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BackgroundThe sternocleidomastoid can be used as a pedicled flap in head and neck reconstruction. It has previously been associated with high complication rates, likely due in part to the variable nature of its blood supply.ObjectiveTo provide clinicians with an up-to-date review of clinical outcomes of sternocleidomastoid flap surgery in head and neck reconstruction, integrated with a review of vascular anatomical studies of the sternocleidomastoid.MethodsA literature search of the Medline and Web of Science databases was conducted. Complications were analysed for each study. The trend in success rates was analysed by date of the study.ResultsReported complication rates have improved over time. The preservation of two vascular pedicles rather than one may have contributed to improved outcomes.ConclusionThe sternocleidomastoid flap is a versatile option for patients where prolonged free flap surgery is inappropriate. Modern vascular imaging techniques could optimise pre-operative planning.

THE QUESTION OF A NEW TESTAMENT ETHICS: A FEW POINTERS IN THE COURSE OF THE INVESTIGATION Part one of this article started with a very brief overview of nineteenth and twentieth century viewpoints, going into somewhat detail with regard to the latter. In part two some of the important questions brought forward in the research and partly reflected in part one, were elaborated upon with reference to specific literature. The issues were detailed under the headings of ‘unity and diversity in New Testament ethics’, and ‘relevance’. Under the first the viewpoint of situation ethics was discussed, with brief reference to ‘Mitte’ and ‘proprium’. Under the second the importance of eschatology was pointed out, but more space was devoted to social ethics, leading amongst others to liberation ethics; the questions of normativity and Christian freedom were touched upon; and finally the very important aspect of ecology was placed on the agenda, with reference to the excellent article by Grasser (1979), on creation ethics.

Recent changes in anatomy education have seen the introduction of flipped classrooms as a replacement to the traditional didactic lecture. This approach utilizes the increasing availability of digital technology to create learning resources that can be accessed prior to attending class, with face-to-face sessions then becoming more student-centered via discussion, collaborative learning, and problem-solving activities. Although this approach may appear intuitive, this viewpoint commentary presents a counter opinion and highlights a simple alternative that utilizes evidence-based active learning approaches as part of the traditional lecture. The active lecture takes the traditional lecture, and (1) ensures the lecture content is relevant and has clear objectives, (2) contains lecture material that is designed according to the latest evidence-base, (3) complements it with additional supplementary material, (4) creates space to check prior understanding and knowledge levels, and (5) utilizes suitable technology to facilitate continual engagement and interaction. Clin. Anat. 31:118-121, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Credal statements as Pauline epistoraly transitions In view of the fact that I have previously found five occurrances of credal statements in the Pauline literature, the function of which were to effect a transition from letter opening to letter body, the three cases of Romans 1: 16—17, Ephesians 1: 22—23, and Colossians 1: 13—20 were analysed with a view to their credal content and function towards the communication of these letters. The analyses were preceded by a discussion of recent research on credal material in the New Testament.

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis regulates the steady-state abundance of proteins and controls cellular homoeostasis by abrupt elimination of key effector proteins. A multienzyme system targets proteins for destruction through the covalent attachment of a multiubiquitin chain. The specificity and timing of protein ubiquitination is controlled by ubiquitin ligases, such as the Skp1-Cullin-F box protein complex. Cullins are major components of SCF complexes, and have been implicated in degradation of key regulatory molecules including Cyclin E, beta-catenin and Cubitus interruptus. Here, we describe the genetic identification and molecular characterisation of the Drosophila Cullin-3 homologue. Perturbation of Cullin-3 function has pleiotropic effects during development, including defects in external sensory organ development, pattern formation and cell growth and survival. Loss or overexpression of Cullin-3 causes an increase or decrease, respectively, in external sensory organ formation, implicating Cullin-3 function in regulating the commitment of cells to the neural fate. We also find that Cullin-3 function modulates Hedgehog signalling by regulating the stability of full-length Cubitus interruptus (Ci155). Loss of Cullin-3 function in eye discs but not other imaginal discs promotes cell-autonomous accumulation of Ci155. Conversely, overexpression of Cullin-3 results in a cell-autonomous stabilisation of Ci155 in wing, haltere and leg, but not eye, imaginal discs suggesting tissue-specific regulation of Cullin-3 function. The diverse nature of Cullin-3 phenotypes highlights the importance of targeted proteolysis during Drosophila development.

