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Resumen: Introducción: La hemorragia intracerebral lobular (HIL) es una causa poco frecuente de ictus y representan cerca del 20% de las hemorragias intracerebrales primarias. La causa más frecuente son la angiopatía amiloidea cerebral (AAC), la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y otras como el tratamiento antiagregante o anticoagulante.Analizar una serie de pacientes con HIL y compararla con subgrupos de pacientes con HIL antiagregados o anticoagulados previamente. Determinar el volumen de la hemorragia y su valor predictivo de mortalidad. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyó de forma consecutiva y retrospectiva a 162 pacientes diagnosticados de HIL y atendidos en el servicio de neurología del Hospital Meixoeiro de Vigo entre los años 1991 y 2009. Se recogieron características demográficas, factores de riesgo, etiologías y clínica, y se realizó un análisis comparativo entre la serie general y los subgrupos de paciente antiagregados y anticoagulados. Resultados: En la serie general la causa más frecuente fue la AAC posible o probable seguida de la HTA. En los subgrupos de pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados no había diferencias en las variables estudiadas excepto en la frecuencia de cardiopatía. Sí existían diferencias en cuanto a la edad, la cardiopatía y la volumen de la hemorragia entre la serie general (sin los pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados) cuando se compararon con los subgrupos de antiagregados y anticoagulados. Conclusiones: Aportamos algunas novedades respecto al comportamiento clínico de la HIL y sus diferencias en los pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados. La mortalidad es superior en las HIL anticoaguladas. Son variables predictivas de defunción el sexo femenino y el volumen de la hemorragia. Abstract: Introduction: Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (LIH), is a rare cause of stroke which accounts for about 20% of primary intracerebral haemorrhages. The most common causes are cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), high blood pressure and others, such as using anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents.We analysed a series of patients with LIH and compared it with subgroups of patients with LIH who were previously receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. We determined the volume of the bleeding and its predictive value for mortality. Patients and methods: We consecutively and retrospectively included 162 patients diagnosed with LIH and cared for in the Neurology Department of Hospital Meixoeiro in Vigo between 1991 and 2009. We collected demographic characteristics, risk factors, aetiologies and symptoms, and conducted a comparative analysis between the general series and the subgroups of patients receiving anticoagulation and anti-platelet agents. Results: In the general series, the most common cause was possible or probable CAA followed by hypertension. In the subgroup of patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents there were no differences in the variables studied, except for the frequency of heart disease. Nonetheless, there were differences with respect to age, heart disease and bleeding volume between the general series (patients not treated with anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents) when compared with the subgroups of patients receiving anti-platelet and anticoagulation agents. Conclusions: We provide new information regarding the clinical behaviour of LIH and its differences in patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. Mortality is higher in cases of LIH on anticoagulants. LIH. Female sex and the volume of bleeding are predictors of mortality. Palabras clave: Anticoagulación, Antiagregación, Hemorragia intracerebral lobular, Variables pronósticas, Keywords: Anticoagulation, Anti-platelet, Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage, Prognostic variables

