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Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) secondary to peptic ulcer disease requiring therapeutic intervention remains a common problem. The incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in this cohort has not been well defined. Pneumatic dilatation (PD) has been proposed as first-line therapy before surgical intervention. If H pylori infection in patients with GOO is infrequent, PD may not offer permanent control without the need for longterm antacid therapy.The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of H pylori infection and surgical outcomes in patients undergoing resection for GOO. The records of all patients having resection (vagotomy and antrectomy) for benign disease from 1993 to 1998 for GOO at the University of Tennessee affiliated hospitals were reviewed retrospectively. Smoking history, NSAID use, weight loss, previous ulcer treatment, previous treatment for H pylori, and previous attempts at PD were among the factors examined. H pylori infection was documented by Steiner stain from either preoperative biopsy or, in most patients, final surgical specimens. Surgical complications and patient satisfaction were ascertained from inpatient records, postoperative clinical notes, and, where possible, followup telephone surveys.Twenty-four patients underwent surgical resection during the study period. There were 16 men and 8 women, with a mean age of 61 years (range 40 to 87 years). Weight loss was documented in 58% and averaged 27 lb. Five of 24 patients had previous attempts at PD, 3 of whom were H pylori negative. All five had further weight loss after these failed attempts. Of the 24 patients reviewed, only 8 (33%) were H pylori positive. There were no procedure-related deaths. Longterm clinical followup was possible in 16 of 24 patients, and all but one demonstrated dramatic clinical improvement by Visick score.We conclude the following: 1) In this cohort, H pylori infection was present in a minority; 2) previous attempts at PD were unsuccessful, which may be related to the H pylori-negative status of the patients; 3) mortality related to the operation was zero; and 4) patient satisfaction was positive by the Visick scale. Patients with H pylori-negative GOO resulting from peptic ulcer disease should be strongly considered for an early, definitive, acid-reducing surgical procedure.

Trans effects at the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase locus (Gpdh) of Drosophila melanogaster give rise to an increase in GPDH activity and mRNA from the wild-type allele in heterozygotes with some low-activity alleles. Either the low-activity alleles that induce the effect have a defective P-element inserted between the promoter and a downstream intronic enhancer element or the promoter region is deleted. The trans effect is pairing dependent, characteristic of transvection at some other loci. The defective P-elements that mediate transvection are located between the promoter and at least up to 6 bp downstream of the transcription start site. Transvection at Gpdh appears similar to the "enhancer action in trans" mode at the yellow locus.

An allele of the Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene has a 1.15-kb KP element inserted, in the same orientation as Adh transcription, five nucleotides upstream of the distal transcription start site. The target site--GTCCAAGT--in Adh between nucleotides -13 and -6 is duplicated at both ends of the insertion. Adult flies with either one or two copies of the allele have less than 12% of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity of the controls. Activity levels are also reduced in larvae, but by a much smaller amount. Quantitative Northern analyses showed that the low activity level in adults was caused by reduced transcript levels from the distal promoter. 5' RACE experiments indicated that adult transcripts were mostly initiated downstream of the distal promoter but some skipped the first adult exon. In late third-instar larvae the transcripts present were from the proximal promoter. After the KP element was deleted by an appropriate breeding program, the distal transcript increased in adults to the control level, but ADH activity increased to only 50% of the control. No nucleotide changes were found in the gene that could explain this difference.

P element-mediated transformation has been used to investigate the regulation of expression of the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Drosophila melanogaster. A 13-kb construct containing the eight exons and associated introns, 5 kb of the 5' region, and 3 kb downstream from the structural gene produced normal levels of enzyme activity and rescued the poor viability of flies lacking the enzyme. All the regulatory elements essential for normal enzyme expression were located in a fragment that included the exons and introns and 1-kb upstream noncoding sequence. Deletions of the 1.6-kb second intron reduced activity to 25%. Transformants with fusion constructs between the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene and the beta-galactosidase gene from E. coli revealed three elements that affected expression. A (CT)9 repeat element at the 5' end of the second intron increased expression in both larvae and adults, particularly at emergence. A second regulatory element, which includes a (CT)7 repeat, was located 5' to the TATA box and had similar effects on the gene's expression. A third, undefined, enhancer was located in the second intron, between 0.5 and 1.8 kb downstream of the translation initiation codon. This element increases enzyme activity to a similar extent in larvae and adults but has little effect when the enhancer at the 5' end of the intron is present.

