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The role of community energy production in future energy systemsPéter János Horváth Growing environmental concerns and the spread of renewable energy also spurred the so called decentralization process of predominantly centralized energy systems. Consumers and communities are key drivers of this process, not only as energy consumers, but also by producing and storing clean energy,aggregating individual energy productions, and even as distributors or energy service providers. The new EU legislation also recognizes the important role of energy communities in the energy transformation process, which can bring about better social acceptance of renewable energy production, but also many environmental, economic or social benefits to the local community. Our study aims to present the nature and role of community energy production in energy systems, and outlines a vision of community energy for Hungary and the EU as a whole.

Previous research indicates that quick, repetitive actions (pinches, taps, button presses) are executed with smaller force when followed by predictable and salient action effects (tones, light flashes). It has been suggested that successive actions become gradually softer until an optimum is reached, which presumably reflects a balance between the ability to maintain a high probability of action success, and the reduction of exerted force to conserve energy. In the present experiments, we investigated whether this

During modern orthodontic treatment brackets are usually placed directly on the tooth enamel. The bond has to withstanda variety of forces (occlusial, masticatory, as well as forces from the wire itself) in the moist oral environment. Additionally,it’s important that the bracket leaves behind an intact enamel surface after removal. The quality of the bracketbonding depends mostly on the chosen technique. Our study goal was to compare and evaluate the different bondingmethods based on bracket failure rates. PubMed and Google Scholar were used as search engine. We compared recentpublications taking three main factors into consideration: direct or indirect bonding technique, bracket bonding materialsand the type of etching on the enamel surface (conventional acid etching versus self-etching primers). Additionally, datawere collected based on the orders of primary bonded brackets and the order of brackets that needed replacement. overa 10 month period in the Department of Community Dentistry. We used the direct bonding technique, composite resin asbonding material and conventional acid etching in order to achieve micromechanical retention. In our observations thefailure rate resulted in 4,1%., which is below the internationally accepted 10% ratio. [6, 24]In conclusion no significant differences between direct and indirect bonding techniques were found. Both can providereliable bonding forces during the whole treatment. Regarding the optimal bonding material, the composite resins are themost widespread and have the highest bonding strengths. Their failure rates are between 3,5–8,3%. [19] Glass ionomercements are no longer commonly used as orthodontic bonding material unlike their improved versions: resin-modifiedglass ionomers (RMGIC). Many studies report favorable results about this relatively new type of bonding material. Compomersare not commonly used as bonding material yet. According to in vitro studies there is no significant differencein failure rates between conventional acid etching and self-etching primers. [2, 4, 29] In several studies were found thatlarger bonding forces can form with conventional acid etching in vivo. Self-etching primers have the advantage of sparinga lot of chair time for the doctor, causing a positive financial effect too.

Development of anxiolytics requires animal models; therefore anxious (AX) and nonanxious (nAX) mice have been selectively bred based upon their adult behaviour in reaction to handling. Since inadequate response to postnatal challenges may have lifelong consequences, we aimed to determine whether alterations in postnatal stress-coping may contribute to the state of anxiety in adult AX mice. Maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalization (MS-USV) was studied in one-week-old nAX-AX mice and one week later the endocrine stress response was measured after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, a model of bacterial infection, with special focus on sex differences. It was established that AX females produced a significantly lower frequency and duration of MS-USV than nAX female mice. USV emitted by AX males showed only a tendency to be reduced compared to nAX males. LPS injection generated a significantly increased adrenocorticotropin release in nAX mice only and with no sex-related difference observed. Resting corticosterone levels were higher in AX mice compared to nAX, however, this difference reached the level of significance only in females. LPS-injection was able to induce significant corticosterone elevation with markedly higher levels in AX females than nAX females. To sum up, we conclude that females are more susceptible to the influence of stressors during the early postnatal period, as they exhibited more pronounced reactions. The adult state anxiety of the strain was not paralleled by MS-USV during the perinatal period. Thus, the question arises if MS-USV indeed reflects anxiety only. According to our expectation, AX animals had higher baseline stress-hormone levels, but their reactivity to stressors was altered, which may have contributed to their supposed adult phenotype.

