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El teatro de títeres de la Tía Norica, en Cádiz (España), forma parte del patrimonio cultural de su ciudad desde hace dos siglos. Este teatro se caracteriza por su repertorio particular y por la técnica de sus espectáculos (títeres de peana y títeres de vara a la cabeza e hilos), herederos de la máquina real. Diversas compañías han mantenido esta tradición a lo largo del tiempo, a veces simultáneamente, generando un patrimonio material que hoy se conserva parcialmente en el Museo de Cádiz. También sigue siendo un patrimonio vivo, ya que desde 1984 existe una compañía que, con copias de los títeres del Museo, ha seguido representando el repertorio tradicional hasta nuestros días. La conservación de este patrimonio, material e inmaterial, debe de ser una prioridad cultural ante una sociedad cada vez más globalizada y uniformadora.

The purpose of this study is to provide a force-velocity (F-V) equation that combines a linear and a hyperbolic region, and to compare its derived results to those obtained from linear equations. A total of 10 cross-training athletes and 14 recreationally resistance-trained young men were assessed in the unilateral leg press (LP) and bilateral bench press (BP) exercises, respectively. F-V data were recorded using a force plate and a linear encoder. Estimated maximum isometric force (F

BACKGROUND: In June 2019, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reported a cluster of cases of hemorrhagic fever that started in the municipality of Caranavi and expanded to La Paz. The cause of these cases was unknown. METHODS: We obtained samples for next-generation sequencing and virus isolation. Human and rodent specimens were tested by means of virus-specific real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction assays, next-generation sequencing, and virus isolation. RESULTS: Nine cases of hemorrhagic fever were identified; four of the patients with this illness died. The etiologic agent was identified as Mammarenavirus Chapare mammarenavirus, or Chapare virus (CHAPV), which causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF). Probable nosocomial transmission among health care workers was identified. Some patients with CHHF had neurologic manifestations, and those who survived had a prolonged recovery period. CHAPV RNA was detected in a variety of human body fluids (including blood; urine; nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid; conjunctiva; and semen) and in specimens obtained from captured small-eared pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys microtis). In survivors of CHHF, viral RNA was detected up to 170 days after symptom onset; CHAPV was isolated from a semen sample obtained 86 days after symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS: M. Chapare mammarenavirus was identified as the etiologic agent of CHHF. Both spillover from a zoonotic reservoir and possible person-to-person transmission were identified. This virus was detected in a rodent species, O. microtis. (Funded by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and others.)

The high internal resistance (Rint) that develops across the sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFC) limits their power production (~4/10 mW m−2) that can be recovered from an initial oil-contaminated sediment (OCS). In the anolyte, Rint is related to poor biodegradation activity, quality and quantity of contaminant content in the sediment and anode material. While on the catholyte, Rint depends on the properties of the catholyte, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the cathode material. In this work, the main factors limiting the power output of the SMFC have been minimized. The power output of the SMFC was increased (47 times from its initial value, ~4 mW m−2) minimizing the SMFC Rint (28 times from its initial value, 5000 ohms), following the main modifications. Anolyte: the initial OCS was amended with several amounts of gasoline and kerosene. The best anaerobic microbial activity of indigenous populations was better adapted (without more culture media) to 3 g of kerosene. Catholyte: ORR was catalyzed in birnessite/carbon fabric (CF)-cathode at pH 2, 0.8M Na2SO4. At the class level, the main microbial groups (Gammaproteobacteria, Coriobacteriia, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria) with electroactive members were found at C-anode and were associated with the high-power densities obtained. Gasoline is more difficult to biodegrade than kerosene. However, in both cases, SMFC biodegradation activity and power output are increased when ORR is performed on birnessite/CF in 0.8 M Na2SO4 at pH 2. The work discussed here can focus on bioremediation (in heavy OCS) or energy production in future work.

Muscle mass and strength are subjected to several regulations. We found endocrine signals such as growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, testosterone, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids among them. Neural inputs also influence muscle development, modulating mass and strength. Among the external stimuli that modulate these muscular features is physical training such as resistance and endurance training. Specifically, resistance training can mediate an increase in muscle mass by hypertrophy in adults, but the effects in children and adolescents are full of myths for most of the population. However, the evidence shows that the impact of resistance training on children and adolescents is clear and provides a wide range of benefits. However, qualified professionals must be available since exercise prescription and subsequent supervision must follow this population's abilities, needs, and interests.

