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Temperature field measurements need to be performed in many research areas to ensure an accurate control of numerous systems, such as in material sciences or biology. However, for infrared semi-transparent objects, like living cells or semiconductors, infrared thermography is not well-suited.To address this purpose, we used the thermal dependence of material transparency to image temperature fields. This thermotransmittance approach enables contactless and absolute temperature field measurements. This work introduces the calibration procedure of the thermotransmittance coefficient, and its use to image transient absolute temperature field

Temperature field contactless measurements in or at the surfaces of semitransparent media are a scientific challenge, as classical thermography techniques based on proper material emission cannot be used. In this work, an alternative method using infrared thermotransmittance for contactless imaging temperatures is proposed. To overcome the weakness of the measured signal, a lock-in acquisition chain is developed, and an imaging demodulation technique is used to retrieve the phase and amplitude of the thermotransmitted signal. These measurements, combined with an analytical model, enable the estimation of the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of an infrared semitransparent insulator (wafer of borofloat 33 glass) as well as the monochromatic thermotransmittance coefficient at 3.3 um. The obtained temperature fields are in good agreement with the model, and a detection limit of $\pm 2^{\circ}$ C is estimated with this method. The results of this work open new opportunities in the development of advanced thermal metrology for semitransparent media., Comment: This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in Rev Sci Instrum 94, 034905 (2023) and may be found at (https://pubs.aip.org/aip/rsi/article-abstract/94/3/034905/2881965/Infrared-thermotransmittance-based-temperature)

Electron beam lithography (EBL) on non-planar, suspended, curved or bent surfaces is still one of the most frequently stated problems for fabricating novel and innovative nano-devices and sensors for future technologies. Although spin coating is the most widespread technique for electron resist (e-resist) deposition on 2D or flat surfaces, it is inadequate for suspended and 3D architectures because of its lack of uniformity. In this work, we use a thermally evaporated electron sensitive resist the QSR-5 and study its sensitivity and contrast behaviour using EBL. We show the feasibility of utilizing the resist for patterning objects on non-planar, suspended structures via EBL and dry etching processes. We demonstrate the integration of metal or any kind of thin films at the apex of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip. This is showing the great potential of this technology in various fields, such as magnetism, electronic, photonics, phononics and other fields related to near field microscopy using AFM probe like for instance scanning thermal microscopy.

In France patients with cystic fibrosis benefit from a multidisciplinary follow-up in Cystic Fibrosis Centres. In this follow-up, despite the numerous therapeutic benefits of exercise in this disease, little emphasis is placed on the promotion of physical activity. The aim of this article is to improve this aspect of management, giving advice from a working group of experts, based on the medical literature and clinical experience. These proposals include quantification of physical activity, evaluation of exercise, training and rehabilitation programs and finally, modification of behaviour to include physical activity in the overall cystic fibrosis treatment strategy. It is intended to set up multicentre studies to evaluate the impact of these proposals.

The HAR observing methods such as Adaptive Optics and Interferometery, require a better understanding of the behavior of the perturbed wavefronts, more exactly a better knowledge of the atmospheric turbulence model in addition to the associate parameters. This is very crucial for modeling the HAR techniques and particularly for the evaluation of their performance. Indeed, it is well-known that the performance of an AO system depends upon the seeing conditions, the outer scale, the isoplanatic angle and the coherence time. A review of the site-testing instruments deployed at Dome C will be given, their pertinence and their implications on HAR techniques will be discussed comparatively to the Paranal site.

Context. In the context of astronomical observations, large-scale wavefront modelling is crucial to define specifications and to evaluate expected performances of large-aperture telescopes and long-baseline interferometers. Aim. We investigate experimentally the validity of usual models which allow to describe optical effects of atmospheric turbulence. Method. We analyse simultaneous measurements of angle-of-arrival covariances on 15 baselines of the Generalized Seeing Monitor in a linear configuration of its telescopes and modules. We use weighted least-square method on data obtained to test usual models of turbulence. Wavefront outer scale is derived from the minimization of the deviation of the model from the measurements. Results. We report first results of three nights of observations at Observatoire de Calern. We show here that the Greenwood–Tarazano model should also be considered in the characterization of optical effects of atmospheric turbulence. We have found that data are acceptably fitted by usual outer scale-dependent models in 56 per cent of recorded data.