Discrete task-relevant features of an overt response, such as response location, are bound to, and retrieved by coincidentally occurring auditory stimuli. Here we studied whether continuous, task-irrelevant response features like force or response duration also become bound to, and retrieved by such stimuli. In two experiments we asked participants to carry out a pinch which produced a certain auditory effect in a prime part of each trial. In a subsequent probe part, tones served as imperative stimuli which either repeated or changed as compared to the effect tone in the prime. We conjectured that the repetition of tones should result in more similar responses in terms of force output and duration as compared to tone changes. Most parameters did not show notable indications for such similarity increases, including peak force or area under force curve, though the correlation between response durations in prime and probe was higher when tones repeated rather than changed from prime to probe. We discuss these results regarding perceptual discriminability and deployment of attention to different nominally task-irrelevant aspects of pinch responses.

Event-related potential (ERP) studies investigating the processing of self-induced stimuli often rely on the assumption that ballistic actions and motor ERPs are constant across different sets of action effects. Since recent studies challenge this motor equivalence assumption, we examined whether neglecting effect-related motor differences can bias the estimation of auditory ERPs in a typical action-related ERP attenuation paradigm. We increased action variability with a force production task and selected an event subset in which the motor equivalence assumption was true. ERP attenuation estimated in this subset was compared with attenuation obtained in the standard task, where motor differences were not controlled. Violation of the motor equivalence assumption resulted in a positive deflection overlapping auditory ERPs elicited by self-induced sounds, leading to the overestimation of N1- and underestimation of P2-attenuation. This demonstrates that sensory-effect-related motor differences should be considered when separating sensory and motor components in ERPs elicited by self-induced stimuli.

Ideomotor theories suggest that different action-effects are not equally important in goal-directed actions, and that task-relevant information are weighted stronger during the representation of actions. This stronger weighting of task-relevant action-effects might also enable to utilize them as retrieval cues of the corresponding motor patterns. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the consistent presence or absence of a sound action-effect influenced the retrieval of the motor components of a simple, everyday action (pinching) as reflected by the pattern of force application and surface electromyogram (sEMG) recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Participants applied pairs of pinch impulses to a force sensitive resistor (FSR). The presence or absence of a sound action-effect and the between-action interval (BAI, 2 or 4 s) were manipulated blockwise, whereas the target force level (low or high) was randomly cued from trial to trial. When actions resulted in a sound, force and sEMG activity were reduced. This effect was more pronounced for low target force level trials, which is compatible with a stronger weighting of the sound action-effect when the intensity of the tactile and proprioceptive action-effects is low. Surprisingly, the FDI activity was more variable within actions pairs in the 2 s BAI conditions, which suggests that action pairs separated by the longer time interval might have been represented differently from those separated by the shorter interval.

The unprecedented ease and ability to manipulate video content has led to a rapid spread of manipulated media. The availability of video editing tools greatly increased in recent years, allowing one to easily generate photo-realistic alterations. Such manipulations can leave traces in the metadata embedded in video files. This metadata information can be used to determine video manipulations, brand of video recording device, the type of video editing tool, and other important evidence. In this paper, we focus on the metadata contained in the popular MP4 video wrapper/container. We describe our method for metadata extractor that uses the MP4's tree structure. Our approach for analyzing the video metadata produces a more compact representation. We will describe how we construct features from the metadata and then use dimensionality reduction and nearest neighbor classification for forensic analysis of a video file. Our approach allows one to visually inspect the distribution of metadata features and make decisions. The experimental results confirm that the performance of our approach surpasses other methods., Comment: v2: fixed a typo in Section 3.4; added page number; added IEEE copyright notice

Satellite imagery is becoming increasingly available due to a large number of commercial satellite companies. Many fields use satellite images, including meteorology, forestry, natural disaster analysis, and agriculture. These images can be changed or tampered with image manipulation tools causing issues in applications using these images. Manipulation detection techniques designed for images captured by “consumer cameras” tend to fail when used on satellite images. In this paper we propose a supervised method, known as Nested Attention U-Net, to detect spliced areas in the satellite images. We introduce three datasets of manipulated satellite images that contain objects generated by a generative adversarial network (GAN). We test our approach and compare it to existing supervised splicing detection and segmentation techniques and show that our proposed approach performs well in detection and localization.