Introduction: Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (LICH) is a rare cause of stroke which accounts for about 20% of primary intracerebral haemorrhages. The most common causes are cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), high blood pressure and others, such as using antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents.We analysed a series of patients with LICH and compared it with subgroups of patients with LICH who were previously receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents. We determined the volume of the bleeding and its predictive value for mortality. Patients and methods: We consecutively and retrospectively included 162 patients diagnosed with LICH and cared for in the Neurology Department of Hospital Meixoeiro in Vigo between 1991 and 2009. We collected demographic characteristics, risk factors, aetiologies and symptoms, and conducted a comparative analysis between the general series and the subgroups of patients receiving anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents. Results: In the general series, the most common cause was possible or probable CAA followed by hypertension. In the subgroup of patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents there were no differences in the variables studied, except for the frequency of heart disease. Nonetheless, there were differences with respect to age, heart disease and bleeding volume between the general series (patients not treated with antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents) when compared with the subgroups of patients receiving antiplatelet and anticoagulation agents. Conclusions: We provide new information regarding the clinical behaviour of LICH and its differences in patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents. Mortality is higher in cases of LICH on anticoagulants. Female sex and the volume of bleeding are predictors of mortality. Resumen: Introducción: La hemorragia intracerebral lobular (HIL) es una causa poco frecuente de ictus y representan cerca del 20% de las hemorragias intracerebrales primarias. La causa más frecuente son la angiopatía amiloidea cerebral (AAC), la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y otras como el tratamiento antiagregante o anticoagulante.Analizar una serie de pacientes con HIL y compararla con subgrupos de pacientes con HIL antiagregados o anticoagulados previamente. Determinar el volumen de la hemorragia y su valor predictivo de mortalidad. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyó de forma consecutiva y retrospectiva a 162 pacientes diagnosticados de HIL y atendidos en el servicio de neurología del Hospital Meixoeiro de Vigo entre los años 1991 y 2009. Se recogieron características demográficas, factores de riesgo, etiologías y clínica, y se realizó un análisis comparativo entre la serie general y los subgrupos de paciente antiagregados y anticoagulados. Resultados: En la serie general la causa más frecuente fue la AAC posible o probable seguida de la HTA. En los subgrupos de pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados no había diferencias en las variables estudiadas excepto en la frecuencia de cardiopatía. Sí existían diferencias en cuanto a la edad, la cardiopatía y la volumen de la hemorragia entre la serie general (sin los pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados) cuando se compararon con los subgrupos de antiagregados y anticoagulados. Conclusiones: Aportamos algunas novedades respecto al comportamiento clínico de la HIL y sus diferencias en los pacientes antiagregados o anticoagulados. La mortalidad es superior en las HIL anticoaguladas. Son variables predictivas de defunción el sexo femenino y el volumen de la hemorragia. Keywords: Anticoagulation, Antiplatelet, Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage, Prognostic variables, Palabras clave: Anticoagulación, Antiagregación, Hemorragia intracerebral lobular, Variables pronósticas

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad estudiar las aguas de consumo del hotel Breezes Jibacoa mediante una caracterización física, química y microbiológica a la entrada y salida de la planta de ósmosis inversa, encargada de desalinizar el agua en esa instalación. Se evaluó el olor, color, pH, conductividad eléctrica, cloruros, dureza total, sólidos disueltos totales, nitrógeno amoniacal, nitrógeno orgánico, grasas y aceites y coliformes totales. También se realizó un balance general de la disponibilidad de las aguas de consumo y el costo asociado con fuentes alternativas de suministro de agua, basado en las normas y resoluciones establecidas en el país, llegando a la conclusión de que esta planta funciona satisfactoriamente y que el hotel requiere de fuentes alternativas para suplir la necesidad de agua potable. Palabras clave: caracterización, consumo, hotel, ósmosis inversa.

La repoblación de recursos pesqueros en Cuba, ha traído consigo la búsqueda de fuentes alternativas de alimentación, entre la que se cita Moina sp. alimentada con Chlorella spp. cultivada previamente en riles orgánicos de la pesca. Para ello se estudiaron las características físico-químicas del agua donde se cultivó el zooplancton, aplicando Chlorella spp. en suspensión como única fuente de alimentación. El estudio contempló las características del agua en acuarios y tanquetas donde se realizaron los experimentos, y del estanque de producción donde se colectó el zooplancton (temperatura del agua, pH, oxígeno disuelto, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno soluble, amonio, nitrito y fosfato). De acuerdo con los resultados, Moina sp. se desarrolla satisfactoriamente con el empleo de microalgas cultivadas con riles orgánicos de la industria pesquera, las que contribuyen a su vez al saneamiento del medio ambiente. Palabras clave: riles orgánicos pesqueros, Moina sp., Chlorella spp., variables físico-químicas