Piqueras-Sanchiz, F, Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sanchez-Valdepenas, J, Bachero-Mena, B, Sanchez-Moreno, M, Martin-Rodriguez, S, Garcia-Garcia, O, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Acute Mechanical, Neuromuscular, and Metabolic Responses to Different Set Configurations in Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of set configuration on mechanical performance, neuromuscular activity, metabolic response, and muscle contractile properties. Sixteen strength-trained men performed 2 training sessions in the squat exercise consisting of (a) 3 sets of 8 repetitions with 5 minutes rest between sets (3 × 8) and (b) 6 sets of 4 repetitions with 2 minutes rest between sets (6 × 4). Training intensity (75% one repetition maximum), total volume (24 repetitions), total rest (10 minutes), and training density were equalized between protocols. A battery of tests was performed before and after each protocol: (a) tensiomyography (TMG), (b) blood lactate and ammonia concentration, (c) countermovement jump, and (d) maximal voluntary isometric contraction in the squat exercise. Force, velocity, and power output values, along with electromyography data, were recorded for every repetition throughout each protocol. The 6 × 4 protocol resulted in greater mechanical performance (i.e., force, velocity, and power) and lower neuromuscular markers of fatigue (i.e., lower root mean square and higher median frequency) during the exercise compared with 3 × 8, particularly for the last repetitions of each set. The 3 × 8 protocol induced greater lactate and ammonia concentrations, greater reductions in jump height, and greater impairments in TMG-derived velocity of deformation after exercise than 6 × 4. Therefore, implementing lower-repetition sets with shorter and more frequent interset rest intervals attenuates impairments in mechanical performance, especially in the final repetitions of each set. These effects may be mediated by lower neuromuscular alterations, reduced metabolic stress, and better maintained muscle contractile properties.

Mode of development (MOD) is a key feature that influences the rate and direction of evolution of marine invertebrates. Although many groups include species with different MODs, the evolutionary loss of feeding larvae is thought to be irreversible, as the complex structures used for larval feeding and swimming are lost, reduced, or modified in many species lacking feeding larvae. This view is largely based on observations of echinoderms. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that feeding larvae have been re-gained in at least one species of calyptraeid gastropod. Further, its sister species has retained the velum, the structure used for larval feeding and swimming. Here, we document velar morphology and function in calyptraeids with 4 different MODs. Embryos of Crepidula navicella, Crepidula atrasolea, Bostrycapulus aculeatus, Bostrycapulus odites, Bostrycapulus urraca, Crepipatella dilatata, Crepipatella occulta, Crucibulum quiriquinae and Crepidula coquimbensis all hatch as crawling juveniles, yet only Crepidula coquimbensis does not make a well-formed velum during intracapsular development. The velar dimensions of 6 species with non-planktotrophic development were similar to those of planktotrophic species, while the body sizes were significantly larger. All of the species studied were able to capture and ingest particles from suspension, but several non-planktotrophic species may ingest captured particles only occasionally. Video footage suggests that some species with adelphophagic direct development capture but frequently fail to ingest particles compared to species with the other MODs. Together these lines of evidence show that, among calyptraeids at least, species that lack planktotrophic larvae often retain the structures and functions necessary to successfully capture and ingest particles, reducing the barriers to the re-evolution of planktotrophy

Se presenta este Artículo de Revisión con base en la evidencia científica actual sobre medicina espacial enfocada en fisiología humana y sus contramedidas. Por lo cual se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática de artículos científicos y libros de investigación en inglés-español de los últimos 7 años, que detallan su aplicación en seres humanos, modelos murinos y experimentos in vitro. Se tomaron en cuenta las condiciones del ambiente espacial como microgravedad y radiación que producen considerables cambios fisiológicos en el sistema cardiovascular (redistribución de líquidos, remodelación cardiovascular, arritmias); nervioso (sensitivomotores, neurosensoriales, neurovestibulares); respiratorio (cambios de volúmenes y capacidades); renal (litiasis); musculo-esquelético (atrofia muscular, osteoporosis); hematológico (anemia); inmunológico (desregulación inmune) y digestivo (alteración de la microbiota intestinal). Además, existen procesos biológicos, moleculares y genéticos aún por explorar, para conocer y mitigar los mecanismos inciertos desencadenados en ambientes extremos y peligrosos. Por lo tanto, es una prioridad desarrollar e implementar contramedidas para reducir los efectos nocivos en la salud, con el objetivo de garantizar la adaptación, seguridad y performance del astronauta durante futuros viajes espaciales. This Review Article is presented based on current scientific evidence on space medicine focused on human physiology and its countermeasures. Therefore, a non-systematic bibliographic search of scientific articles and research books in English-Spanish of the last 7 years was carried out, detailing their application in humans, murine models and in vitro experiments. The conditions of the space environment such as microgravity and radiation that produce considerable physiological changes in the cardiovascular system (redistribution of fluids, cardiovascular remodeling, arrhythmias) were taken into account; nervous (sensorimotor, neurosensory, neurovestibular); respiratory (volume and capacity changes); renal (lithiasis); musculoskeletal (muscular atrophy, osteoporosis); hematological (anemia); immunological (immune dysregulation) and digestive (intestinal microbiota disorder). In addition, there are biological, molecular and genetic processes still to be explored, in order to know and mitigate the uncertain mechanisms triggered in extreme and dangerous environments. Therefore, it is a priority to develop and implement countermeasures to reduce the harmful effects on health, with the aim of guaranteeing the astronaut's adaptation, safety and performance during future space flights.