A compliance menedzsment fogalomkör megjelenését a felsőoktatási tartalmakban a szövegbányászat módszerével vizsgáltuk. A tantárgyi adatlapok elemzése során azt tapasztaltuk, hogy a jelenlegi képzésekben a compliance menedzsmenthez megjelenése messze elmarad a piaci igényektől. Kidolgoztunk egy olyan tanegység-tervezet, mely a compliance témakör közgazdasági és üzleti képzésben történő strukturáltabb megjelenését teszi lehetővé. We examined the concept of compliance management in higher education contents using the method of text mining. During the content analysis of the subject data sheets, we found that its appearance for compliance management in the current courses lags far behind the market needs. A draft unit has been developed that allows for a more structured appearance of the topic in economics and business program

Satellite imagery is becoming increasingly accessible due to the growing number of orbiting commercial satellites. Many applications make use of such images: agricultural management, meteorological prediction, damage assessment from natural disasters, or cartography are some of the examples. Unfortunately, these images can be easily tampered and modified with image manipulation tools damaging downstream applications. Because the nature of the manipulation applied to the image is typically unknown, unsupervised methods that don't require prior knowledge of the tampering techniques used are preferred. In this paper, we use ensembles of generative autoregressive models to model the distribution of the pixels of the image in order to detect potential manipulations. We evaluate the performance of the presented approach obtaining accurate localization results compared to previously presented approaches.

The interactions of graphene oxide (GO), a 2-dimensional nanomaterial with hydrophilic edges, hydrophobic basal plane and large flat surfaces, with biological macromolecules, are of key importance for the development of novel nanomaterials for biomedical applications. To gain more insight into the interaction of GO flakes with human serum albumin (HSA), we examined GO binding to HSA in its isolated state and in blood plasma. Calorimetric data reveal that GO strongly stabilizes free isolated HSA against a thermal challenge at low ionic strength, indicating strong binding interactions, confirmed by the drop in ζ-potential of the HSA/GO assemblies compared to bare GO flakes. However, calorimetry also revealed that the HSA-GO molecular interaction is hampered in blood plasma, the ionic strength being particularly important for the interactions. Molecular modelling calculations are in full concert with these experimental findings, indicating a considerably higher binding affinity for HSA to GO in its partially unfolded state, characteristic to low-ionic-strength environment, than for the native protein conformation, observed under physiological conditions. Therefore, for the first time we demonstrate an impeded interaction between HSA and GO nanoflakes in blood plasma, and suggest that the protein is protected from the plausible toxic effects of GO under native conditions.

The influence of action-effect integration on motor control and sensory processing is often investigated in arrangements featuring human-machine interactions. Such experiments focus on predictable sensory events produced through participants' interactions with simple response devices. Action-effect integration may, however, also occur when we interact with human partners. The current study examined the similarities and differences in perceptual and motor control processes related to generating sounds with or without the involvement of a human partner. We manipulated the complexity of the causal chain of events between the initial motor and the final sensory event. In the self-induced condition participants generated sounds directly by pressing a button, while in the interactive condition sounds resulted from a paired reaction-time task, that is, the final sound was generated indirectly, by relying on the contribution of the partner. Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and force application patterns were similar in the two conditions, suggesting that social action effects produced with the involvement of a second human agent in the causal sequence are processed, and utilized as action feedback in the same way as direct consequences of one's actions. The only reflection of a processing difference between the two conditions was a slow, posterior ERP waveform that started before the presentation of the auditory stimulus, which may reflect differences in stimulus expectancy or task difficulty.

Altered and manipulated multimedia is increasingly present and widely distributed via social media platforms. Advanced video manipulation tools enable the generation of highly realistic-looking altered multimedia. While many methods have been presented to detect manipulations, most of them fail when evaluated with data outside of the datasets used in research environments. In order to address this problem, the Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) provides a large dataset of videos containing realistic manipulations and an evaluation system that ensures that methods work quickly and accurately, even when faced with challenging data. In this paper, we introduce a method based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that extracts visual and temporal features from faces present in videos to accurately detect manipulations. The method is evaluated with the DFDC dataset, providing competitive results compared to other techniques.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by self-induced sounds are often smaller than ERPs elicited by identical, but externally generated sounds. This action-related auditory ERP attenuation is more pronounced when self-induced sounds are intermixed with similar sounds generated by an external source. The current study explored whether attentional factors contributed to this phenomenon. Participants performed tone-eliciting actions, while the action-tone contingency and the set of additional action effects (tactile only, tactile and visual) were manipulated in a blocked manner. Previous action-tone contingence-effects were replicated, but the addition of other sensory action consequences did not influence the magnitude of auditory ERP attenuation. This suggests that the amount of attention allocated to concurrent non-auditory action effects does not substantially affect the magnitude of action-related auditory ERP attenuation and is on a par with the assumption that action-related auditory ERP attenuation might be related to the process of distinguishing self-induced stimuli from externally generated ones.