La gran diversidad de contaminantes que son producidos por el hombre va a parar al agua, directa o indirectamente, para provocar cambios que en su generalidad son contradictorios con el desenvolvimiento armónico de la naturaleza. Un residual, que aunque no se enmarca entre los más agresivos en la lista de los contaminantes orgánicos, es el procedente del procesamiento industrial de recursos pesqueros. En algunas instalaciones procesadoras de recursos acuáticos se han instalado sistemas de tratamiento de sus aguas, sin embargo, más del 70% carecen de ellos, por lo que en este trabajo se señalan las características físico-químicas de los riles orgánicos de la industria pesquera, como base para el diseño de sistemas de tratamiento a sus aguas. Palabras Claves: características físico-químicas, contaminación, pesca, riles orgánicos.

La eutrofización es originada por contaminación de las aguas con nutrientes lo cual provoca el agotamiento del oxígeno, afectando así la vida acuática. En el presente trabajo se presenta un análisis preliminar de la metodología para obtener el perfil vertical de diferentes parámetros del nivel eutrófico de un embalse, específicamente, en el embalse Mapara, fuente de agua natural que se utiliza en el estado Falcón. En esta zona existe actividad agropecuaria, forestal y turística, además del aporte por aguas residuales domésticas. La determinación de los parámetros fisicoquímicos permitirá inferir sobre su comportamiento, obteniéndose así el perfil vertical y el nivel de eutrofización. Es importante considerar la medida de la abundancia de biomasa para obtener un estudio completo. Palabras clave: eutrofización, embalse, nivel eutrófico, parámetros, perfil vertical.

Dos de las instalaciones procesadoras de recursos pesqueros de Cuba poseían plantas de tratamiento del tipo zanjas de filtración. Debido a las pérdidas que se producen en los sistemas receptores al ser descargados residuales sin tratamiento previo o con tratamiento deficiente, se realizó un estudio técnico de las zanjas de filtración ubicadas en las unidades empresariales de Sancti Spíritus y Santiago de Cuba, para determinar la eficiencia de ambos sistemas y emitir un criterio de la calidad del residual, efectuándose determinaciones de temperatura, pH, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, sólidos totales y volátiles, fósforo total, nitrito, nitrato, amonio y grasa, siguiendo los métodos estándar. Los resultados arrojaron que el diseño de zanja instalada en la unidad empresarial de Santiago de Cuba puede ser tomado como modelo para la construcción de sistemas similares, debido a su elevada eficiencia (89%).

Las nuevas alternativas de tratamiento de las aguas residuales en el sector pesquero, darán respuesta adecuada al problema de los impactos negativos al ecosistema proveniente de los residuales líquidos, de ahí que se realizara una investigación sobre cultivo de Chlorella spp. en riles orgánicos pesqueros, donde se determinó su crecimiento bajo las condiciones de luz y temperatura imperantes en Cuba y potencial descontaminador de esta alga, presentado en términos de demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO). Las experiencias se efectuaron en erlenmeyers, acuarios, estanques y laguna piloto. En todos los casos, se evidenció un crecimiento satisfactorio de la microalga y una disminución de la DBO en el orden del 85-95% del efluente total y soluble con respecto al residual sin presencia de Chlorella. Se propone el uso de la microalga para fines de tratamiento biológico de los riles pesqueros, preferiblemente en lagunas de alta velocidad.

