Methods are introduced whereby designers can identify trade-offs and optimize the allocation of tolerances. Examples are presented that illustrate important features of the new model.

Diagnosis of twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome is a rare fetal anomaly that can be misdiagnosed on prenatal ultrasound. We confirmed the use of colour-flow Doppler for prenatal diagnosis of TRAP syndrome and used serial fetal echocardiography for non-invasive evaluation of the fetus. A patient with twin intrauterine pregnancy was referred to our centre with suspected intrauterine fetal demise following a 16 week ultrasound. Serial colour-flow Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated retrograde arterial flow in an acardiac twin. Following diagnosis of TRAP syndrome, serial fetal echocardiography was employed to follow the normal twin for signs of heart failure, including right atrial dilation, tricuspid regurgitation and pericardial effusion. When early signs of fetal heart failure were suspected a viable female infant was delivered at 32 weeks' gestation. We suggest that serial fetal echocardiography represents a non-invasive approach that can be used to follow fetal cardiac function of the normal twin in TRAP syndrome.

Recent developments in source apportionment modeling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include receptor modeling (RM) applications to "total" (indoor and outdoor) exposure assessment for source of VOC. Source fingerprints are available for major VOC sources such as gasoline vapor, automobile exhaust, refinery emissions, cleaning solvent vapors, printing inks, and waste-water treatment facilities. The relative proportion of each VOC species in the source fingerprint enables the RM method, through a least squares analysis, to identify each source's presence and quantify its contribution to ambient air concentrations. Sampling periods and locations may be selected to represent microenvironmental exposures. Receptor modeling has direct applicability to determining the relative contribution of gasoline vapors to VOC exposures in the general population.

The wood ofBridelia retusa of the family Euphorbiaceae is nonstoried and diffuse porous. The axial parenchyma is vasicentric. Ray parenchyma is heterocellular and uniseriate or multiseriate. Fibres are enucleate and septate. The sapwood is light yellow and heartwood is greyish. The innermost sapwood is the transition zone. All the constituent cells of the heartwood are dead. Nucleus is present in both axial and ray parenchyma cells of the sapwood and transition zone. Tyloses are absent in the vessels of sapwood but are frequent in the transition zone and heartwood. Parenchyma cells and some vessels in the heartwood show accumulation of extractives. Starch and lipids are present in both axial and ray parenchyma cells of the sapwood. Peroxidase activity is detected in the xylem near the cambial zone. Acid phosphatase activity is prominent in the middle sapwood. Succinate dehydrogenase activity is maximum in the outermost sapwood.

Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) andavg (amino ethoxy vinyl glycine), was administrated in a young healthy tree trunk ofAcacia auriculiformis. Induction of heartwood occurred as a result of ethephon treatment and it increased with increase in its concentration.avg treatment showed production of coloured wood only and its formation was more inhibited at a concentration of 500 ppm which indicates thatavg inhibits the action of ethylene produced by even injury to the wood. The sapwood, sapwood-heartwood boundary and heartwood of a normal disc, coloured wood and induced heartwood were histochemically analysed.

Paraquat (1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4' bipyridilium salt) induced heartwood formation in Azadirachta indica. The wood at the site of treatment showed desiccation. The induced heartwood is observed even at the height of 3 to 3.5 metres from the site of the treatment. Histochemical studies showed disappearance of starch grains and accumulation of lipids, insoluble polysaccharides and phenolics in the treated wood. The axial and ray parenchyma cells at the sapwood-heartwood boundary in the treated wood showed enhanced acid phosphatase, ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase activities. Traumatic gum ducts were also observed in the treated wood.

Techniques that use qualitative reasoning for structural configuration synthesis and form design are critically examined. Both algorithmic and heuristic methods are considered. Because of the limitations of these methods a hybrid approach is presented. A shape algebra is developed for structural synthesis which leads to a systematic method for generating structural arrangements. This algebra raises the possibility of transforming structural synthesis into a science instead of the art that it currently is. The method is well-suited to automation exploiting a computer’s capability to manipulate symbols. The method searches for good candidate structures that can be used as the initial form for numerical programs for shape and size optimization.

Seed structure and seedling anatomy ofCajanus cajan are investigated. Seeds are non-endospermic. Initially ovules are anatropous but later they become campylotropous. The epidermis and the hypodermis of the seed coat consist of macrosclereids and osteosclereids respectively. Macrosclereids have fluted wall thickenings. The “tracheid island” has cells with lignified reticulate wall thickenings. Vascular interrelationship between the radicle, epicotyl and first pair of leaves have been described.

In Carissa congesta, a shrub of the Apocynaceae, thorns grow at alternate nodes A branch unit of sympodium originates at the intermediate node and grows for three plastochrons At the first plastochron a pair of opposite leaves and dormant axillary buds originate. At the second plastochron a pair of opposite decussate leaves and active axillary buds originate. One bud develops as a unit of sympodium, continuous with the parent axis; the other develops as a first unit of sympodium of the new lateral branch. At the third plastochron a pair of scale leaves with their axillary thorns develops. The axillary bud apex which develops into a thorn gradually ceases meristematic activity in the peripheral region and later in the central region Its further growth is intercalary. The internode between the second and third plastochrons does not elongate; therefore at every alternate node, pairs of foliage leaves, scale leaves, thorns, and units of sympodia are present in a mature axis The vasculature of the third node i...

