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2. Task Diversity and Human Decision-Making: A Taxonomic View

Author

Ibs, Inga, Ott, Claire, Rothkopf, Constantin, and Jäkel, Frank

Subjects
Psychology, Decision making, Problem Solving, Qualitative Analysis
Abstract

Problem-solving and sequential decision-making research have a long-standing tradition of utilizing various tasks in experiments to gain insights into different aspects of human behavior. Choosing the right task for investigating these aspects is crucial since human solution approaches depend on features and dynamics of tasks. For a complete theory of sequential decision-making, we must consider this relationship between behavior and task features. We developed a taxonomy and identified nine structural task features that allow us to describe the relationship between tasks and the behavior in the tasks. We categorize sequential decision-making tasks and show how their features link to the demands on solution approaches that leverage their structure. We argue that this taxonomic view on tasks can guide research processes as it can help select the right task for a research question at hand and can be used to relate the results of behavioral studies to each other.

Published
2024

4. Comparison of Ethereum Smart Contract Analysis and Verification Methods

Author

Happersberger, Vincent, Jäkel, Frank-Walter, Knothe, Thomas, Pignolet, Yvonne-Anne, Schmid, Stefan, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Katsikas, Sokratis, editor, Cuppens, Frédéric, editor, Cuppens-Boulahia, Nora, editor, Lambrinoudakis, Costas, editor, Garcia-Alfaro, Joaquin, editor, Navarro-Arribas, Guillermo, editor, Nespoli, Pantaleone, editor, Kalloniatis, Christos, editor, Mylopoulos, John, editor, Antón, Annie, editor, and Gritzalis, Stefanos, editor

Published
2024
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7. A Bivariate Beta Distribution with Arbitrary Beta Marginals and its Generalization to a Correlated Dirichlet Distribution

Author

Trick, Susanne, Jäkel, Frank, and Rothkopf, Constantin A.

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory, Mathematics - Probability
Abstract

We discuss a bivariate beta distribution that can model arbitrary beta-distributed marginals with a positive correlation. The distribution is constructed from six independent gamma-distributed random variates. We show how the parameters of the distribution can be fit to data using moment matching. Previous work used an approximate and sometimes inaccurate method to compute the covariance. Here, we derive all product moments and the exact covariance, which can easily be computed numerically. The bivariate case can be generalized to a multivariate distribution with arbitrary beta-distributed marginals. Furthermore, we generalize the distribution from two marginal beta to two marginal Dirichlet distributions. The resulting correlated Dirichlet distribution makes it possible to model two correlated Dirichlet-distributed random vectors., Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures; revised affiliations

Published
2021

9. Decentralized, Autonomous Setup and Access to Data of Independent Partners in a Hyper Connected Ecosystem

Author

Jaekel, Frank-Walter, Eyser, Eckart, Schwengber-Walter, Robert, Harms, Robert, Grunert, Kai, Filipe, Joaquim, Editorial Board Member, Ghosh, Ashish, Editorial Board Member, Prates, Raquel Oliveira, Editorial Board Member, Zhou, Lizhu, Editorial Board Member, Terzi, Sergio, editor, Madani, Kurosh, editor, Gusikhin, Oleg, editor, and Panetto, Hervé, editor

Published
2023
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11. Solving Bongard Problems with a Visual Language and Pragmatic Reasoning

Author

Depeweg, Stefan, Rothkopf, Constantin A., and Jäkel, Frank

Subjects
Statistics - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Learning
Abstract

More than 50 years ago Bongard introduced 100 visual concept learning problems as a testbed for intelligent vision systems. These problems are now known as Bongard problems. Although they are well known in the cognitive science and AI communities only moderate progress has been made towards building systems that can solve a substantial subset of them. In the system presented here, visual features are extracted through image processing and then translated into a symbolic visual vocabulary. We introduce a formal language that allows representing complex visual concepts based on this vocabulary. Using this language and Bayesian inference, complex visual concepts can be induced from the examples that are provided in each Bongard problem. Contrary to other concept learning problems the examples from which concepts are induced are not random in Bongard problems, instead they are carefully chosen to communicate the concept, hence requiring pragmatic reasoning. Taking pragmatic reasoning into account we find good agreement between the concepts with high posterior probability and the solutions formulated by Bongard himself. While this approach is far from solving all Bongard problems, it solves the biggest fraction yet.