Rare Earth Elements (REE) increasing demand prompts the research of biotechnological approaches to exploit secondary resources. We made use of the adapted Fluctuation analyses experiment to obtain Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ChlA strains resistant to Samarium (Sm) as the reference REE. The starting hypothesis was that adaptation to metal-containing media leads to an enhanced metal uptake. ChlA was able to adapt to 1.33·10 -4 Sm M and pH~3 by pre-existing genetic variability, allowing the evolutionary rescue of 13 of the 99 populations studied. The rescuing resistant genotypes presented a mutation rate of 8.65·10 -7 resistant cells per division. The resulting resistant population contradicted the expected fitness cost associated with the adaptation to Sm, selection resulted in larger and faster-growing resistant cells. Among the three isolated strains studied for Sm uptake, only one presented uplifted performance compared to the control population (46.64 μg Sm g-¹ of wet biomass and 3.26·10 -7 ng Sm per cell, mainly bioaccumulated within the cells). The selection of microalgae strains with improved tolerance to REEs by this methodology could be a promising solution for REES sequestration. However, increased tolerance can be independent or have negative effects on uptake performance and cellular features studied are not directly correlated with the metal uptake. SUMMARY SENTENCE: Repurposing a classic laboratory evolution experiment to select for microalgae Samarium adapted strains for metals recovery and biotechnology approaches. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its raw files)., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The extraction and processing of uranium (U) have polluted large areas worldwide, rendering anthropogenic extreme environments inhospitable to most species. Noticeably, these sites are of great interest for taxonomical and applied bioprospection of extremotolerant species successfully adapted to U tailings contamination. As an example, in this work we have studied a microalgae species that inhabits extreme U tailings ponds at the Saelices mining site (Salamanca, Spain), characterized as acidic (pH between 3 and 4), radioactive (around 4 μSv h -1 ) and contaminated with metals, mainly U (from 25 to 48 mg L -1 ) and zinc (from 17 to 87 mg L -1 ). After isolation of the extremotolerant ChlSP strain, morphological characterization and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-5.8S gene sequences placed it in the Chlamydomonadaceae , but BLAST analyses identity values, against the nucleotide datasets at the NCBI database, were very low (<92%). We subjected the ChlSP strain to an artificial selection protocol to increase the U uptake and investigated its response to selection. The ancestral strain ChlSP showed a U-uptake capacity of ≈4.30 mg U g -1 of dry biomass (DB). However, the artificially selected strain ChlSG was able to take up a total of ≈6.34 mg U g -1 DB, close to the theoretical maximum response (≈7.9 mg U g -1 DB). The selected ChlSG strain showed two possible U-uptake mechanisms: the greatest proportion by biosorption onto cell walls (ca. 90%), and only a very small quantity, ~0.46 mg g -1 DB, irreversibly bound by bioaccumulation. Additionally, the kinetics of the U-uptake process were characterized during a microalgae growth curve; ChlSG cells removed close to 4 mg L -1 of U in 24 days. These findings open up promising prospects for sustainable management of U tailings waters based on newly evolved extremotolerants and outline the potential of artificial selection in the improvement of desired features in microalgae by experimental adaptation and selection.

Background: Uric acid (UA) could act as a natural peroxynitrite scavenger with antioxidant properties. It has been proposed that hyperuricemia might protect against multiple sclerosis (MS)., Methods: Patients with relapsing-remitting MS starting treatment with interferon beta-1a 44 µg sc 3/week were randomly assigned to receive either inosine 3 g/day or placebo in a double-blind manner. Follow-up was 12 months. Outcome measures were adverse events and UA laboratory results. Secondary end point was clinical and radiological activity of MS. Relapse rates, percentage of patients without relapses, and progression to secondary MS (SPMS) were assessed., Results: Thirty six patients were included. Two patients in the inosine group showed UA serum level above 10 mg/ml, and symptoms derived from renal colic not leading to hospital admission. Ten additional patients had asymptomatic hyperuricemia (>7 mg). Efficacy parameters (clinical and radiological) were similar between groups. No patient progressed to SPMS CONCLUSIONS: Inosine administration was associated with hyperuricemia and renal colic with no additional effect on MS. We cannot conclude inosine is a safe and well-tolerated drug. Doses of around 2 g/day may be more appropriate for future trials., (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Megalin or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, which has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by clearing brain amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier at the choroid plexus. Here, we found a soluble form of megalin secreted from choroid plexus epithelial cells. Soluble megalin levels were also localized in the human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), being reduced in AD patients. We have also shown that soluble megalin binding to Aβ is decreased in the CSF of AD patients, suggesting that decreased sequestration of Aβ in the CSF could be associated with defective clearance of Aβ and an increase of brain Aβ levels. Thus, therapies, which increase megalin expression, at the choroid plexus and/or enhance circulating soluble megalin hold potential to control brain Aβ-related pathologies in AD.