Rome, Season Two: Trial and Triumph comes from the Screening Antiquity series, which examines film and television representations of classical history. This installment in the series focuses on the...

One of the best understood signal transduction pathways activated by receptors containing seven transmembrane domains involves activation of heterotrimeric G-protein complexes containing Gsα, the subsequent stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, production of cAMP, activation of protein kinase A (PKA), and the phosphorylation of substrates that control a wide variety of cellular responses. Here, we report the identification of “loss-of-function” mutations in the Drosophila Gsα gene (dgs). Seven mutants have been identified that are either complemented by transgenes representing the wild-type dgs gene or contain nucleotide sequence changes resulting in the production of altered Gsα protein. Examination of mutant alleles representing loss-of-Gsα function indicates that the phenotypes generated do not mimic those created by mutational elimination of PKA. These results are consistent with the conclusion reached in previous studies that activation of PKA, at least in these developmental contexts, does not depend on receptor-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP, in contrast to the predictions of models developed primarily on the basis of studies in cultured cells.

Half of all preterm births occur in women without clinical risk factors. Our goal was to assess fetal fibronectin assay, Bishop score, and cervical ultrasonography as screening tests to predict which low-risk pregnancies will end in preterm birth.We performed a secondary analysis of data collected at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation from low-risk subjects enrolled in the Preterm Prediction Study, an observational study of risk factors for preterm birth conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Analysis was limited to primigravid women and to women who did not have a history of preterm birth or spontaneous pregnancy loss at20 weeks' gestation. Bishop score (or =4), fetal fibronectin level (or =50 ng/mL), and cervical length (or =25 mm) at 24 weeks' gestation were evaluated alone and in sequence as tests to predict spontaneous delivery before 35 weeks' gestation.Of the 2929 subjects enrolled in the original study, 2197 (1207 primigravid women and 900 low-risk multiparous women) met criteria for this analysis. There were 64 spontaneous births before 35 weeks' gestation (3.04%). All three tests were significantly related to birth before 35 weeks' gestation (high Bishop score: relative risk, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-6.3; fetal fibronectin detection: relative risk, 8.2; 95% confidence interval, 4.8-13.9; short cervical length: relative risk, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 4.3-11.1). However, the sensitivities of the tests alone were low (23.4% for high Bishop score, 23.4% for fetal fibronectin detection, and 39.1% for short cervix), as were the sensitivities for Bishop score followed by cervical ultrasonography (14.1%) and fetal fibronectin assay followed by cervical scan (15.6%).In the setting of low-risk pregnancy, fetal fibronectin assay and cervical ultrasonography have low sensitivity for preterm birth before 35 weeks' gestation. Sequential screening with Bishop score or fetal fibronectin assay followed by cervical ultrasonography further decreased sensitivity to only 15% among low-risk women.

Neuroanatomy teaching at the University of Leeds includes the examination of isolated brains by students working in small groups. This requires the prosected brains to exhibit all 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Traditional methods of removing the brain from the skull involve elevating the frontal lobes and cutting each cranial nerve as the brain is reflected posteriorly. This can leave a substantial length of each nerve attached to the skull base rather than to the removed brain. We have found a posterior approach more successful. In this study, five adult heads were disarticulated at the level of the thyroid cartilage and placed, prone, in a head stand. A wedge of bone from the occipital region was removed before the cerebellum and brainstem were elevated to visualize the cranial nerves associated with the medulla oblongata, cerebellopontine angle and mesencephalic-pontine junction prior to cutting them as close to the skull as possible. Five brains were successfully removed from the skull, each having a full complement of cranial nerves of good length attached to them. This approach significantly increases the length and number of cranial nerves remaining attached to the brain, which supports student education. For integration into head and neck dissection courses, careful consideration will be required to ensure the necks are suitably dissected and to decide whether the cranial nerves are best left attached to the skull base or brain.

One of the best-described transmembrane signal transduction mechanisms is based on receptor activation of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein G s , leading to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and the production of cAMP. Intracellular cAMP is then thought to mediate its effects largely, if not entirely, by activation of protein kinase A and the subsequent phosphorylation of substrates which in turn control diverse cellular phenomena. In this report we demonstrate, by two different methods, that reduction or elimination of protein kinase A activity had no effect on phenotypes generated by activation of G s α pathways in Drosophila wing epithelial cells. These genetic studies show that the G s α pathway mediates its primary effects by a novel pathway in differentiating wing epithelial cells. This novel pathway may in part be responsible for some of the complex, cell-specific responses observed following activation of this pathway in different cell types.

