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Den Traktat De natura cantas ac mtiaculis vocis des niederlandischen Humanisten Mattheus Herbenus (1451-1538) ruckten erst im Jahre 1957 zwei Veroffentlichungen von Heinrich Huschen1 und Joseph Smits van Waesberghe2 in scharferes Licht. Beide Autoren stutzten sich wie altere Erwahnungen des Traktats3 auf die als singulare Quelle angesehene Munchner Handschrift4, deren Text drei von insgesamt sieben geplanten Buchern enthalt und mit einer Datierung (27. April 1496)5 seiner Widmung an den Wormser Erzbischof Johann[es] von Dalberg (14551503) versehen ist. Bei der Vorbereitung des neuen Artikels uber Mattheus Herbenus fur den Personenteil der zweiten Auflage von MGG sties der Verfasser auf die bisher nicht ausgewertete Quelle jenes Traktats in einer Berliner Handschrift6. Ihre Version des Textes unterscheidet sich in Anlage, Umfang, inhaltlichen wie stilistischen Details und in der Widmungsvorrede so signifikant von der Munchner Fassung, dass die Abweichungen genauer untersucht, aber auch interpretiert werden mussen. Erste Bemuhungen um diese Aufgabe fuhrten zu der (nahe liegenden) Annahme, dass in der Berliner Quelle eine eigene, fruhere Fassung der Schrift vorliegt, wohingegen die Munchner Uberlieferung ein auch dort noch unabgeschlossenes Folgestadium widerspiegelt. An entscheidenden Merkmalen des Vergleichs beider Fassungen sei dies erlautert. Wahrend der Textverlauf der Munchner Quelle ( =M), wie unschwer an der Edition durch Smits van Waesberghe zu ersehen, in nummerierte Kapitel innerhalb dreier Bucher mit jeweils eroffnenden Vorreden gegliedert sowie von Widmungs-Prolog und Schlusswort („Peroratio") umrahmt ist, behandelt die Berliner Version (=B) den Text als ein einziges Buch mit 21 durchlaufenden Kapiteln, das durch einen anderen „Prologus" eingeleitet und durch eine ebenfalls andere „Peroratio" beschlossen wird (siehe Anhang I). Alle thematischen Gebiete aus B sind, in gleicher Abfolge, auch in M vertreten, wiewohl innerhalb dieser gemeinsamen Substanzen beide Quellen oft sprachlich, wenn auch nur geringfugig, differieren, was bereits an Formulierungen der Kapitel-Rubriken erkennbar ist.7 M hingegen bietet uberdies eine ganze Reihe zusatzlicher Inhalte. Da beide Fassungen besonders signifikant in den (Widmungs(Prologen wie in den „Perorationes" voneinander abweichen, seien zunachst Einzelheiten dieser umrahmenden Textpartien kurz betrachtet.

Skizze des Quellenbefundes, Kritik der bisherigen Interpretationen und musikalische Analyse der einschlägigen Beispiele mit dem Ergebnis: Je eine Gymel-Stimme bildete gemeinsam mit dem Superius des -Satzes ein "Duo" lagengleicher "Zwillingsstimmen", das als Reduktionsform und Alternative des dreistimmigen Satzes anzusehen ist.

Adam von Fuldas Traktat "De musica" von 1490 erweist sich als ergiebiger Ausgangspunkt für eine Diskussion um die Rolle des "Alten" in hier epochen- und regionalspezifisch ausgerichteter musikhistorischer Sicht.

The temperature dependence of the dielectric parameters of tissues and tissue-mimicking phantoms is very important for non-invasive temperature measurement in medical applications using microwaves. We performed measurements of this dependence in the temperature range of 25–50°C using distilled water as a reference liquid commonly used in dielectric property studies. The results were compared with the literature model in the frequency range of 150–3000 MHz. Using this method, the temperature dependence of dielectric parameters of a new muscle tissue-mimicking phantom based on agar, polyethylene powder, and polysaccharide material TX-151 was measured in the temperature range of 25–50°C. The temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of this new muscle phantom was fitted to that of the two-pole Cole–Cole model and the deviation of the results between measured and modeled data was quantified.