Disruptive selection lines using sternopleural chaeta number in Drosophila melanogaster were run using weaker selection than hitherto. In addition, the design allowed some assessment of the degree to which partial isolation arising from distance, or other factors, increases the effects of disruptive selection. In all lines, even those with selection only eliminating 20 per cent of the flies in each generation, variance and the mean difference between extreme cultures increased, and in all lines isolation between the high and low subpopulations reached the maximum allowed by the experimental design. Reducing migration between the subpopulations from 50 per cent to 30 per cent of the parents in each generation had little effect, but further reduction made disruptive selection more effective. At the same time quite low migration reduced the effects of selection markedly.

Ethanol levels in Drosophila breeding sites in seepages of unfortified wine inside wineries have been found to be similar to those in many decaying fruits and vegetables. Fortified wine seepages inside wineries have ethanol levels on average three times as high as other breeding sites. However there was no evidence that this variation in ethanol levels was associated with differences in Adh F frequencies in D. melanogaster at sites either within wineries or outside wineries. D. simulans was at lower frequencies at sites inside wineries compared to sites outside although this difference may not be related to ethanol levels. It is concluded that adaptation to natural levels of environmental ethanol by D. melanogaster does not necessarily modify Adh frequencies.

SummaryThis study examines the relationship between verbal, performance and total IQ scores and social class of 193 male householders living in a Cambridge suburb. The correlation coefficients between IQ scores and present occupational status were significantly higher than the correlations between IQ scores and social class of origin, suggesting that intragenerational social mobility is positively related to IQ.Parent–offspring data were available for 85 father–son pairs. Analysis of the IQ differences between fathers and sons in relation to their social class differences provided further evidence for selective migration related to both IQ components and total IQ scores. In this sample there was a simple relationship between the extent of social mobility and the degree of difference between the father's and son's IQ scores.

SummaryThe patterns of male social mobility among the contemporary populations of Otmoor are described in terms of both intra- and inter-generational mobility. The social classes are differentiated by IQ and it is shown that sons' IQ is more highly correlated with their class, after their social mobility than before it. In 85 father-son pairs the number of steps sons moved in the social scale is positively related to the magnitude of the difference between their IQ and that of their fathers. However, the relationship between social mobility and IQ appears to be entirely confined to non-locally born subjects and the social mobility among the locals, although of comparable dimension is essentially non-meritocratic. These findings are discussed in relation to the structure of the Otmoor populations and particularly the phenomenon of selective out-migration.

The existence of geographically widespread clines in genetic polymorphisms is persuasive evidence that the distribution of such genetic variance is determined by natural selection. However, when comparing clines it is important to be certain that identical structural genes are involved. We report a structural difference (proline-214 to serine) between the product of AdhF and an electrophoretically cryptic heat-stable variant isolated from an Australian natural population, ADH-FCh.D. ("fast" Chateau Douglas). The biochemical properties of this new variant must be taken into consideration when attempting to formulate a causal explanation of the maintenance of the three identified Adh alleles. Our data also show that the products of an AdhF and an AdhS allele in Drosophila melanogaster in an Australian population are identical over 70% of their amino acid sequences with their North American counterparts.

Radiation damage events at low and moderate energies (up to 400 ev) are studied by machine calculations in a model representing copper. Orbits of knock-on atoms are found and the resulting damaged configurations are observed to consist of interstitials and vacancies. Thresholds for producing permanently displaced atoms (i.e., interstitials) are about 25 ev in the $〈100〉$ direction, 25 to 30 ev in the $〈110〉$ direction, and around 85 ev in the $〈111〉$ direction. Collision chains in the $〈100〉$ and $〈110〉$ directions are prominent; at low energies the chains focus, at higher energies they defocus. Above threshold, the chains transport matter, as well as energy, and produce an interstitial at a distance. The range of $〈110〉$ chains has been studied in detail. Localized vibrational modes associated with interstitials, agitations qualitatively like thermal spikes, ring annealing processes, and a higher energy process somewhat like a displacement spike have been observed. Replacements have been found to be very numerous.The configurations of various static defects have also been studied in this model. The interstitial is found to reside in a "split" configuration, sharing a lattice site with another atom. The crowdion is found not to be stable, and Frenkel pairs are stable only beyond minimum separations, which are found to be very much dependent on orientation.