Introduction: Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (LIH), is a rare cause of stroke which accounts for about 20% of primary intracerebral haemorrhages. The most common causes are cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), high blood pressure and others, such as using anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. We analysed a series of patients with LIH and compared it with subgroups of patients with LIH who were previously receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. We determined the volume of the bleeding and its predictive value for mortality., Patients and Methods: We consecutively and retrospectively included 162 patients diagnosed with LIH and cared for in the Neurology Department of Hospital Meixoeiro in Vigo between 1991 and 2009. We collected demographic characteristics, risk factors, aetiologies and symptoms, and conducted a comparative analysis between the general series and the subgroups of patients receiving anticoagulation and anti-platelet agents., Results: In the general series, the most common cause was possible or probable CAA followed by hypertension. In the subgroup of patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents there were no differences in the variables studied, except for the frequency of heart disease. Nonetheless, there were differences with respect to age, heart disease and bleeding volume between the general series (patients not treated with anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents) when compared with the subgroups of patients receiving anti-platelet and anticoagulation agents., Conclusions: We provide new information regarding the clinical behaviour of LIH and its differences in patients receiving anti-platelet or anticoagulation agents. Mortality is higher in cases of LIH on anticoagulants. LIH. Female sex and the volume of bleeding are predictors of mortality., (Copyright © 2011 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (LH) is an uncommon cause of stroke. Many LH are caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The aim of the present study is to analyse the clinical signs, risk factors, lesion volume and development, of a consecutive series of patients suffering from LH and to compare the various characteristics between haemorrhages which comply with the Boston criteria for CAA and those which do not comply with these inclusion criteria., Methods: A consecutive series of 106 patients suffering from LH and admitted to the neurological service in the Meixoeiro Hospital of Vigo between 1991 and 2005 is described. The Boston criteria were applied to all patients suffering from LH associated with possible, probable and confirmed CAA. The clinical signs, risk factors, haemorrhage sizes, evolution and complications of the patients complying with the CAA inclusion criteria were compared to those who did not comply with the inclusion criteria., Results: The 106 patients from the series, represent 14.4% of intracerebral haemorrhages and 3.7% of all strokes. Fifty-four percent (54 %) of the patients were female and arterial hypertension was an important risk factor. Twenty point eight percent (20.8%) of the patients were admitted in coma and 60% with hemiparesis. Of these LH patients 28.3% died. The haemorrhage volume and the female gender were the only predictive factors for death. No significant variables were observed to differentiate the groups in the comparative analysis of the subgroups of patients with CAA inclusion criteria and those without., Conclusions: The series studied showed similar risk factors and clinical characteristics to other published series. No predictive clinical variables were found to differentiate between LH which complied with CAA inclusion criteria and those that did not comply.

Introduction: The rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism is a movement disorder which associates dystonic symptoms, especially those affecting orofacial muscles, and parkinsonian symptoms. All these symptoms start suddenly and then they stabilize along the process. This disorder usually occurs to young adults and is an autosomal dominant trait with a reduced penetrance, although some sporadic cases have been reported. The genetic alteration is found on the chromosome 19q13, where the mutated gene ATP1A3 has been identified. This gene is linked to the regulation of the sodium-potassium pump., Case Report: A 16-year-old woman developed a sudden onset of dystonic symptoms which affected her higher and lower limbs, bulbar muscles, together with severe dysarthria and dysphagia. The onset occurred over hours, but her symptoms have been stabilized for years. No movement or other neurological disorders are reported in her family history., Conclusions: This is probably a sporadic case of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, and it is the second one reported in Spain. Diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, etiopahogenesis and genetic alterations are also discussed.