Early ontogeny of leaf has been described for brinjal and chilli. Both the plants show middle, submarginal type of growth. However, in brinjal the derivatives of the marginal initial, sometimes, divide periclinally. Thus, two types of marginal growth—middle submarginal type, and mixed type of marginal and submarginal types—hitherto a new report, have been reported in brinjal. Venation of the blade of the leaf and vein endings in particular have been studied. Extension cells are found between one vein and the vein ending of the another vein.

The fine structure of ray parenchyma cells in the sapwood during its transformation to heartwood in Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) is described. They have thick walls with electron dense and opaque lamellations. Many branched and unbranched plasmodesmatal connections are present on their lateral and end walls. The cells in the outer sapwood show abundant starch which disappears completely in the inner sapwood ant at the sapwood-heartwood boundary. The morphological features of the starch grain during its depletion are described and their association with lipid formation is indicated. It is suggested that the phenolic materials in the heartwood cells are formed at the sapwood-heartwood boundary.

The stem of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (Simaroubaceae) may develop vascular occlusions and gum-resin cavities in the xylem as a response to injury and infection. Fungal hyphae are observed in the vessel lumen and in the adjacent parenchyma cells. The occlusions appeared in various forms and showed varying chemical composition. The chemical nature of the occluding material differed from that of the exudate formed in the cavities. The majority of occlusions contained lipids, protein, polysaccharides, phenolics, lignin and probably pectin, whereas, the exudate contained lipids, protein and four soluble sugars. All the components of the occlusion except lignin and pectin appear to have been formed in the parenchyma cells adjacent to the vessel and migrated to vessel lumen through the vessel wall pits. The different constituents migrate into the vessel lumen independently where they mix to form occlusions.

There is a marked change in the structure and dimensions of the shootab apex during a plastochron. The plastochronic changes are described in three phases: pre-leaf initiation, leaf initiation and post-leaf initiation. There is a cup-shaped cambium-like zone developed for a short duration during a plastochron. The origin of the axillary bud is from the peripheral meristem of the main shoot apex and its early development is due to the anticlinal divisions in tunica cells and multiplane divisions and growth in the corpus cells. There are two bud traces, in the form of residual meristem, for an early bud meristem. The procambialisation occurs acropetally.

The ontogenetic development of the axillary bud traces in two species of the family Verbenaceae, Clerodendrum inerme L. and C. splendens Gaertn. and one species of the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium cumini L., is described.Initially the two bud traces differentiate as branches of the leaf trace complex of the subtending leaf. Its further course in the bud may be due to direct differentiation of bud meristem cells as in Syzygium, or by the process of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of certain sectors of the ground meristem intervening between the bud and the leaf trace of the subtending leaf as in Clerodendrum. Consequent to their further differentiation in the bud, the development of the primary vascular meristem of the bud occurs, initially as two arcs, later as an incomplete ring, and finally as a complete ring. It consists of residual meristem and procambium strands. The procambium strands form an anastomosing pattern of primary vascular system of the bud. Their ultimate origin can be traced to the two bud traces.An incorrect histogenic picture of the developing primary vascular system of a growing bud is obtained if one considers the vascular configurations of an arc or a complete or incomplete ring as bud traces. This histogenic development is a result of morphogenic interaction between the apical meristem of the bud and acropetally developing procambium strands of the bud trace. The vascular structures described as arcs, horseshoe-shaped, or ring are the phasic histogenic expressions of the gradual differentiation of the primary vascular system of the bud.

Certain peculiarities in the lateral branching ofCalotropis gigantea andCalotropis procera are investigated.C. gigantea occasionally shows fusion of an inflorescence branch or branches with the internode of the main axis. The corresponding histological changes in the nodal anatomy are described. Altogether, there are four important variations from the normal branching habit and nodal anatomy inC. gigantea. In some cases the leaf trace, the vegetative branch trace and the inflorescence branch trace appear to have a common gap. In certain other cases, the leaf trace and vegetative bud trace appear to have a common gap, and the inflorescence bud trace has another gap. In another case the leaf and inflorescence bud traces show a common gap. The concept of the branch gap is discussed.

Axillary bud trace connections in five species,Petrea volubilis, Clerodendrum sp. of the Verbenaceae, andLeucas aspera, Anisomeles ovata andOcimum americanum of the Labiatae have been investigated. The study shows the possibility of three types of trace connections of axillary buds in plants with opposite-decussate phyllotaxy. They are represented byPetrea, Leucas andOcimum. In the first case the bud trace is related to the vascular strand entering the axillant leaf; in the second the bud trace, the axillant leaf trace and the vascular strand traversing the internode above, arise from a single common strand; and in the third the bud trace has no relation with the axillant leaf trace.

InC. halicacabum the main bud meristem which develops into an inflorescence is axillary and distinct at the second node below the shoot apex. In its further development two opposite bract primordia develop at its first node and they bear two axillary tendril primordia. The inflorescence axis at its terminal region develops into three floral branches with three subtending bracts. Two or three accessory buds are associated with the inflorescence at the axil.

The vessel member length-diameter and perforation plate-vessel member length relations inDioscorea alata L. have been investigated. The two types of vessel elements, one with scalariform perforation plate and the other with foraminate perforation plate, have been considered for correlation tests; the variables being vessel member length and diameter, and vessel member length and perforation plate length. Significant positive correlation was found only in the case of perforation plate length and vessel member length for types with scalariform perforation plates.