We present extensive time-dependent density functional theory calculations dedicated to analyzing the optical properties of model low-hydroxylated C60(OH)12 fullerenols. In all our considered isome...

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of four resistance training (RT) programs with different velocity loss (VL) thresholds: 0% (VL0), 10% (VL10), 20% (VL20) and 40% (VL40) on sprint and jump performance, muscle strength, neuromuscular, muscle hypertrophy and architectural adaptations. Methods: Sixty-four young resistance-trained men were randomly assigned into four groups (VL0, VL10, VL20, and VL40) that differed in the VL allowed in each set. Subjects followed an RT program for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week) using the full-squat (SQ) exercise, with similar relative intensity (70-85% 1RM), number of sets (3) and inter-set recovery period (4-min). Before and after the RT program the following tests were performed: 1) muscle hypertrophy and architecture of the vastus lateralis (VLA); 2) tensiomyography; 3) 20-m running sprint; 4) vertical jump; 5) maximal voluntary isometric contraction in SQ; 6) progressive loading test in SQ; and 7) fatigue test. Results: No between-group differences existed for RT-induced gains in sprint, jump and strength performance despite the differences in the total volume performed by each group. VL20 and VL40 showed significant increases (P < 0.001) in muscle hypertrophy (group × time interaction, P = 0.06). However, only VL40 exhibited a significant slowing (P < 0.001) of the delay time in the VLA muscle (group × time interaction: P = 0.05). Moreover, VL40 showed a significant decrease in the early rate of force development (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Higher VL thresholds (i.e. VL20 and VL40) maximized hypertrophic adaptations, although an excessive VL during the set (i.e. VL40) may also induce negative neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, moderate VL thresholds should be chosen to maximize strength adaptations and to prevent negative neuromuscular adaptations.

Sanchez-Moreno, M, Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Gonzalez-Badillo, JJ, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Effects of velocity loss during body mass prone-grip pull-up training on strength and endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 911-917, 2020-This study aimed to analyze the effects of 2 pull-up (PU) training programs that differed in the magnitude of repetition velocity loss allowed in each set (25% velocity loss "VL25" vs. 50% velocity loss "VL50") on PU performance. Twenty-nine strength-trained men (age = 26.1 ± 6.3 years, body mass [BM] = 74.2 ± 6.4 kg, and 15.9 ± 4.9 PU repetitions to failure) were randomly assigned to 2 groups: VL25 (n = 15) or VL50 (n = 14) and followed an 8-week (16 sessions) velocity-based BM prone-grip PU training program. Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was monitored in all repetitions. Assessments performed at pre-training and post-training included estimated 1 repetition maximum; average MPV attained with all common external loads used during pre-training and post-training testing (AVinc); peak MPV lifting one's own BM (MPVbest); maximum number of repetitions to failure lifting one's own BM (MNR); and average MPV corresponding to the same number of repetitions lifting one's own BM performed during pre-training testing (AVMNR). VL25 attained significantly greater gains than VL50 in all analyzed variables except in MNR (P < 0.05). In addition, VL25 improved significantly (P < 0.001) in all the evaluated variables while VL50 remained unchanged. In conclusion, our results suggest that once a 25% velocity loss is achieved during PU training, further repetitions did not elicit additional gains and can even blunt the improvement in strength and endurance performance.

Wastewater treatment uses a phytoremediation strategy that sets significant trends according to recent research from the 2019-2021 period, being one of the most efficient strategies regarding the removal of pollutants using artificial wetlands with aquatic plants. Therefore, the objective of the review article is to determine the efficiency of the aquatic plant in the phytoremediation process for the treatment of industrial, domestic, and municipal wastewater through a systematic mapping method that allows us to summarize the theoretical framework avoiding. The exclusions also have a comparative descriptive design for the study variables where it has been found that Eichhornia Crassipes is an aquatic weed that removed NO2- and NO3- up to 93% of industrial wastewater, in Pistia stratiotes it removed Turbidity (98.5%), N total (100%), P total (100%) and COD (79.18%) in household wastewater in 60 days. Finally, Azolla Filiculoides removed SO4 2- (83%), Cl (76%), PO4 3- (84%), NO3- (76%), COD (79%), BOD (63%) and EC (49%) from municipal wastewater in 21 days.