The effects of lexical meaning and lexical familiarity on auditory deviance detection were investigated by presenting oddball sequences of words, while participants ignored the stimuli. Stimulus sequences were composed of words that were varied in word class (nouns vs. functions words) and frequency of language use (high vs. low frequency) in a factorial design with the roles of frequently presented stimuli (Standards) and infrequently presented ones (Deviants) were fully crossed. Deviants elicited the Mismatch Negativity component of the event-related brain potential. Modulating effects of lexical meaning were obtained, revealing processing advantages for denotationally meaningful items. However, no effect of word frequency was observed. These results demonstrate that an apparently low-level function, such as auditory deviance detection utilizes information from the mental lexicon even for task-irrelevant stimuli.

When background auditory events lead to enhanced auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) for closely following sounds, this is generally interpreted as a transient increase in the responsiveness of the auditory system. We measured ERPs elicited by irrelevant probes (gaps in a continuous tone) at several time-points following rare auditory events (pitch glides) in younger and older adults, who watched movies during stimulation. Fitting previous results, in younger adults, gaps elicited increasing N1 auditory ERPs with decreasing glide-gap separation. N1 increase was paralleled by an ERP decrease in the P2 interval. In older adults, only a glide-gap separation dependent P2 decrease, but no N1-effect was observable. This ERP pattern was likely caused by a fronto-central negative waveform, which was delayed in the older adult group, thus overlapping N1 and P2 in the younger, but overlapping only P2 in the older adult group. Because the waveform exhibited a polarity reversal at the mastoids, it was identified as a mismatch negativity (MMN). This interpretation also fits previous studies showing that gap-related MMN is delayed in older adults, reflecting an age-related deterioration of fine temporal auditory resolution. These results provide a plausible alternative explanation for the ERP enhancement for sounds following background auditory events.

Experimental paradigms investigating the processing of self-induced stimuli are often based on the implicit assumption that motor processes are invariable regardless of their consequences: It is presumed that actions with different sets of predictable sensory consequences do not differ in their physical characteristics or in their brain signal reflections. The present experiment explored this assumption in the context of action-related auditory attenuation by comparing actions (pinches) with and without auditory consequences. The results show that motor processes are not invariable: Pinches eliciting a tone were softer than pinches without auditory effects. This indicates that self-induced auditory stimuli are not perceived as irrelevant side effects: The tones are used as feedback to optimize the tone-eliciting actions. The comparison of ERPs related to actions with different physical parameters (strong and soft pinches) revealed a significant ERP difference in the time range of the action-related N1 attenuation (strong pinches resulted in more negative amplitudes), suggesting that a motor correction bias may contribute to this auditory ERP attenuation effect, which is usually attributed to action-related predictive processes.

2007-ben az Országgyűlés széles körűen módosította a Rendőrségről szóló 1994. évi XXXIV. törvényt (a továbbiakban: Rtv.), elsősorban az integrációs elvárások és Magyarország teljes jogú schengeni tagsága miatt, valamint egy egységes, a közrend és a közbiztonság védelme érdekében hatékonyabban és eredményesebben fellépni képes szervezetrendszer kialakítása érdekében. Az Rtv. módosítása a jelenkor szabályozásának megfelelően a jelen lévő országgyűlési képviselők kétharmadának szavazatával vált lehetségessé, a konkrét törvénymódosítás azonban ezzel alkotmánymódosítást is szükségessé tett, így az Rtv. módosításához - a szakmai szempontok figyelembevétele mellett - hosszas egyeztetésekre és számos politikai kompromisszumra is szükség volt. A fejlődési folyamatok során merült fel, egy, a rendőrség jogállami kritériumoknak megfelelő működését ellenőrző társadalmi testület - a Független Rendészeti Panasztestület (a továbbiakban: FRP) - létrehozásának az ötlete, ami így bele is került a törvényjavaslatba.