In addition to site characterization, measurements of critical atmospheric parameters are required to design and to optimize future adaptive optic systems and long-baseline interferometers. It is possible to estimate seeing conditions by processing data obtained with existing High Angular Resolution instruments. We report the results of joint observations with the GI2T interferometer and the GSM site-testing monitor performed over a period of several nights. We compared estimates of the wavefront outer scale done at various baselines as well as the seeing (Fried’s parameter). We processed interferometric data by calculating power spectra of dispersed fringe images. Deduced measurements of the optical path difference lead to the estimates of the outer scale. We found that the outer scale values obtained from the GI2T data are mostly in the 5−30 m range, in good agreement with GSM measurements.

Looking for a response to the challenges faced by its electric systems, the Island Energy System division of EDF (EDF SEI) decided to develop Smart Grids programs in its territories Corse and French overseas departments. The paper focuses on the Demand Response programs, based on large customers and residential ones. (4 pages)

Islands are territories with specific characteristics, which make them ideal laboratories to test, demonstrate and deploy smart grid components and systems so that these technologies can be deployed at larger scale in the continental European grid. (4 pages)

The outer scale profile is a key parameter for the specification and optimization of the Adaptive Optics systems for the Extremely Large Telescopes. A new instrument MOSP for L0(h) extraction has been developed and several campaigns have been carried out at Mauna Kea, Paranal and now at Dome C in Antarctica. The MOSP instrument and results obtained during his observation campaigns are presented and discussed.

In France patients with cystic fibrosis benefit from a multidisciplinary follow-up in Cystic Fibrosis Centres. In this follow-up, despite the numerous therapeutic benefits of exercise in this disease, little emphasis is placed on the promotion of physical activity. The aim of this article is to improve this aspect of management, giving advice from a working group of experts, based on the medical literature and clinical experience. These proposals include quantification of physical activity, evaluation of exercise, training and rehabilitation programs and finally, modification of behaviour to include physical activity in the overall cystic fibrosis treatment strategy. It is intended to set up multicentre studies to evaluate the impact of these proposals.

The wavefront outer scale is an important parameter to use when evaluating the experimental performance of large aperture telescopes. Knowledge of three-dimensional atmospheric wavefront distortions is required for specifications of multiconjugate adaptive optics systems, which are essential for observations using Extremely Large Telescopes with a wider field of view. We aim to estimate the vertical distribution of the wavefront outer scale. We analyse the angular correlation of the fluctuations of the wavefront angle of arrival, deduced from image motion of the limb of the Moon. We use a simulated annealing algorithm to deduce the height dependence of the wavefront outer scale with given C 2 N profiles simultaneously measured with the scintillation detection and ranging (SCIDAR) instrument. We present results obtained during two campaigns of observation at the Mauna Kea Observatory (Hawaii) and the Observatoire de Haute Provence (France). Estimated profiles of the outer scale exhibit smaller values in the boundary layer than in the free atmosphere. Comparisons with measurements of the outer scale using the Generalized Seeing Monitor (GSM) are possible and give good agreement. We consider some implications for adaptive optics systems.

Astronomy and Astrophysics, v. 414, p. L33-L36, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031770; International audience; A new method is proposed for the verification of the atmospheric turbulence model. It is based on the reconstruction of the phase structure function from simultaneous measurements of the Angle-of-Arrival longitudinal covariance at different baselines with the Generalized Seeing Monitor (GSM). In addition, with this new technique we obtain the first non-model dependent estimates of the outer scale with the GSM. Preliminary results of the reconstructed phase structure function with this technique are presented and compared to those obtained theoretically with the most known atmospheric turbulence models.