Published
2018

13. Ensure OPC-UA Interfaces for Digital Plug-and-Produce

Author

Jaekel, Frank-Walter, Wolff, Tobias, Happersberger, Vincent, Knothe, Thomas, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Debruyne, Christophe, editor, Panetto, Hervé, editor, Guédria, Wided, editor, Bollen, Peter, editor, Ciuciu, Ioana, editor, Karabatis, George, editor, and Meersman, Robert, editor

Published
2020
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17. A Textual Recommender System for Clinical Data

Author

Hummel, Philipp Andreas, Jäkel, Frank, Lange, Sascha, Mertelsmann, Roland, Hutchison, David, Series Editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series Editor, Kittler, Josef, Series Editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series Editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series Editor, Mitchell, John C., Series Editor, Naor, Moni, Series Editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series Editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series Editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series Editor, Tygar, Doug, Series Editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series Editor, Cox, Michael T., editor, Funk, Peter, editor, and Begum, Shahina, editor

Published
2018
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19. Solving Bongard Problems With a Visual Language and Pragmatic Constraints.

Author

Depeweg, Stefan, Rothkopf, Contantin A., and Jäkel, Frank

Subjects
PRAGMATICS, PROBLEM solving, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, FEATURE extraction, COGNITIVE science, ARTIFICIAL vision
Abstract

More than 50 years ago, Bongard introduced 100 visual concept learning problems as a challenge for artificial vision systems. These problems are now known as Bongard problems. Although they are well known in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, only very little progress has been made toward building systems that can solve a substantial subset of them. In the system presented here, visual features are extracted through image processing and then translated into a symbolic visual vocabulary. We introduce a formal language that allows representing compositional visual concepts based on this vocabulary. Using this language and Bayesian inference, concepts can be induced from the examples that are provided in each problem. We find a reasonable agreement between the concepts with high posterior probability and the solutions formulated by Bongard himself for a subset of 35 problems. While this approach is far from solving Bongard problems like humans, it does considerably better than previous approaches. We discuss the issues we encountered while developing this system and their continuing relevance for understanding visual cognition. For instance, contrary to other concept learning problems, the examples are not random in Bongard problems; instead they are carefully chosen to ensure that the concept can be induced, and we found it helpful to take the resulting pragmatic constraints into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. Schnittstellen

Author

Röska-Hardy, Louise, Mueller, Jutta L., Bonhage, Corinna E., Meyer, Uwe, Jäkel, Frank, Sturm, Holger, Grassmann, Susanne, and Kompa, Nikola, editor

Published
2015
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27. Kognitive Leistungen

Author

Poth, Christian H., Schneider, Werner X., Gutmann, Mathias, Rathgeber, Benjamin, Syed, Tareq, Birbaumer, Niels, Matuz, Tamara, Pauen, Michael, Reisenzein, Rainer, Roberts, Robert C., Coricelli, Giorgio, Joffily, Mateus, Gratch, Jonathan, Magrabi, Amadeus, Bach, Joscha, Markowitsch, Hans, Engelen, Eva-Maria, Tscherepanow, Marko, Welzer, Harald, Keil, Geert, Jäkel, Frank, Meyer, Uwe, Lenzen, Manuela, Schmid, Ute, Funke, Joachim, Besold, Tarek R., Becker, Nicole, Dimroth, Christine, Grabner, Roland, Scheiter, Katharina, Völk, Kristin, Wachsmuth, Ipke, Butz, Martin V., Rothkopf, Constantin A., Vosgerau, Gottfried, Knoll, Alois, Meilinger, Tobias, Vogeley, Kai, Gust, Helmar, Metzinger, Thomas, Nagel, Saskia K., Kompa, Nikola, Moll, Henrike, Eckardt, Regine, Grassmann, Susanne, Esken, Frank, Rakoczy, Hannes, Windt, Jennifer M., Schredl, Michael, Hobson, J. Allan, Goschke, Thomas, Walter, Henrik, Schlicht, Tobias, Vetter, Petra, Thaler, Lore, Moss, Cynthia F., Grundmann, Thomas, Beierle, Christoph, Kern-Isberner, Gabriele, Pfeifer, Niki, Stephan, Achim, editor, and Walter, Sven, editor