The Moon has always represented a bewitching world for humanity. However, it also represents a hazardous environment for colonization. The first stages for these purposes will necessarily require the biomedical support to reduce the consequences of space conditions on the astronauts. Therefore, this study has been conducted from 2019 to 2020 under the supervision and guidance of Space Medicine and Biomechatronics Research Group – TMSP; resulting in the proposed project labelled as "Medical Robot". This paper presents the design of a wearable soft robotic system to stimulate, rehabilitate and reduce the harmful effects of space conditions in the muscles involved during the astronauts’ gait in future lunar missions. This system uses elastomeric pneumatic actuators, capable of exerting mechanical stimuli on astronaut’s muscles and improving the blood flow in the lower limbs, reducing the adverse effects of long inactivity periods in hypogravity, as muscle atrophy. In addition, it generates a solely one direction free displacement when pressurized, becoming highly efficient. Thus, the final system has 7 soft pneumatic actuators which were arranged and embedded in 3 silicone matrix to be placed at specific anatomical points of the lower limbs. Furthermore, at 50kPa of inlet air pressure, the actuator demonstrates a maximum free displacement of 6 mm. Finally, this conceptual design was made using the software "Autodesk Inventor 2020" for the 3D design and "Ansys Workbench 18.1" for mechanical simulation. In conclusion, favourable results were achieved; therefore, the next version of this project will be its implementation and development using multiple silicone materials to make the device wearable, comfortable, safe, easy handle, and easy-to-sterilize; which is expected to be ready by 2021.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the adaptations provoked by various velocity loss (VL) thresholds used in resistance training on the squat force–velocity (F–V) relationship. Methods: Sixty-four resistance-trained young men were randomly assigned to one of four 8-week resistance training programs (all 70%–85% 1-repetition maximum) using different VL thresholds (VL0 = 0%, VL10 = 10%, VL20 = 20%, and VL40 = 40%) in the squat exercise. The F–V relationship was assessed under unloaded and loaded conditions in squat. Linear and hyperbolic (Hill) F–V equations were used to calculate force at zero velocity (F0), velocity at zero force (V0), maximum muscle power (Pmax), and force produced at mean velocities ranging from 0.0 to 2.0 m·s−1. Changes in parameters derived from the F–V relationship were compared among groups using linear mixed models. Results: Linear equations showed increases in F0 (120.7 N [89.4 to 152.1]) and Pmax (76.2 W [45.3 to 107.2]) and no changes in V0 (−0.02 m·s−1 [−0.11 to 0.06]) regardless of VL. Hyperbolic equations depicted increases in F0 (120.7 N [89.4 to 152.1]), V0 (1.13 m·s−1 [0.78 to 1.48]), and Pmax (198.5 W [160.5 to 236.6]) with changes in V0 being greater in VL0 and VL10 versus VL40 (both P −1 (all P −1. Conclusions: All groups improved linear and hyperbolic F0 and Pmax and hyperbolic V0 (except VL40). The dose–response relationship exhibited an inverted U-shape pattern at velocities ≤0.5 m·s−1 with VL10 and VL20 showing the greatest standardized changes.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the effects of four velocity-based training (VBT) programs in bench press (BP) between a wide range of velocity loss (VL) thresholds-0% (VL0), 15% (VL15), 25% (VL25), and 50% (VL50)-on strength gains, neuromuscular adaptations, and muscle hypertrophy. METHODS Sixty-four resistance-trained young men were randomly assigned into four groups (VL0, VL15, VL25, and VL50) that differed in the VL allowed in each set. Subjects followed a VBT program for 8-weeks using the BP exercise. Before and after the VBT program the following tests were performed: (a) cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements of pectoralis major (PM) muscle; (b) maximal isometric test; (c) progressive loading test; and (d) fatigue test. RESULTS Significant group x time interactions were observed for CSA (P

Biodegradation of oil-contaminated sediments (OCS) in sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFC) is limited by several factors such as adapted microorganisms to degrade OCS, low conductivity and organic matter content, sluggish cathodic O2 reduction reaction (ORR), among others. The use of a birnessite/Carbon Fabric (CF) cathode improves the O2 reduction in SMFC. Oil-contaminated sediments amended with chitin (commercial analytical grade (CC) and dried natural shrimp shells (NC)) allows faster anaerobic biodegradation in the anolyte by the indigenous bacteria coming in the initial OCS, without further growth media. The SMFC containing the unmodified OCS produces a maximum power output of 5 mW m−2 in contrast to 62 mW m−2 and 178 mW m−2 of that SMFC containing CC and NC, respectively. High-power output of SMFC is the result of minimizing internal resistance by combining the following key factors: a) saturated air 0.8 M Na2SO4 catholyte at pH 2, b) the use of a birnessite/CF-cathode, and c) the presence of bacterial groups enriched on the anode biofilm as Deltaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, additional to other groups such as Aminocenantia depending on the source of chitin. The pH of the catholyte strongly modifies the power production of SMFC; a detailed discussion is included in this paper.

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are caused by an abnormal persistence or regression of embryonic precursor veins; they are usually incidental findings on imaging studies. These rare conditions have a 0.6% prevalence in individuals with congenital heart diseases and 0.3% in healthy patients. The purpose of this paper was to report two cases of interruption of IVC with hemiazygos continuation and its implications during surgery, highlighting that after recognizing this anomalous drainage the surgeon should be prepared to change the surgical strategies, especially in cardiovascular surgery, in order to obtain adequate circulatory flows or surgical exposure where venous cannulation could be difficult. We have also reported two cases of healthy patients with the same isolated IVC anomaly with no clinical repercussions, which can develop in the future.