Low-power electrical supply requirements appear throughout an electrical energy transmission network (e.g., for tower lighting and for reamplification of data transmitted along the line via appropriate media coaxial cable or optical fibers incorporated in the earth wire). It is pointed out that solar energy is an advantageous way to meet these requirements, but the insertion of a photovoltaic generator in a tower poses a certain number of specific problems, in terms of mechanics, electricity, and access. These problems have been studied through two experimental photovoltaic generator installations, paying particular attention to the function of the regulator. Based on the data acquired, the following recommendations are made for the next generation of installations. The installation should be equipped with a charge/voltage regulator, and, as soon as the battery voltage reaches a threshold level equal to 120% of its nominal value, the regulator should totally stop the charging process until the next sunrise. When these rules have been applied, it is expected that the battery will have a longer life and will operate without maintenance during its entire lifetime. >

La transformacion social y economica que experimento la sociedad castellana en la baja Edad Media influyo en la creacion de un teatro que, prestando servicio a los intereses senoriales, se encargo de ridiculizar a quienes aspiraban a imitar el modo de vida nobiliario. Este modelo, creado por Juan del Encina, encontro amplio eco en la peninsula y fue imitado, entre otros, por el aristocrata aragones Pedro Manuel Ximenez de Urrea. A pesar de que la egloga llamada Nave de seguridad adolece de algunos defectos (empleo torpe del sayagues, estructura endeble, caracterizacion deficiente de personajes, movimientos escenicos descuidados, encadenamiento de dialogos ineficaz), Urrea logra ridiculizar las apetencias de los villanos escenificando su conducta improcedente, su lujuria o su vanidad.

Le trouble déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H) est un trouble neurodéveloppemental qui se caractérise par une triade de symptômes : inattention, hyperactivité et impulsivité. C’est un trouble hautement comorbide : jusqu’à 90 % des cas [2] seraient associés à un trouble oppositionnel, un trouble anxieux… Les enfants atteints de TDA/H expérimentent plus de difficultés au niveau social, ce qui a amené certains auteurs à étudier les compétences prosociales de cette population. Parmi celles-ci, la capacité à décoder les émotions à partir des expressions du visage est essentielle pour interagir. La plupart des études qui ont investigué la Reconnaissance des Emotions Faciales (REF) chez les enfants atteints de TDA/H ont conclu à un déficit général par rapport aux enfants sans TDA/H (pour revue, [1]). Néanmoins, la méthodologie et l’hétérogénéité clinique des populations limitent les conclusions. Cette étude se propose d’investiguer la REF de 40 enfants atteints de TDA/H et 40 enfants sans TDA/H entre 7 et 11 ans et l’influence des dimensions cliniques comorbides au TDA/H (opposition, anxiété et labilité émotionnelle). Le design de la tâche de REF a été créé à partir des conclusions de l’étude de Yuill et Lyon [3] pour limiter les erreurs dues notamment à l’impulsivité. Les résultats montrent que les enfants atteints de TDA/H ont un déficit de REF par rapport aux enfants sans TDA/H. Ils ont plus de difficultés à reconnaître la tristesse, le dégoût et la joie. Les dimensions comorbides n’interviennent pas dans ce déficit. En conclusion, les difficultés de REF semblent être une caractéristique clinique du TDA/H et ainsi elles peuvent entrer en compte dans le retentissement social du trouble.

When ureteral rupture is suspected after trauma with fracture of the pelvis, insertion of a suprapubic catheter is required as an emergency measure. Ureteral lesions must be repaired early by the 5th to 10th day after trauma. Pyelography or retrograde ureterography is required to determine whether there is total or partial rupture and the degree of damage is identified endoscopically. We operated 73 total ruptures in deferred emergency situations (58 transpubic, 14 perineal approaches) and achieved good results in 80%. There were also 41 partial ruptures treated with an indwelling catheter in which 21 developed strictures requiring secondary uretrotomy. In three particular situations (anorectal damage, infected perineal wound, polytrauma with head trauma), in 8 patients were managed with suprapubic drainage alone before repair 3 months later. Different complications, including stricture and impotency were observed.