In this letter, we present a binary classification problem of improvised explosive devices, where true and false target features are taken from polarimetric ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals. The radar measurements are carried out in laboratory and field scenarios by using dual-polarized Vivaldi antennas and ultrawideband multiple-input–multiple-output GPR (MIMO-GPR) systems in the frequency range from 0.8 to 5 GHz. Recursive algorithms, recursive least square, and linear predictive coding are used for clutter removal. To extract targets features of polarimetric measurements, eight data-processing methods are assembled, combining clutter removal algorithms, time–frequency transformations, and singular value decomposition. Moreover, for every method, 13 target feature vectors are constructed. Each vector is used to train and test a support vector machine algorithm for the classification problem. Classification results are validated by using leave-two-out cross-validation. Accuracy of 87.02% and a false positive rate of 10.53% in the best classifier were obtained.

Microwave sensors have recently been introduced as high-temporal resolution sensors, which could be used in the contactless monitoring of artery pulsation and breathing. However, accurate and efficient signal processing methods are still required. In this paper, the matrix pencil method (MPM), as an efficient method with good frequency resolution, is applied to back-reflected microwave signals to extract vital signs. It is shown that decomposing of the signal to its damping exponentials fulfilled by MPM gives the opportunity to separate signals, e.g., breathing and heartbeat, with high precision. A publicly online dataset (GUARDIAN), obtained by a continuous wave microwave sensor, is applied to evaluate the performance of MPM. Two methods of bandpass filtering (BPF) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) are also implemented. In addition to the GUARDIAN dataset, these methods are also applied to signals acquired by an ultra-wideband (UWB) sensor. It is concluded that when the vital sign is sufficiently strong and pure, all methods, e.g., MPM, VMD, and BPF, are appropriate for vital sign monitoring. However, in noisy cases, MPM has better performance. Therefore, for non-contact microwave vital sign monitoring, which is usually subject to noisy situations, MPM is a powerful method.

In this paper we present the latest results of a research program on the use of ground penetrating radar and machine learning-based algorithms for humanitarian demining in Colombia. We describe the experimental setup developed, which includes a polarimetric GPR-UWB unit, a radar positioning system, and a control unit. We describe as well a soil characterization campaign and an IED classification technique based on Support Vector Machine.

Microwave sensing represents a promising approach for non-invasive tissue temperature monitoring during hyperthermia treatment. Tissue mimicking phantom materials with corresponding dielectric properties and suitable for heating experiments are essential for preliminary methodical investigations as well as for the development of the measurement hardware. In the present paper, a fat tissue mimicking phantom material is investigated depending on the temperature in the range between 30 °C and 50 °C and the frequency range between 0.5 GHz and 7 GHz. The measured data are modeled by means of a two-pole Cole-Cole model and the temperature dependence of the Cole-Cole parameters is fitted by means of a second-order polynomial. The results show that this material imitate the dielectric properties of real fat tissue as well as its very low temperature dependence appropriately and can be used for practical experiments.

Scattering parameters of microwave networks and antennas could be measured in time domain to lower the measurement cost and time. Although time-domain data may include some errors and inaccuracies, they can be compensated by proper measurement systems and processing. In this study, we examined a comprehensive method for two measurement devices, a step-generator time-domain reflectometer and a maximum length sequence (M-sequence) sensor. The resulting scattering parameters are compared with frequency domain results measured with a vector network analyzer (VNA). Both measurements are in agreement with the frequency domain results, however, considering the effect of random errors in two devices, maximum length sequence shows significantly accurate results according to its lower jitter.

This paper deals with the detection of magnetic modulated nanoparticles by means of ultra-wideband sensing. Magnetic nanoparticles are modulated by an external magnetic field. The resulting scattering changes of the magnetic nanoparticles are analyzed depending on the mass, the magnetic field strength and the surrounding medium in which the particles are embedded. The experiments are carried out on phantom measurements and the results show a linear behavior of the measured radar signal depending on the mass. Furthermore, the experiments show that the optimal choice of the magnetic field strength can increase the detectability of the magnetic nanoparticles. This applies both to particles that are diluted in distilled water and to particles that are embedded in a solid surrounding medium.

