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The hemorrhoidal thrombosis is an acute complication with no gravity but an emergency because of the severe pain. Oral or local medical treatments are rarely effective; they poorly relieve the pain. The realization of an incision with removal of the blood clot or of an excision is an easy procedure to perform in the consultation room. She brings an almost immediate pain relief. It only takes a few minutes and requires minimal equipment.

Le staging preoperatoire des adenocarcinomes rectaux par endoscopie, radiologie ou CT scan est generalement tres decevant a la fois dans la determination du degre d’infiltration parietale et dans la detection des adenopaties. De meme, le diagnostic de recidive locale par les memes methodes est bien souvent tardif et les chances de reintervention a visee curative sont tres minces.

The presence of foreign bodies inserted into the rectum is not an uncommon situation. Precise guidelines for the management and extraction of these foreign bodies are not frequently described in the literature. Anal access, whether endoscopic or surgical, varies depending on the type of foreign bodies, their size and morphology, and their location in the lower digestive tract In this report, we describe a case of three rectal foreign bodies that necessitated a mixed endoscopic and surgical approach, and provide a review of the literature.

We performed a literature search as well as a review of our own results to evaluate HP serology as a screening method in young dyspeptic patients, prior to endoscopy. This strategy has been proposed by various teams in order to decrease the endoscopy workload. We analysed the results that could be obtained when not performing endoscopy in seronegative patients, in terms of avoided endoscopies and missed lesions. We found that too many lesions would remain undiagnosed, and thus untreated, regarding our reimbursement system, if the strategy was used without a strict selection of patients. The screening might be advisable among highly selected patients, but the percentage of avoided endoscopies would then decrease regarding the total number of endoscopies performed. Our conclusion is that HP serology as a screening method in young dyspeptic patients cannot be advised in Belgium for the time being.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might soon become the most prescribed drugs in reflux esophagitis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). In many comparative clinical trials, they were shown to heal ulcerous lesions more rapidly than H2-receptor antagonists. They are so far the most potent non-surgical means to suppress gastric acidity, long recognized as a key factor in PUD. Their possible role in the treatment of the other key factor in PUD, Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, is a very attractive field in clinical research. So far, few papers have been published about this topic, and this review deals mainly with personal experience, letters to editors and abstracts (out of 32 references, only 5 are full papers). We summarize our current knowledge about the potential role of PPIs in the treatment of HP infection. So far, this crucial (and sometimes very emotional) question has no definite answer. There is a mixing of facts, hopes, and wishes, and while reading this chapter one must remember that what is true today will often be wrong tomorrow.

The incidence of gastric cancer is rapidly declining in the Western world, but it remains high in the Third World and in Japan. Systematic screening for gastric cancer has been undertaken in Japan, where barium X-ray is used in people over the age of 40. Evaluation data suggest a benefit in reduced mortality, but biases cannot be ruled out. A similar screening programme has been started in Venezuela. Currently, stomach cancer screening programmes cannot be recommended as public health policy, except in high-risk areas where they have already started. The Correa model of gastric carcinogenesis states that environmental influences cause a normal gastric mucosa to undergo successive stepwise changes, through superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma and, finally, invasion. Incriminated environmental influences include irritant, antibodies, gastrectomy, nutritional deficits, intake of nitrogen compounds and Helicobacter pylori. These bacteria cause a chronic superficial gastritis, which may develop into atrophic gastritis. H. pylori is less frequently found in advancing preneoplastic lesions, and seldomly in gastric carcinoma tissue (it may, however, be identified more readily in the surrounding non-cancerous tissue). Several lines of evidence suggest that H. pylori may play an important role in human gastric carcinogenesis. We found that in some patients with H. pylori infection and without preneoplastic lesions, the gastric cell turnover was increased; this was correlated with the intensity of the inflammatory changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Both juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula and colon diverticula are acquired lesions, the pathogenesis of which is believed to involve the influence of high intraluminal pressure on loci minoris resistentiae in the gastrointestinal wall. We wanted to investigate whether juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula and colon diverticula occur independently, or whether they are part of a hypothetical general "gastrointestinal diverticular disease". 239 patients with juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula were identified in 2231 patients undergoing ERCP. Complete radiology data were available in 119/239 patients. Double contrast barium enema had been performed in 28/119 patients. In these patients, colon diverticula were present in 9/20 women and 1/8 men. The frequency of colon diverticula in these patients was compared with randomly chosen age- and sex-matched controls, for whom barium enema results were available. In these controls, 9/20 women and 1/8 men also had colon diverticula (n.s.). We conclude that after stratification for age and sex, the occurrence of colon diverticula is not higher in patients with juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula than in the general population. Juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula and colon diverticula thus occur independently. These data are not in favor of the existence of a general gastrointestinal diverticular disease.

In a comparative, histologically controlled study, no significant difference was found in the accuracy of conventional fiberendoscopy and videoendoscopy in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal tract lesions. Both techniques permitted accurate description of focal and/or ulcerative lesions, but videoendoscopy did not provide better sensitivity than fiberendoscopy in the diagnosis of superficial, non-ulcerative, inflammatory changes. The same results were obtained on checking the reproducibility of the macroscopic diagnosis by a delayed review of recorded videotapes.

In a retrospective study of 702 consecutive colonoscopies, the authors observed 185 cases of diverticulosis or moderate diverticulitis. They studied the colonic diseases associated with the presence of diverticula (78 cases) and discussed the role of endoscope in the approach of colonic diverticulosis.