Since the nineteenth century many concepts for anastomosis have been described. In 1892, Murphy performed a ring anastomosis using a steel button. This technique is now used with a biofragmentable ring made of polyglycolic acid (87.5% by weight) and barium sulfate (12.5% by weight). The ring breaks into fragments by hydrolysis in 15–23 days. The differents fragments are eliminated in the stool. The barium sulfate makes X-ray control easy

The occurrence of upper urinary tract tumors has been studied in 479 patients followed for bladder cancer: The incidence rate is low (2.9%) but increases with time (mean: 58 months). Some patients are more exposed: those who underwent repeated transurethral resections of Ta-T1 multifocal bladder carcinoma. Retrograde and voiding cystourethrogram seems to be useful to select a group "at risk" during the follow-up of patients with bladder tumors treated by endoscopic resection: a yearly excretory urography for upper urinary tract survey should then be performed.

A series of 136 bladder replacements using colon tissue was performed after total prostacystectomy for cancer of the bladder. Sixty-four Bordeaux-type ileocecal replacements were performed. The first bladder Bordeaux-type was created in March 1985. The technique involves detubulization of an ileocecal segment using 15 cm of the right colonic segment submucally according to the Goodwin technique. Uretral anastomosis uses the lower most portion of the cecum. Ileocecal anastomosis is performed manually or using a biofragmenting ring with terminoterminal junction as in the last 12 patients. After a follow-up of 1 to 8 years, 39 patients were evaluated for long-term results. The notion of need was obvious. Daytime continence was achieved in all patients. Night-time continence was achieved in 75% including several patients who had nocturnal mictions. Bladder filling occurred at low pressure with peaks from 5 to 20 cm H2O. Bladder capacity varied from 300 to 400 cc. Mean urinary flow was 21 ml/s. No cases of diarrhea were observed. Radiotransparent and asymptomatic bladder stones were seen in two cases. Mean corpuscular volume, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were normal in 3/4 patients. No cases of elevated chloride were observed and no cases of oxaliuria occurred. Bladder Bordeaux-type construction offers a functional volume similar to the normal bladder with good metabolic tolerance, remarkable good stability over time and no deterioration of the upper urinary system.

Aims. Within the framework of site qualification for the future European large telescope E-ELT, a campaign of measurements was carried out for ten nights in December 2007 at Paranal using six independent instruments. Methods. To characterize the optical turbulence, two techniques were used: the statistical analysis of the fluctuations of the angle of arrival and the scintillation of the observed objects which are, in this case, a single star for DIMM, GSM, and MASS, a double star for Cute-SCIDAR, and Moon limb for MOSP and LuSci. Results. The optical parameters measured in this campaign and presented here are the seeing, the isoplanatic angle, the coherence time, and the outer scale. We obtain a good agreement with the value measured in previous campaigns. We also extracted the vertical profile of the turbulence given by C 2(h), and the profiles of the outer scale for the first time at Paranal. A comparison of the different results that we present here allows the determination of the energy distribution in the free atmosphere, on the ground layer as well as in the first meters above ground. This reveals a significant contribution of the surface layer to the degradation of the global seeing.

Les graphites artificiels sont obtenus par agglomeration de poudres de carbone par un liant organique, puis par carbonisation a 1 000 °C et “graphitation” a 2 800 °C. Apres avoir decrit les procedes et les produits, nous montrons comment les proprietes des differents materiaux obtenus conduisent aux divers emplois.L'utilisation du graphite a permis de resoudre un certain nombre de problemes, mais n'est pas suffisante pour satisfaire toutes les exigences des applications. De nouveaux materiaux carbones elargissent les domaines d'utilisation.Enfin, si certains produits sont en decroissance, d'autres se developpent dans des applications nouvelles.

Resume A notre connaissance, il a toujours ete dit que l'insertion du chlorure ferrique devait se faire en l'absence d'humidite, et nous ne connaissons pas de mode de preparation de composes d'insertion en utilisant comme complexant le chlorure ferrique hydrate. L'insertion se fait par simple melange du chlorure et du graphite des 180°C, la temperature optimum etant 250 °C. Le produit fabrique est tres bien insere, si l'on prend comme critere la possibilite pour celui-ci de s'expanser. En effet, le graphite expanse ainsi realise a une densite de 0,003, comparable a celle obtenue sur celui prepare a partir de graphite complexe par un melange sulfonitrique. Les spectres de rayons X sont difficiles a interpreter car le produit n'est pas homogene et contient des impuretes en quantites importantes. D'apres la litterature, l'insertion du calcium dissous dans l'ammoniac liquide ne peut se faire que si l'ammoniac liquide est parfaitement desseche. En fait, nous avons prepare plusieurs kilogrammes de complexe a l'air sans prendre de precautions particulieres. Le produit obtenu s'expanse remarquablement bien. Le spectre de rayons X est la aussi difficile a interpreter. Dans les memes conditions, nous avons pu inserer de l'ammoniac dans un complexe chlorure ferrique anhydre/graphite Par contre, il n'a pas ete possible d'inserer l'ammoniac dans le complexe prepare avec le chlorure ferrique hydrate. Tous ces produits, et plus particulierement les complexes contenant de l'ammoniac, ont ete prepares afin de realiser des produits qui s'expansent bien sans degagement de vapeurs acides.