1. It has been shown that the lines dp 1, dp 2, vg 4 and vg 6 of Thoday & Boam (1961) each have two high sternopleural chaeta number genes or ‘effective factors’ between h and eyg in chromosome III. Their line dp 6 does not contain these two genes.2. Lines derived from ancestors of dp 2 and vg 4 before the latter produced their accelerated responses have third chromosomes affecting chaeta number as if they had only one or other of these genes.3. Of the three stocks from which all the lines derived, one, Inbred Oregon, lacks these genes. The second, vg/vg, has third chromosomes similar in effect to Oregon. The third, dp/dp, was heterogeneous, having a class of third chromosomes similar in effect to those of Oregon and a class similar to those having one high gene.4. It is suggested that the history of the accelerated response in dp 1, dp 2 and vg 4 was as follows. Initially most of these third chromosomes were − − at the two loci, but a minority (derived from the dp/dp stock) were + − and − + (where + indicates the allele increasing chaeta number. Selection would reduce the frequency of − −, and hence increase the proportion of + −/− + heterozygotes and the probability of recombination to produce + +. Origin and multiplication of + + would account for the accelerated response.

Conditions are discussed that may affect the probability of reproductive isolation developing in laboratory disruptive-selection experiments. The 22 experiments known to the authors test 15 stocks, but only two of the stocks were suitable for assessing the capacity of natural populations to respond to disruptive selection by producing isolation. One stock responded by producing two subpopulations partially isolated from one another; the other did not.

AdultClonorchis sinensiswere taken from the bile ducts of infected rabbits and incubated in Ringer's fluid. The soluble metabolic products secreted by the living flukes during incubation were found to include carbohydrate and protein. Enzyme activities of protease, carbohydrases and esterase, but not of lipase, were detected in the samples.Samples with a nitrogen content of 3 μg/ml or more reacted as antigen in immunodiffusion tests in gel against sera of rabbits infected withC. sinensisor immunised against whole fluke extract.The demonstration of enzymes in the metabolic products, the reactions of the samples as antigen and the correlation of antigenic activity with the nitrogen content of the samples suggests that the enzymes detected are effective antigens in clonorchiasis, although complete identity was not demonstrated in this study.The enzymes investigated were those associated with digestion; intracellular enzymes which have less opportunity to elicit antibody production were not investigated.

Data are presented on the verbal and performance (non-verbal) IQs of a sample of university scientists, their surviving fathers and male sibs.Although mean IQs differ between scientific disciplines the disciplines do not differentially attract scientists from particular socio-economic classes.The verbal IQs of both the scientists and their fathers are positively correlated with socio-economic class but only in the fathers' sample is the performance IQ/class correlation significant. The variance of both verbal and performance IQs increases from Class I to Class IIIM. The overall estimate of heritability for the verbal IQ is higher than that for the performance IQ.Verbal and performance IQs are related to the distance the scientists have moved on the socio-economic scale. The effects of social mobility on the genetic and environmental components of the verbal and performance IQ phenotypic variances are discussed.

THREE methods are available for the genetic analysis of continuous variables in human populations. One is the biometrical approach1 which, in addition to partitioning the phenotypic variance into genetic and environmental components, has been used to reveal sex linkage2 and provide estimates of the number of effective factors3. Second, genetic markers can be studied for evidence of pleiotropic effects4, and third, linkages between polygenic factors and segregating genetic markers can be sought5,6. It is not always possible to distinguish between linkage and pleiotropy, so the second and third methods need similar data and thus go together.

Flies were divided into two groups on the basis of the number of their bristles, and raised under different environmental (temperature) conditions. In each generation, offspring of the two groups were retained in their group or transferred to the other group, depending on the number of their bristles. After nine generations it was found that the genetic component of the intergroup difference was 42 percent; the portion of the intragroup variance that was genetic phenomena.

IN stocks of Drosophila melanogaster with a variable number of scutellar bristles, directional selection can increase the number of such bristles1–3. Directional selection for the removal of scutellar bristles, however, is rarely successful in the absence of either a sex linked mutant scute allele (sc) or a major mutant which similarly reduces the scutellar bristle number to less than four1,2.

SummaryAn account is given of the patterns of pre-marital, marital, and post-marital movement and age of marriage according to social class among the present inhabitants of a group of Oxfordshire villages.