We present in this paper a field-grade method for the determination of the electric permittivity of the explosives used in improvised explosive devices found in Colombia. This paper presents a direct simplified method used to calculate the permittivity of dielectric materials. The efficiency of the direct method is analyzed using the computer simulations of known low-loss and lossy materials. In addition, the field-deployable system and measurement setup are explained and their performance for field measurements is compared against reference measurements performed by a vector network analyzer in the frequency range from 0.3 to 3 GHz. Finally, the measurements of complex permittivity of improvised explosives made of ammonium nitrate fuel oil are presented.

Non-invasive differential temperature monitoring by means of ultra-wideband sensing is a promising approach concerning temperature controlling during thermotherapy. In this paper the principal of temperature difference detection by UWB radar is explained and appropriate phantom measurements are discussed. In a first step, temperature dependent dielectric properties of the phantom materials (sunflower oil and distilled water) are analyzed. Subsequently, temperature dependent phantom measurements are conducted where the temperature dependent signal changes of the received UWB signals are investigated. Results show a linear behavior between the received differential radar signals and the temperature differences of the target in the considered temperature range. Furthermore, investigations show that temperature changes of the target, which are common in thermal therapy (e.g., hyperthermia), are detectable by means of UWB radar.

The temperature dependency of dielectric properties of tissue mimicking materials and tissues is a crucial factor for non-invasive temperature monitoring in microwave thermotherapy. This contribution deals with temperature dependent dielectric spectroscopy measurements by means of ultra-wideband sensing. Beside the standard three term calibration, a temperature dependent calibration approach is supposed. Both methods are validated by measuring the dielectric properties of distilled water in the frequency range of 0.5 GHz up to 7 GHz and in the temperature range of 26 ° Ο up to 50 °C. Compared with the Ellison model as reference, the temperature dependent calibration approach shows better results than the standard calibration at room temperature. Furthermore, the temperature dependent dielectric properties of a tumor mimicking agar phantom in the same frequency and temperature range are presented.

This paper describes a novel concept of an active receiving antenna for a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) employing an M-sequence as its illuminating signal (M-sequence GPR). The antenna exploits the advantage of M-sequence constant amplitude to simplify its active circuits. In addition to low-frequency receiving capability and small dimensions of the novel antenna concept, it allows for antenna-to-ground coupling measurement. Results of the coupling measurement can be further used for system calibration, estimation of soil properties and for better adjustment of the GPR mechanical setup in static configuration as well. Therefore, this novel concept of ground-coupling measurement can find wide application range in subsurface imaging. Feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by measurements of the developed prototype circuits.

The western societies are increasingly faced with the challenges of enabling a self-determined and safe life for a growing number of elderly people. Remote monitoring of vitality is an important tool for health risk mitigation but many of the current methods either deliver only infrequent information or require conscious cooperation of the senior. The authors propose an ultrawideband (UWB) radio sensor network based on M-sequence technology specifically designed for the vitality monitoring of persons living alone. It uses the frequency band in the range from 6 to 8.5 GHz (electronic communications committee (ECC)-band), and provides precise localisation, captures breathing motion during rests, can be used for fall detection and allows the extraction of gait features. The sensor network can be installed in common living spaces. It operates continuously in the background without any user interaction. Vitality monitoring by radar sensors is based on motion detection and tracking. This poses some challenges to radar devices because of the harsh multi-path conditions in apartments. This study discusses these challenges, illustrates how to meet them and gives examples for vitality features which can be extracted from UWB-radar data.

Antennas are key elements of every radio device. As their dimensions are proportional to the operational wavelength, they are becoming the limiting element for handheld devices operating at lower frequencies. In this article, the novel concept of active receiving and transmitting antennas is proposed for an M-sequence UWB (ultra wide band) ground penetrating radar (GPR) to minimize dimensions, complexity and costs of the antennas. Radiation principles of selected electrically short antennas are described and appropriate active circuits are designed as well. Their performance is verified by measurements in the UWB system. Using the electrically short antennas with active circuits designed in this work, 8 dB higher received signal level has been achieved in lower part of the frequency band while reducing costs, dimensions and weight of the antennas approximately 10-fold.