Published
2013
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28. Towards Information Customization and Interoperability in Food Chains

Author

Mertins, Kai, Jaekel, Frank-Walter, Deng, Quan, van der Aalst, Wil, Series editor, Mylopoulos, John, Series editor, Rosemann, Michael, Series editor, Shaw, Michael J., Series editor, Szyperski, Clemens, Series editor, van Sinderen, Marten, editor, Johnson, Pontus, editor, Xu, Xiaofei, editor, and Doumeingts, Guy, editor

Published
2012
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37. Introspection in Problem Solving

Author

Jäkel, Frank and Schreiber, Cornell

Abstract

Problem solving research has encountered an impasse. Since the seminal work of Newell und Simon (1972) researchers do not seem to have made much theoretical progress (Batchelder and Alexander, 2012; Ohlsson, 2012). In this paper we argue that one factor that is holding back the field is the widespread rejection of introspection among cognitive scientists. We review evidence that introspection improves problem solving performance, sometimes dramatically. Several studies suggest that self-observation, self-monitoring, and self-reflection play a key role in developing problem solving strategies. We argue that studying these introspective processes will require researchers to systematically ask subjects to introspect. However, we document that cognitive science textbooks dismiss introspection and as a consequence introspective methods are not used in problem solving research, even when it would be appropriate. We conclude that research on problem solving would benefit from embracing introspection rather than dismissing it.

Published
2013
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40. Flexible use of tactics in Sudoku.

Author

Behrens, Thea, Räuker, Max, Kalbfleisch, Michelle, and Jäkel, Frank

Subjects
SUDOKU, PROBLEM solving, PROTOCOL analysis (Cognition)
Abstract

When solving problems people flexibly apply different tactics. Here, we use Sudoku to study this flexibility. In a think-aloud study participants use at least two tactics, a cell-based and a number-based tactic, and have personal preferences for one or the other. Response times in two follow-up experiments indicate that participants can be biased towards either tactic by task instructions and task requirements. We argue that previous research often used biasing task designs and therefore underestimated participants' flexibility and overestimated the importance of a problem's complexity. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that if a tactic does not lead to a solution, participants are able to switch to the other. We model each tactic and we show that only by incorporating switching we can fit the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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42. Interoperability Supported by Enterprise Modelling

Author

Jaekel, Frank Walter, Perry, Nicolas, Campos, Cristina, Mertins, Kai, Chalmeta, Ricardo, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Dough, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Meersman, Robert, editor, Tari, Zahir, editor, and Herrero, Pilar, editor

Published
2005
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43. Steps in Enterprise Modelling : a Roadmap

Author

Kotsiopoulos, Ioannis L., Engel, Torsten, Jaekel, Frank-Walter, Kosanke, Kurt, Barreiro, Juan Carlos Mendez, Bas, Angel Ortiz, Petit, Michael, Raynaud, Patrik, Kosanke, Kurt, editor, Jochem, Roland, editor, Nell, James G., editor, and Bas, Angel Ortiz, editor

Published
2003
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46. Replicating the effect of relational complexity on filling times

Author

Behrens, Thea, Kalbfleisch, Michelle, and Jäkel, Frank

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, relational complexity, Cognitive Psychology, deductive reasoning, Psychology, Sudoku, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Second experiment (same subjects, they do not know there are two experiments). Replicating part of the study by Lee et al. (2008). When inclusion is required to fill a number in a field: is relational complexity predictive of difficulty?

Published
2022
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50. Complexity of Sudoku Strategies

Author

Behrens, Thea, Kalbfleisch, Michelle, and Jäkel, Frank

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, human problem solving, Cognitive Psychology, deductive reasoning, Psychology, Sudoku, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Whether a Sudoku puzzle is easy or hard to solve depends on the complexity of the solution strategies that are required. However, complexity is probably not the only factor. When solving a Sudoku puzzle different strategies can be employed and are appropriate in different situations. We vary the instructions to bias participants to use different strategies and present subjects with situations where different strategies are appropriate. We test whether this has an effect on solution times.

Published
2022
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