Because of the contemporary significance of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria as etiological agents, a simple, rapid determinative system is essential. Therefore, an accurate, reproducible, and an inexpensive micromethod for the identification of these organisms has been developed. Included in this system are twenty-five biochemical tests. Carbohydrate utilization is demonstrated by modification of Otto and Pickett's formula for oxidative attack and assimilation of carbon sources, while the other substrates are modifications of commercially available products. Inoculation is a two-fold procedure into a plastic multicompartmented tray with wells containing 100 micro liters of each substrate. Initial inoculation yields 10(5) colony forming units per well. The carbohydrates are supplemented with an additional 50 micro liters of a 1 X 10(11) saline suspension of organisms. Reactions are read after a maximum incubation of 48 hr at 35 C. The results obtained with the identification of 124 strains of nonfermentative bacteria utilizing a conventional media schema as suggested by the Center for Disease Control and the micromethod system demonstrated the high reproducibility and correlation achievable with this rapid and economical microtechnique.

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was stained in liver tissue in 71% of 496 cases of cirrhosis with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Chinese coming to necropsy in Hong Kong from 1963-1976. Male cases numbered 417; HBsAg was positive in 83% of those in which HCC was combined with cirrhosis and in 62% of those with cirrhosis alone. Of 39 additional male cases of HCC without cirrhosis, 38% were HBsAg+. Similar proportions were recorded in the famale cases. This progression suggests a cumulative carcinogenic effect of persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) fully expressed in the presence of cirrhosis. The approximate risk factors for males in Hong Kong who are HBsAg+ at the time of death, compared with HBsAg- males, are 6:1 for HCC alone, 16:1 for cirrhosis alone and 50:1 for HCC combined with cirrhosis. The frequency of HBsAg+ tests is much higher in Hong Kong than in the United Kingdom, and cirrhosis is calculated to be 2.8 times and HCC 11 times commoner. The high incidence of HCC in Hong Kong is not attributable solely to the high incidence of cirrhosis, but can be related to the high incidence of cirrhosis accompanied by persistent HBV.

Serum AFP levels were measured by radio-immunoassay in rats at various periods after ligation and section of the common bile duct and after sham-ligation. Transient elevations of serum AFP reaching statistically significant levels occurred at 3 to 10 days, 17 days and 28 days after ligation of the common bile duct but not in sham-operated rats. The peak elevations of serum AFP followed waves of mitosis in both the ductular cells and the hepatocytes as measured by autoradiography. Proliferation of hepatocytes, however, remained minor when compared to ductular cell multiplication. Ultra-structural and histochemical studies of the liver clearly distinguished ductular (oval) cells from hepatocytes and provided no evidence of transition from ductular cells to hepatocytes. Our findings suggest that ductular cell proliferation in the rat induced by ligation of the common bile duct may produce elevations in the serum AFP.

Nineteen Australasian populations of Drosophila melanogaster have been screened for chromosome inversion polymorphisms. All 15 of the inversion types found are paracentric and autosomal, but only four of these, one on each of the major autosome arms, are common and cosmopolitan. North-south clines occur, with the frequencies of all four of the common cosmopolitan inversions increasing toward the equator. These clines in the Southern Hemisphere mirror north-south clines in the Northern Hemisphere, where the frequencies of all four of the common cosmopolitan inversions again increase towards the equator.—While few of the Australasian populations show significant disequilibrium between linked common cosmopolitan inversions, those that do invariably have excesses of coupling gametes, which is consistent with other reports. We also find nonrandom associations between the two major autosomes, with the northern populations in Australasia (those with high inversion frequencies) tending to be deficient in gametes with common cosmopolitan inversions on both major autosomes, while the southern populations in Australasia (low inversion frequencies) tend to have an excess of this class of gametes.—The clines and the nonrandom associations between the two major autosomes are best interpreted in terms of selection operating to maintain the common cosmopolitan inversion polymorphisms in natural populations of D. melanogaster.

An alcohol dehydrogenase null activity allele, AdhnAH52, extracted from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster has been cloned and sequenced. Compared with the wild-type consensus sequence, the nucleotide sequence of AdhnAH52 contains eight extra bases in intron 2, adjacent to the 5' splice site. It seems likely that the extra bases result from two structural changes, with a 10-base pair insertion at the same site as a 2-base pair deletion. The insertion includes an 8-base pair duplication of an adjoining region. This structural change alters transcription to give rise to an mRNA which is longer than normal and at 10% of the wild-type level.