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study dedicated to analyze the variations in the surface chemistry of hydroxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), so called nanotubols, when exposed to H2O2 at high temperatures. The formation, surface density, and distribution of oxygen-containing functional groups are studied by infrared (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on model functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). After H2O2 exposure, the initial composition of -OH, -C[double bond, length as m-dash]O, and -COOH substituents notably changes, with carbonyl -C[double bond, length as m-dash]O groups being the ones that show the most notable increase on the carbon surface. Our highly oxidized MWCNTs are partially soluble and form complex two-dimensional patterns at the air-water interface, as evidenced by Brewster angle microscopy. In a second step, these films can be transferred to solid substrates to form porous multilayered carbon nanostructures with complex morphologies. In particular, and for the first time, we report the synthesis of "stadium-like" configurations made of MWCNT units whose formation and stability are a direct consequence of the self-assembly process occurring at the air/water interface. DFT calculations suggest the formation of molecular islands of oxygen-containing functional groups on the CNT surface. In addition, nudged elastic band studies reveal that, for these adsorbed phases, the reaction between two neighboring OH groups to produce atomic oxygen and a physisorbed water molecule is characterized by energy barriers of ∼0.2 eV. These small values could be at the origin of the sizable increase in chemisorbed single-oxygen species determined by XPS data after H2O2 treatment at 60 °C. The simulation of the C 1s binding energies (BE) allows us to more clearly identify the different oxygen-containing functionalities as well as to reveal how the local atomic environment affects their characteristic BEs. Even if we were unable to polyhydroxylate our carbon nanotubes, we believe that H2O2-treated MWCNTs are interesting materials for more complex post-functionalization procedures that might lead to the fabrication of novel carbon nanostructures.

The aim of this study was to compare the time course of recovery following four different resistance exercise protocols in terms of loading magnitude (60% vs. 80% 1RM&mdash, one-repetition maximum) and velocity loss in the set (20% vs. 40%). Seventeen males performed four different protocols in full squat exercise, which were as follows: (1) 60% 1RM with a velocity loss of 20% (60-20), (2) 60% 1RM with a velocity loss of 40% (60-40), (3) 80% 1RM with a velocity loss of 20% (80-20), and (4) 80% 1RM with a velocity loss of 40% (80-40). Movement velocity against the load that elicited a 1 m&middot, s&minus, 1 velocity at baseline measurements (V1-load), countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and sprint time at 20 m (T20) were assessed at Pre, Post, 6 h-Post, 24 h-Post, and 48 h-Post. Impairments in V1-load were significantly higher for 60-40 than other protocols at Post (p &lt, 0.05). The 60-20 and 80-40 protocols exhibited significant performance impairments for V1-load at 6 h-Post and 24 h-Post, respectively (p &lt, 0.05). CMJ height remained decreased for 60-20 and 60-40 until 24 h-Post (p &lt, 0.001&ndash, 0.05). Regarding T20, the 80-40 protocol resulted in higher performance than 60-40 at 24 h-Post and the 80-20 protocol induced a greater performance than 60-40 protocol at 48 h-Post (p &lt, 0.05). A higher velocity loss during the set (40%) and a lower relative load (60% 1RM) resulted in greater fatigue and slower rate of recovery than lower velocity loss (20%) and higher relative load (80% 1RM).

BACKGROUND: In Peru, a treatment approach for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) incorporating World Health Organization Group 5 drugs and patient-centred care has achieved 65% success. To extend this approach to pre-XDR-TB patients, we evaluated this population separately. OBJECTIVE: To assess programmatic management of pre-XDR-TB. METHOD: Retrospective study using the official national registry from 2011 to 2014. Cases were separately evaluated according to resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) (pre-XDR-F) or to second-line injectables (SLIs) (pre-XDR-I). RESULTS: Of 610 pre-XDR-TB patients, 120 (20%) had pre-XDR-F and 490 (80%) had pre-XDR-I. Pre-XDR-F cases were older (34 years vs. 28 years, P < 0.001) and a higher proportion had previously received two or more regimens (70% vs. 38%, P < 0.001). Among the 452 patients who started treatment in 2011-2013, treatment success was 43.3%, 26.5% were lost to follow-up, 12.1% died and 13.7% failed treatment. Success was higher in pre-XDR-I (48.5%) than pre-XDR-F (21.4%) patients. History of previous treatment (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.52-3.38) and pre-XDR-F (OR 2.39, CI 1.18-4.83) were associated with unsuccessful outcomes. CONCLUSION: Programmatic management of pre-XDR-TB has not been successful, particularly in pre-XDR-F patients, with lower rates of success than those achieved in the same setting for XDR-TB. The strategy used for XDR-TB should be extended to pre-XDR-TB patients in Peru.