Some years ago, the treatment of infection by Helicobacter pylori (HP) used to be an ethically embarrassing problem because no one could be sure whether the organism was a commensal or a true pathogen for gastroduodenal mucosa.

Este es un estudio prospectivo iniciado en 1981 con el fin de evaluar la eficacia de la electrocoagulacion multipolar endoscopica en una poblacion seleccionada afecta de hemorragias graves del tracto digestivo superior. Se incluyeron en este estudio 137 pacientes (13,9% de las 985 hemorragias agudas altas investigadas por nuestro grupo) de acuerdo con criterios estrictos de inclusion (visualizacion de un jet arterial en la endoscopio de urgencia, y/o recidiva hemorragica durante la hospitalizacion, y/o hematocrito al ingreso inferior al 25%, y/o PTT inferior a 50% y/o shock de grado 3–4). En esta poblacion encontramos los factores de riesgo clasicos: insuficiencia renal y trastornos de la coagulacion en 15% de los casos, insuficiencia respiratoria en 24% y aparicion de la hemorragia en el curso de la estancia hospitalaria en 28%. El tratamiento con el unico empleo de BICAP permitio una hemostasia definitiva en 94% de los 32 casos debidos a ulcera aguda, y 77% de los 82 pacientes con ulceras cronicas. Las tasas de exito son significativamente inferiores en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria o en los portadores de ulcus bulbar cronico (sobretodo los localizados en la cara posterior), pero no depende ni del estado hemodinamico ni de la presencia de jet arterial o de vaso visible. No se observaron complicaciones debidas a la tecnica y dada la manejabilidad de la misma, de su costo poco elevado y de su eficacia, la recomendamos en el tratamiento de urgencia de las hemorragias del tracto digestivo superior de origen ulceroso.

We retrospectively investigated digestive bleeding of obscure origin, selecting patients where at the first gastroscopy and sigmoidoscopy the definitive diagnosis was not made. We identified three clinical situations: [1] cataclysmatic upper digestive bleeding with major hemodynamic consequences; [2] upper digestive bleeding with presence of blood in the stomach without any identified focal lesion. Submucosal non erosive hemorrhagic gastritis, secondary to venous malformations or ischaemic lesions, is the most significant etiological finding. [3] recurrent digestive bleeding without blood in the stomach may be of gastric, intestinal, or colonic origin. The diagnosis of gastric lesions necessitates repeated emergency gastroscopy with stimulation of the gastric mucosa. Laparotomy identifies half of the small intestinal lesions. Pancolonoscopy identifies angiodysplastic colonic lesions.

The accuracy of various staining techniques for immersion microscopy, of five media for culture and five urease test modalities for the detection of Campylobacter pylori infection is reported. It was found that 2% urea unbuffered gel preparation is the most accurate urease test (sensitivity: 89%, specificity: 98%) but a minimal amount of 10,000 CFU/ml is necessary to observe positivity and the sensitivity of urease tests drops to 52% in patients under antimicrobial treatment. For histological diagnosis, modified Giemsa staining was shown to be slightly superior to H&E. The most valuable diagnosis technique is culture when the biopsy specimen is transported and processed under appropriate conditions. A 94% sensitivity rate was observed with 'BCC agar', a new medium containing brain heart infusion, activated charcoal and horse serum.

The efficacy of various antimicrobial and anti-ulcer agents on the eradication of Campylobacter pylori in patients with antral gastritis or duodenal ulcers was investigated by several open studies or double-blind, placebo-controlled protocols. Among the anti-ulcer agents, ranitidine, cimetidine or sucraflate had no effect on C. pylori. Colloidal bismuth subcitrate achieved clearance of C. pylori in 40% of treated patients at the end of therapy but a high relapse rate (14/16 patients) was observed after a 6-month follow-up period. The antibacterial agents doxycycline, minocycline, ofloxacin, clindamycin, paromomycin and nifuroxazide failed to eradicate C. pylori in most patients. By contrast, short term elimination of C. pylori could be achieved in more than 90% of patients treated with amoxycillin. However, relapse occurred as a rule in all amoxycillin-treated patients within one month after therapy. Overall, we observed no correlation between the in-vitro activity of the different antibacterial agents and their in vivo efficacy. Development of resistance during therapy does not seem to account for this discrepancy since it occurred only with ofloxacin. On the basis of these results, we conclude that long term eradication of C. pylori from the gastric antrum cannot be achieved after monotherapy either with antibiotics or with bismuth salts.

Of 1,100 patients checked by at least two diagnostic tests (urease, histology, culture) 574 (52.1 p. 100) were found to have Campylobacter pylori (C. pylori) in their antral mucosa. Significantly different frequencies of C. pylori (p less than 0.005) were evidenced in the group of patients with active gastroduodenal ulcer (212/298, 71 p. 100), in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) with a previous history of GD ulcer (108/177, 61 p. 100) and NUD without antecedent history of GD ulcer (254/625, 41 p. 100). Whatever the group, males and immigrants were significantly at risk. Chronic alcoholism (greater than 60 g/day) and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake were not predictive for the presence of C. pylori but smokers were significantly at risk when the total (n = 1,100) population was taken into consideration. C. pylori was found in 29 p. 100 of asymptomatic controls (n = 31). There was no significant difference in the frequency and intensity of symptoms when comparing C. pylori+ and C. pylori- patients. The macroscopic aspect of the antral mucosa was not predictive since 51 p. 100 of patients with normal endoscopy were C. pylori+. A strong correlation was observed between the incidence of C. pylori and the severity of gastritis at histology (p less than 0.001) and C. pylori was found in 7 p. 100 of patients with normal histology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)