In Drosophila, P-GAL4 enhancer trap lines can target expression of a cloned gene, under control of a UASGAL element, to any cells of interest. However, additional expression of GAL4 in other cells can produce unwanted lethality or side-effects, particularly when it drives expression of a toxic gene product. To target the toxic gene product ricin A chain specifically to adult neurons, we have superimposed a second layer of regulation on the GAL4 control. We have constructed flies in which an effector gene is separated from UASGAL by a polyadenylation site flanked by two FRT sites in the same orientation. A recombination event between the two FRT sites, catalysed by yeast FLP recombinase, brings the effector gene under control of UASGAL. Consequently, expression of the effector gene is turned on in that cell and its descendants, if they also express GAL4. Recombinase is supplied by heat shock induction of a FLP transgene, allowing both timing and frequency of recombination events to be regulated. Using a lacZ effector (reporter) to test the system, we have generated labelled clones in the embryonic mesoderm and shown that most recombination events occur soon after FLP recombinase is supplied. By substituting the ricin A chain gene for lacZ, we have performed mosaic cell ablations in one GAL4 line that marks the adult giant descending neurons, and in a second which marks mushroom body neurons. In a number of cases we observed loss of one or both the adult giant descending neurons, or of subsets of mushroom body neurons. In association with the mushroom body ablations, we also observed misrouting of surviving axons.

Theology and ethics in the letter to Philemon: An attempt at giving an accountThe criticism levelled by Smit against the attempts of New Testament scholars to treat the ethics of the books of the New Testament are dealt with under the headings of "ethos and ethics"; "Biblical ethics"; "the tasks of New Testament ethics"; and "the teaching of the Bible". In order to give an account of the work done by New Testament scholars the ethics of Paul in the letter to Philemon is discussed After a brief summary of the argument of Philemon, the request of this letter is analysed from the viewpoint of ethical argumentation, concluding with remarks on theology and ethics in Philemon.

Disruptions in mushroom body (MB) or central complex (CC) brain structures impair Drosophila associative olfactory learning. Perturbations in adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate signaling also disrupt learning. To integrate these observations, expression of a constitutively activated stimulatory heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein α subunit (Gα s *) was targeted to these brain structures. The ability to associate odors with electroshock was abolished when Gα s * was targeted to MB, but not CC, structures, whereas sensorimotor responses to these stimuli remained normal. Expression of Gα s * did not affect gross MB morphology, and wild-type Gα s expression did not affect learning. Thus, olfactory learning depends on regulated G s signaling in Drosophila MBs.

Purpose Thoracic Outlet Syndrome has been described for nearly 200 years. Its development is interesting and will be presented. A limited series from our institution is presented with emphasis on vascular complications of this problem. Methodology A Pub. Med engine search over the last 30 years using the titles thoracic outlet syndrome and first rib resection was done.106 articles were studied. Our 6 cases of vascular ramifications of thoracic outlet syndrome are presented. Results Only 1 randomised trial comparing diffferent approaches has been reported so management has been controversial. Incidence of subclavian and axillary vein thrombosis has increased. We have found the axillary approach for this condition of Paget Schroetter syndrome difficult and access made easier by using an infraclavicular or combined with a supra clavicular approach. Conclusions As this condition is uncommon most centres will have only limited experience. A combined endovascular and surgical decompression yields best results.

Genetic studies with strain hisBH22 of Salmonella typhimurium indicate it contains a deletion within the histidine operon involving part of the hisH gene and all of the hisB gene, but not extending into the adjacent hisC gene which is adjacent to hisB. However, the specific activity of the hisC product, imidazolylacetolphosphate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.9), in this strain is only 10 to 15% of that found in extracts from other mutants with a normal hisC gene. We have examined the rate of aminotransferase synthesis in this mutant and we find that the rate of synthesis of aminotransferase activity is low in mutant hisBH22, but the rate increases as the temperature of growth is lowered from 37 to 23 C. The low rate of enzyme accumulation is not due to holoenzyme instability at 37 C but instead is due to apoenzyme instability at this temperature. By transducing the hisBH22 marker into a pyridoxine auxotroph and derepressing the histidine operon under conditions where the intracellular concentration of pyridoxal phosphate would be expected to be low, we were able to demonstrate significant apoenzyme production only at the lower temperature. We suggest that the explanation for low aminotransferase specific activity at 37 C is due to the presence of reduced numbers of catalytically active units caused by normal production of an unstable mutant apoenzyme with only approximately 15% of the molecules being activated to holoenzyme. The holoenzyme from strain hisBH22 is stable during growth of this strain at 37 C.