a) To compare physical growth to the 2012 American standard from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); b) to analyze physical growth by chronological and biological age; c) to propose physical growth charts based on chronological and biological age. Methodology. A descriptive (cross-sectional) study was conducted in young Chilean football players based on weight, standing height, and sitting height. These were compared to the CDC- 2012 standard. Percentiles were developed using the LMS method.A total of 642 young Chilean football players aged 13.0-18.9 years were studied. Their body weight was lower than that of the CDC standard from 13.0 to 18.9 years old (p0.05), whereas their height showed no significant differences in the initial age categories (13.0- 13.9 and 14.0-14.9 years). Differences started to be observed as of 15.0 years old up to 18.9 years old (p0.05). In relation to chronological age, weight explained 31%; standing height, 16%; and sitting height, 0.09%, whereas in relation to biological age, weight explained 51%; standing height, 40%; and sitting height, 54%. Percentiles were developed based on chronological and biological age.These youth showed different physical growth patterns compared to the CDC-2012 standard. Their assessment reflects better explanatory percentages for biological age than for chronological age. The proposed percentiles may be an alternative to keep track of the physical growth patterns of young football players in sports settings in the short, medium, and long term.Objetivos. a) Comparar el crecimiento físico con la referencia americana de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 2012; b) analizar el crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica; c) proponer curvas de crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica. Metodología. Se efectuó una investigación descriptiva (transversal) en jóvenes futbolistas de Chile sobre peso, estatura de pie y estatura sentada. Se compararon con las referencias del CDC-2012. Se desarrollaron percentiles por medio del método LMS. Resultados. Se estudió a 642 jóvenes futbolistas chilenos de 13,0-18,9 años. Su peso corporal fue inferior al CDC desde los 13,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p0,05), mientras que, en la estatura, no hubo diferencias significativas a edades iniciales (13,0- 13,9 y 14,0-14,9 años). Las diferencias empezaron a aparecer desde los 15,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p0,05). Por edad cronológica, el peso explicó 31%; la estatura de pie, 16% y estatura sentada, 0,09%, mientras que, por edad biológica, el peso explicó 51%; la estatura de pie, 40% y estatura sentada, 54%. Se desarrollaron percentiles por edad cronológica y biológica. Conclusión. Estos jóvenes difieren en sus patrones de crecimiento físico en relación con el CDC-2012. Su evaluación refleja mejores porcentajes de explicación por edad biológica que por edad cronológica. Los percentiles propuestos pueden ser una alternativa para seguir la trayectoria de crecimiento físico de jóvenes futbolistas en contextos deportivos a corto, mediano y largo plazo.

Reseña sobre el catálogo de la exposición Aplicación Murillo: materialismo, charitas, populismo, realizada en Sevilla entre el 6 de diciembre de 2018 y el 3 de marzo de 2019.

Megapodes are characterized by using means other than body heat to incubate their eggs. The Maleo Macrocephalon maleo is endemic to Sulawesi where it is Endangered, and lays its eggs in pits excavated in soil heated by geothermal sources. A novel method used to incubate Maleo eggs at the Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Society, NY, USA, is reported here. Using a forced-air hatcher, the eggs rest on a bed of plastic beads inside a plastic container. Incubation parameters were 32·5°C and 89–90% relative humidity, with an 83% hatch success after an incubation period of c. 70 days. A strong correlation was found between higher incubation temperature and shorter incubation period. The eggs lost an average of 21% of their initial weight between evaporation through the shell during incubation and the liquid discharged from the egg at hatching. The rate of weight loss changed during incubation, starting very slowly and increasing dramatically at the end of the period. Further studies should investigate the effects of humidity on hatchability and survival of chicks, the effect of temperature on the sex ratio of hatchings, as well as the effect of the orientation of the egg during incubation on hatchability.

The ability of plant cells to maintain cytoplasm ion homeostasis under saline stress is among the main mechanisms involved in salt tolerance. To cope with excess Na + , cells extrude it from the cytoplasm, which requires expenditure of metabolic energy, provided by H + gradients generated by membrane-bound H + -pumps. ABA is well-known to be involved in physiological processes elicited or enhanced by stresses causing cell dehydration. In this work we studied the possible implication of this plant hormone in the control of salt-induced cellular mechanisms conducting to Na + extrusion from the cytoplasm. We used rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cell lines selected for their different tolerance to salinity to measure the response to ABA of H + -pumps and Na + /H + -antiporters associated to the plasma membrane and the tonoplast. Our results show that ABA generally enhances H + -pumping under salt stress but not under control conditions. This effect occurs to a higher extent across the tonoplast in the more tolerant lines (L-T). Na + /H + antiport activity is practically undetectable in calli under control conditions, pre-treated or not with ABA, but shows a strong activation under salinity across the tonoplast, particularly in L-T lines (cv Bahia) and also across de plasma membrane in cv Bomba. In these lines, prior treatments with ABA tend to reduce the NaCl enhanced activity of both antiporters. Overall, under saline conditions ABA seems to affect synergistically H + pumping and antagonistically Na + extrusion. A complex network of positive and negative regulatory signals seems involved in restoring ion cell homeostasis under salt stress.