This paper presents setup and preliminary investigations of simultaneous electrical and mechanical heart activity measurements. The ECG is registered by a commercial amplifier in connection with a developed synchronization unit including AD conversion. The mechanical heart movement is recorded by means of a two-channel UWB M-sequence radar system. The sensor position dependent signals reflect physiological issues in a reproducible way. Future research has to figure out to what extent UWB microwave sensing can be established in cardiovascular diagnostics.

This paper deals with detection and imaging of magnetic modulated nanoparticles by means of ultra-wideband sensing. Investigations base on ON/OFF modulation of the external polarizing magnetic field. Measurements were conducted using M-sequence technology and a phantom consisting of a skin layer and cream as healthy tissue surrogate. The detection of the magnetic nanoparticles is realized by a differential measurement between the ON- and OFF-state of the polarizing magnetic field. Furthermore, a calibration approach is introduced to reduce the influence of the magnetic field in the measured radar response. Results show the detectability of different amounts of magnetic nanoparticles for a realistic measurement scenario. Based on this, a first imaging of the magnetic nanoparticles is realized using a delay-and-sum beamforming algorithm.

In this paper we present a preliminary experimental investigation of detection of very low dielectric parameter changes caused by temperature inside a phantom. The detection measurements were performed using the M-sequence UWB radar device and homogenous gelatin breast phantom. The results show the potential of UWB sensing for noninvasive temperature determination.

In the framework of medical applications of microwaves, magnetic nanoparticles enhanced microwave imaging represents a promising diagnostic modality. As a matter of fact, it merges the safety, low-cost and portability of microwave technology with the increased specificity enabled by the selective targeting capability of magnetic nanoparticles. In particular, a key ingredient of this technique is the possibility of modulating the response of nanoparticles in the microwave range by means of an external polarizing magnetic field. To this end, the amplitudes of the polarizing field have to be properly set, in order to achieve optimal performances. In this communication, we present an experimental study aimed at optimizing the working conditions in terms of field strength of a ultra-wide band radar system for detecting a magnetic nanoparticle induced contrast.

Zusammenfassung Robuste Sensoren für die zerstörungsfreie Materialcharakterisierung im Labor und unter rauen industriellen Bedingungen sind von zunehmendem technischen und ökonomischen Interesse. Dieser Artikel behandelt die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines prozesstauglichen, modularen und breitbandigen impedanzspektroskopischen Hard- und Softwarekonzepts für den Feld- und Laboreinsatz. Besondere Beachtung finden weiterhin auch technische und biophysikalische Aspekte der Bio-Impedanzspektroskopie.

The objective of this research was to develop a yield monitoring system primarily for sugar beets by applying ultra-wideband (UWB) radar technology. Like radar systems used in geological engineering, these devices acquire data via electromagnetic waves. The basic idea was to use such data to identify sugar beets in agricultural soils, which would provide non-invasive in-soil detection of sugar beets in order to enable counting of individual sugar beets and determination of single sugar beet root mass. Further goals were to enhance the methods and procedures of the UWB radar technology for other applications in agriculture, as a general goal, and to define applicability restrictions of the system for sugar beet and other root crops. In the first phase of the research, laboratory experiments were used to develop, test, and consequently improve the data acquisition and processing procedures. In this first phase, the feasibility of detecting sugar beets in soil in laboratory conditions using the reflected energy with a simple threshold approach was confirmed. In the second phase, the potential detectability and size estimation of sugar beets based on the distribution and consistency of backscattered energy amounts obtained in field conditions was researched. Based on the data recorded in field conditions, visual detectability was above 90%, with good correlations between sugar beet positions and energy peak positions. The best correlations between mass of sugar beets and the amounts of backscattered energy exceeded 80%.