Selection in both constant and fluctuating temperature environments for a constant bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster resulted in the maintenance of that number and in a decrease of both genetic and environmental variance. Although mean bristle number in the control lines increased over the early-generations there was a significant net decrease. Phenotypic variance decreased significantly, especially in later generations. In both control lines and in the line selected at 20–29° C. there was a significant decrease in asymmetry of bristle number. There was also a decrease in environmental variance in these three lines. Transplant experiments showed that when the lines were cultured in alien environments phenotypic variance tended to increase in the fluctuating and decrease in the constant temperature environment. However at generation 39, the phenotypic variance of lines selected in the fluctuating environment increased when samples of the lines were cultured in the constant temperature environment. The results indicate that stabilising selection can be effective in both fluctuating and constant temperature environments.

Seventy cases of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 43 cases with no primary liver disease were investigated at necropsy by Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin stain for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in liver cells. The results were correlated with serum HBsAg levels determined by radioimmunoassay and hemagglutination tests performed during the last three months of life or after death. In more than 90% of cases, a correlation was found between the results in tissue and in sera. The aldehyde fuchsin stain is a reliable tool for the detection of HBsAg in patients with cirrhosis and with HCC or without primary liver disease.

SummaryA study has been made in a group of rural Oxfordshire villages of levels of similarity between husbands and wives for IQ, personality and some anthropometric characteristics. Significant levels of assortative marriage have been found in both verbal and performance IQ, personality ‘inconsistency’, stature, weight and some other bodily dimensions. Their nature has been analysed by time of marriage, birthplace and social class, all of which appear to have marked effects. On the other hand, length of courtship and distance apart of the partners' residences at marriage seem to be more or less inconsequential.

Forty-six Chinese patients with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma were analyzed. The most common presentations were with abdominal pain, bleeding or a palpable mass. Only one case resembled the pattern of the so-called "Mediterranean lymphoma." The most common primary sites were the stomach and the ileum. One case of colonic lymphoma was associated with schistosomiasis but was probably not etiologically related. The pattern of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma in Chinese corresponds in general to the pattern observed in western countries.

SCHARLOO1 has discussed certain of our results2 in relation to what he purports is a summary of Mather's ideas concerning polygenic balance. We feel it necessary to criticize his communication inasmuch as it seems to us misleading in at least four ways.

The incidence of primary liver-cell cancer differs greatly from one part of the world to another. On the basis of the incidence rates published by U.I.C.C. (Doll, Payne and Waterhouse, 1966), Hutt (1971) defined three main groups of territories. The first group includes areas in Africa south of the Sahara and in southeast Asia where a rate of 5 or more per 100,000 of the population per year for males was recorded. In the second group, which includes Japan and Denmark, incidence rates from 5 to 3.1 were listed. The third group of low-incidence areas includes northern India, Australia, the Americas and most of Europe for which rates of 3 or less were given. Although strictly comparable rates are not available for Hong Kong, BELA-MARIC (1969) worked out a minimum rate of 5.9 there. Primary carcinoma of the liver is also a common tumour in China generally (Chinese Medical Association, 1958). In Chinese in Singapore the incidence rate is 31 per 100,000 per year for males (Simons et al., 1971).

Clonorchis sinensis is a common parasite of the bile ducts in several densely populated regions of the Far East and man is the usual definitive host. In some regions of the East, human infection with Opisthorchis viverrini is endemic. The usual definitive host of O. felineus is the cat, but human infections occur in Siberia and in several parts of the Orient as well as in Russia and in other parts of Eastern Europe. The life-histories, the modes of infection and the effects that these three flukes produce in the definitive host are similar and they may be grouped together and referred to as oriental hepatic distomiasis. All are acquired by eating raw fish. Other species of the Distomata can cause human disease including Dicrocoelium dendriticum (the lancet fluke) a parasite of sheep and cattle which rarely infects man and which may cause lesions in the liver similar to those of clonorchiasis (Price and Child, 1971). Fasciola hepatica, the common liver fluke of herbivorous animals is an occasional cause of severe human liver disease throughout the world and is considered separately in Chapter 18.