After the death of an animal, cell metabolism is controlled locally. The post-mortem oxygen depletion increases the glycolytic activity and lactate production. However, many mechanisms of post-mortem metabolic regulation have not been fully investigated in beef carcasses. In this work, we studied the post-mortem glycolytic behavior (including lactate dehydrogenase) and three dehydrogenase associated to glycolysis (glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycerol dehydrogenase) by using cytochemistry techniques in three fast-twitch muscles (M. longissimus dorsi, M. semimembranosus, and M. cutaneus trunci) of carcasses stored at 0 °C. Our results indicate that glycolysis depends on the type of muscle. The post-mortem glycolytic flux and lactate dehydrogenase activity of M. cutaneus trunci was the lowest of the three muscles studied. Of the other dehydrogenases analyzed, only glycerophosphate and glycerol dehydrogenase showed clear cytochemical reaction. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was not used by muscles very much. The glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was the strongest enzymatic activity correlated to the post-mortem glycolytic flux. In addition, a relationship between glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol dehydrogenase was detected by using a multiple regression model. This phenomenon was studied by using bioinformatics tools, suggesting that glycerophosphate dehydrogenase could oxidize the glycerol in bovine fast-twitch muscles.

The Horned guan Oreophasis derbianus is one of the most threat cracids but the species has always been scarce in captivity. By the end of 2007, the International Studbook registered a global population of 70 individuals in human care. This population is genetically compromised, as most of the potential founders are not yet represented. In the last 6 years, Africam Safari's breeding programme has hatched nearly 50% of the individuals bred in collections, contributing to the knowledge about husbandry and the biology of the species.

Objective The contribution of seizures to cognitive changes remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that a single episode of neonatal seizures (sNS) on rat postnatal day (P) 7 permanently impairs hippocampal-dependent function in mature (P60) rats because of long-lasting changes at the synaptic level. Methods sNS was induced with subcutaneously injected kainate on P7. Learning, memory, mossy fiber sprouting, spine density, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and glutamate receptor expression and subcellular distribution were measured at P60. Results sNS selectively impaired working memory in a hippocampal-dependent radial arm water-maze task without inducing mossy fiber sprouting or altering spine density. sNS impaired CA1 hippocampal long-term potentiation and enhanced long-term depression. Subcellular fractionation and cross-linking, used to determine whether glutamate receptor trafficking underlies the alterations of memory and synaptic plasticity, demonstrated that sNS induced a selective reduction in the membrane pool of glutamate receptor 1 subunits. sNS induced a decrease in the total amount of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A and an increase in the primary subsynaptic scaffold, PSD-95. Interpretation These molecular consequences are consistent with the alterations in plasticity and memory caused by sNS at the synaptic level. Our data demonstrate the cognitive impact of sNS and associate memory deficits with specific alterations in glutamatergic synaptic function. Ann Neurol 2007

Predation is considered an important source of mortality for plankton, but documenting variation in planktonic predation, particularly across interacting environmental cycles, remains logistically difficult, thus our understanding remains limited. To test for the combined effects of prey life history stage, diel or light level phase (including crepuscular periods) and seasonal upwelling on the risk of predation, we deployed tethered adult and larval brine shrimp Artemia franciscana using dock-based plankton tethering units (PTUs). Risk was higher overall during upwelling, but life history stage also interacted with season. There was no seasonal difference in risk for adults. Larvae were at significantly lower risk of predation during non-upwelling than during upwelling. Larvae were also at lower risk during non-upwelling than were adults during either season. During upwelling, there was no significant difference in risk between the two prey categories. With respect to the diel cycle, dusk was safer than daytime. For larvae, the diel pattern in risk remained consistent across seasons while risk for adults at night was slightly lower during upwelling than during non-upwelling. Variation in planktonic predation risk across diel and seasonal cycles differs for different life history stages and thus, generalizations fail to capture the complexity of interactions between factors. Fil: Kerr, Kecia A.. Mc Gill University; Canadá. Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales; Panamá Fil: Cornejo, Anabell. Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales; Panamá. Universitat Bremen; Alemania Fil: Guichard, Frédéric. Mc Gill University; Canadá Fil: Crespi Abril, Augusto Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Collin, Rachel. Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales; Panamá. Mc Gill University; Canadá

Field observations and anatomical adaptations of wild Loriinae show a high degree of diet specialization. Although these birds are commonly maintained in captivity, there are limited data about adequate diet and nutritional requirements. The aim of this study is to make qualitative and quantitative reviews of the diet and nutrition of these birds at Loro Parque, Tenerife, and identify possible nutrient excesses or deficiencies, in order to provide a basis for future investigations and improved feeding and nutrition of lories and lorikeets in captivity. The daily maintenance diet of 35 pairs of four genera (Chalcopsitta, Eos, Lorius and Trichoglossus) was analysed over 10 days and the amounts of various food items ingested were recorded in order to deter mine the nutritional content of the diet consumed. Daily intake values for each food were calculated from the difference between the mass of each item offered and the mass left over, corrected for evaporative wet-mass loss. The concentrations of 36 essential nutrients of diets offered and ingested were calculated and compared with the requirements for psittacines recommended in the literature. Each pair ingested a daily average of: 26.3 × 3.1 g fruit and vegetables (c. 53% of the amount offered), 18.3 × 5.2 g pellet (c. 80% of the amount offered) and 153.4 × 7.3 ml nectar (c. 99% of the amount offered). The analyses show important differences in the nutritional content between the diet offered and the diet ingested, and nutritional deficiencies and excesses in the diet ingested.

