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The role of epidemiology in the study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its spread among human populations has been outstanding. The epidemiological theory about "multi-factorial etiology" has allowed the identification of the main "risk factors" of HIV infection, particularly those related to sexual practices. Nevertheless, that theory has epistemological limitations to study the social and cultural elements related to sexual behavior in the context of HIV. As a result, we propose to improve the epidemiological theory where the study of sexual behavior is concerned by including gender concepts like sexual identity and sexual role, because these concepts are close to the main objective of sexual behavior study in epidemiology which is sexual practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report an experimental activity suitable for undergraduate students that makes them question their ideas about locality and realism. The experiment here reported complements previous educational approaches to Bell inequalities, since the usually called S function, that quantifies correlations, is mapped by measuring it for different detection angles. The students themselves worked in a pre-aligned setup that allowed them to test and violate the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt–Bell inequality for two distant photons entangled in polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite enhanced recovery programmes, length of stay is variable following robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). The aim of this study was to assess the impact socioeconomic deprivation on recovery following RARC. Methods: The prospectively maintained RARC databases at two tertiary referral hospitals were reviewed from 2015 to 2017. Demographic, histological, and outcome data including length of stay (LOS), operation time and blood loss were recorded. The Index of Multiple Deprivation, was chosen as a deprivation index as this is used by the UK government to direct funding and resources to regions, towns and postal codes by assessing a number of indicators. Results: During the study period, 340 consecutive patients underwent RARC. Deprivation deciles were significantly higher in site 1 patients (7.9 in site 1 vs 6.6 in site 2, p < 0.001) implying that these patients are more likely to have higher incomes, levels of education and improved living environments. The mean operating time was longer in the site 1 cohort (397 vs 366 min, p > 0.001) with a reduced mean blood loss volume (252 and 484 mL, p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in mean LOS (6.2 days in site 1 vs 10.6 days in site 2, p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, a higher deprivation decile did not predict LOS (OR = 1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.1, p = 0.407). Sex and operation site were however significantly associated with LOS (p = 0.006 and <0.001). Conclusion: Recovery following RARC was independent of socioeconomic status when comparing two hospitals with diverse catchment areas in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical study about the transient and stationary fluctuation theorems is extended to include the effects of electromagnetic fields on a charged Brownian particle. In particular, we consider a harmonic trapped Brownian particle under the action of a constant magnetic field pointing perpendicular to a plane and a time-dependent electric field acting on this plane. The electric field is seen to be responsible for the motion of the center in the harmonic trap, giving as a result a time-dependent dragging. Our study is focused on the solution of the Smoluchowski equation associated with the over-damped Langevin equation and also considers two particular cases for the motion of the harmonic trap minimum. The first one is produced by a linear time-dependent electric field and, in the second case an oscillating electric field produces a circular motion. In this last case we have found resonant behavior in the mean work when the electric field is tuned with Larmor's frequency. Some comparisons are made with other works in the absence of the magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]