Fibroblasts are thought to require an intact system of cytoplasmic microtubules in order both to adopt and to maintain a polarized morphology in culture, but whether the same is true for epithelial cells is not clear. We therefore compared the effects of the microtubule-disrupting drugs, colcemid and nocodazole, on the morphology of isolated embryonic chick heart fibroblasts (HF), corneal epithelial (CE) and epidermal epithelial (EE) cells. Immunofluorescence observations showed that all three cell types contained abundant microtubules when cultured in control medium and that these were absent from cells cultured in medium containing either colcemid or nocodazole. Qualitative observations suggested that these drugs inhibited the polarization of spreading HF but had no effect on the morphology of either of the epithelial cell types. We confirmed this observation quantitatively using two measures of cell shape, elongation and dispersion, both of which increase with increasing polarization. Our measurements show that microtubule-disrupting drugs significantly reduce both the elongation and dispersion of spreading HF but do not have a significant effect on either of these measures for the epithelial cell types. We quantified in a similar way the effects of microtubule-disrupting drugs on the morphology of all three cell types that had previously spread in control medium. We found that transferring spread HF to colcemid-containing medium significantly reduced both the elongation and dispersion of these cells but that the same treatment had no effect on these measures for either of the epithelial cell types. Our observations suggest that, unlike the fibroblasts, the epithelial cell types we have studied do not require microtubules either to adopt or to maintain a polarized morphology.

A uniquely identified example of the decay of7BeA is presented. The mere fact that this species can exist has important consequences relating to the multiplet structure of the mass number 7 hypernuclei. The average binding obtained from the present event together with that of ref. (4) isB Λ=(4.9±0.5)MeV.

The distributions in energy and angle of the neutrons emitted from the interaction of l4.l-Mev neutrons with zirconium have been obtained by using nuclear emulsion plates as detectors. The energy distribution of the low-energy nonelastic neutrons is Maxwellian. The angular distribution of the lowenergy nonelastic neutrons (0.5 to 4.0 Mev) is found to be isotropic; whereas, that of the high-energy nonelastic neutrons (4.0 to 12.0 Mev) is peaked in the forward direction. The significance of these results in terms of the statistical model of the nucleus is discussed. (auth)

The analysis of pi --mesonic decays is used to determine the binding energies of the LAMBDA hyperons in /sup LAMBDA /H/sup 3/, /sub LAMBDA /H/sup 4/ , /sub LAMBDA /He/sup 4/, /sub LAMBDA /He/sup 5/, /sub LAMBDA /He/sup 7/, / sub LAMBDA /Li/sup 7/, /sub lambda /Li/sup 8/, /sub LAMBDA /Li/sup 9/, /sub LAMBDA /Be/sup 8/, /sub LAMBDA /Be/sup 9/, B/sup 11/ , /sub LAMBDA /B/sup 12/, and /sub LAMBDA /C/sup 13/. (T.F.H.)

Recent studies1,2 of the Raman spectra of liquid ammonia have been in disagreement with regard to the assignment of bands in the 3000 cm−1 region. This region is complicated by Fermi resonance between the ν1 (A1) fundamental stretching mode and the 2ν4 (A1) overtone of the bending mode. In an effort to help clarify these assignments and to study further the structure of liquid ammonia, it was decided to measure the Raman spectrum of several salt solutions in liquid ammonia.

In my paper Concerning non-dense plane continuat I showed that if in the plane S the set M is the sum of a countable number of closed sets containing no domain then there exists a topological transformation 11 of the plane S into itself such that if L is any straight line whatsoever the point set L -H(M) is totally disconnected. The principal object of the present paper is to prove this result with "plane S" replaced by "euclidean space of n dimensions." In the proof here given use is made of a general theorem concerning transformations in a locally compact, complete metric space.

The results of an experimental investigation of the average liquid film thickness are presented for vertical upward annular-mist two-phase flow, with and without heat transfer. The effects on the film thickness for variations in vapor flow rate, liquid flow rate, vapor density, and heat transfer are described. A correlation equation is presented for the local time-averaged thickness and for the droplet size distribution. In addition, an equation is given for the liquid film flow rate as a function of the average film thickness.