Baseline data for 17 behaviours grouped into six categories were collected for ten captive and nine soft-released Scarlet macaws Ara macao, in order to analyse daily activity budgets. Most of the birds were captive-bred and hand-reared. The captive birds spent less time on Socializing and Feeding behaviours than the released birds but spent more time on Maintenance behaviour and No Activity. The observation protocol developed here is a useful tool for monitoring the birds during pre-release training and, once released, to determine quantitatively whether a bird was properly prepared for survival in the wild.

In Brazil the wild population of Purple-bellied parrot Triclaria malachitacea is in decline. The species is seldom found in zoological collections because it is difficult to maintain in captivity. At the beginning of 1998 Loro Parque Fundacion, Tenerife, maintained 21 (9.10.2) birds, c. 35% of the T. malachitacea population maintained in captivity outside the country of origin. Analyses of the basic diet offered, the food that was not consumed and the excrement of five pairs of birds over 5 days were carried out to determine the nutritional content of the diet offered and consumed. The ingested diet was found to have an excessive concentration of metabolizable energy and crude protein, and the calcium/phosphorous ratio was found to be lower than the minimum recommended in the literature. The digestibility values for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, NfE (nitrogen free extract) and starch were calculated for T. malachitacea.

La crisis tirotoxica, tambien llamada hipertiroidismo acelerado o tormenta tiroidea, es un cuadro de tirotoxicosis grave, de aparicion brusca, que se acompana de una descompensacion sistemica por exacerbacion aguda de un hipertiroidismo previo no conocido, inadecuadamente tratado o descompensado por una enfermedad intercurrente o factor desencadenante. La crisis tirotoxica es una emergencia medica poco frecuente pero de extraordinaria gravedad, que requiere tratamiento urgente aplicado de preferencia en una Unidad de Vigilancia Intensiva. Los mecanismos fisiopatologicos que conducen a la crisis tirotoxica no son bien conocidos; un incremento de la sensibilidad a las catecolaminas (por aumento de los receptores) y la produccion en exceso de catecolaminas en las situaciones de estres psicoorganico desempenan el papel mas importante en su desarrollo, contribuyendo tambien, aunque en menor medida, la elevacion subita de las hormonas tiroideas libres en sangre generalmente debido a la presencia de inhibidores de su union a proteinas1. Los pacientes afectos de crisis tirotoxica muestran concentraciones de T4 libre y T3 similares a las de otros pacientes afectos de hipertiroidismo no complicado. No parece pues que un incremento marcado en la produccion de T3 o T4 ejerzan un papel importante en la patogenia de la tormenta tiroidea El conocimiento de las causas desencadenantes y precipitantes, el diagnostico precoz, basado en la sospecha clinica y el enfoque terapeutico multifactorial, son las medidas mas eficaces para reducir su elevada morbimortalidad (tablas 1 y 2; fig. 1).

Depolarization promotes the survival of cerebellar granule neurons via activation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D). Removal of depolarization induces hyperphosphorylation of MEF2D on serine/threonine residues, resulting in its decreased DNA binding and susceptibility to caspases. The subsequent loss of MEF2-dependent gene transcription contributes to the apoptosis of granule neurons. The kinase(s) that phosphorylates MEF2D during apoptosis is currently unknown. The serine/threonine kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), plays a pro-apoptotic role in granule neurons. To investigate a potential role for GSK-3β in MEF2D phosphorylation, we examined the effects of lithium, a non-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β, on MEF2D activity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Lithium inhibited caspase-3 activation and chromatin condensation in granule neurons induced to undergo apoptosis by removal of depolarizing potassium and serum. Concurrently, lithium suppressed the hyperphosphorylation and caspase-mediated degradation of MEF2D. Moreover, lithium sustained MEF2 DNA binding and transcriptional activity in the absence of depolarization. Lithium also attenuated MEF2D hyperphosphorylation and apoptosis induced by calcineurin inhibition under depolarizing conditions, a GSK-3β-independent model of neuronal death. In contrast to lithium, MEF2D hyperphosphorylation was not inhibited by forskolin, insulin-like growth factor-I, or valproate, three mechanistically distinct inhibitors of GSK-3β. These results demonstrate that the kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits the pro-survival function of MEF2D in cerebellar granule neurons is a novel lithium target distinct from GSK-3β.

The paper discusses the application of rubber from latex binary coagulating agent consisting of cotton - textile waste and polymeric quaternary ammonium salts. The influence on the process of extracting rubber from latex flow coagulating agent temsperatury and concentration of the dispersed phase.