A high surface area, chemically-prepared graphitic oxide, C 8 O 4 H 2 , has been used as cathodic material in lithium batteries. Good performances have been obtained (2000 W h/kg energy density) because of its physico-chemical and electrochemical properties. Industrial applications can be envisaged.

Resume Graphite expanse de faible densite obtenu a partir de paillettes 120, 80, 20 μm L'expansion de graphite naturel fin de differentes granulometries (120, 60, 20 μm) a ete etudiee en utilisant comme complexant un melange sulfonitrique, et l'expansion d'un graphite artificiel en utilisant le meme complexant. Comparaison est faite de la conductivite thermique de ces graphites avec une poudre servant d'isolation thermique dans le four de graphitation, d'un noir, et du graphite expanse realise avec des paillettes de 1 mm. Ces graphites expanses sont notablement moins conducteurs que le graphite expanse “1 mm” mais restent plus conducteurs que le noir. Un exemple d'application est donne pour un four de graphitation. Graphite expanse obtenu a partir de paillettes φ 1 mm de densite superieure a 0, 1 Deux modes de preparation ont ete utilises: la compression isostatique et la compression unidirectionnelle, a partir de vermicules de densite apparente 0,003. On a etudie la variation de la densite en fonction de la pression, la conductivite thermique, et le module d'elasticite. On a mis en evidence la zone plastique de deformation et la zone elastique disparaissant apres plusieurs cycles de compression. La dilatation thermique: elle est importante si le chauffage est rapide et presente une hysterese. Le phenomene est du essentiellement a la dilatation des gaz inclus. L'accessibilite aux corps non mouillants: des blocs de densite 0,1 mis dans le mercure sous pression se compriment sur eux-memes sans que le mercure penetre dans l'echantillon Il est vraisemblable qu'il en serait de meme avec des sels fondus, ce qui permettrait d'utiliser du graphite expanse recomprime de densite superieure a 0,1 comme matiere de remplissage dans une cuve de reacteur a sels fondus.

It has been claimed in the literature that composite wires formed by a copper sheath filled with SbF5-graphite might have an average resistivity 30% lower than that of copper. We decided to carry out new measurements and to study in particular the main parameters which have an influence on the conductivity of compacted powders. Orientation and resistivity measurements as a function of pressure for various graphites showed that the lowest resistivity is obtained with the natural graphite of Madagascar which has the largest samples that we used. A 70%Cu-30%Ni sheath was used to make the composite wires. The variation in the resistivity of the intercalation compound filling the sheath as a function of swaging showed that the best results are obtained with the electron donor compounds LiC6 and LiC12 which have a lower resistivity anisotropy than the electron acceptor compounds.

A thixotropic gel is formed from water suspensions of graphitic oxide, sodium graphitates or ammonium graphitates. Such gel deposited on a polished surface when all excess salt or acid is eliminated gives after drying a remarkably strong membrane of graphitic oxide or graphitate. Since it was known already that graphitic oxide can form sheets of carbon after reduction by hydriodic acid or hydrazine, it was tried first to reduce the membranes by hydrazine and by hydriodic acid in liquid or gaseous phase. These reduced carbon membranes however are extremely brittle. It was found that membranes of graphitic oxide heated at 500°C in a current of hydrogen produce also membranes essentially of carbon. A study was made of the evolution of such membranes by reheating to various temperatures between 500°C and 1000°C. The characteristics of these membranes such as density, resistivity, magnetoresistance, tensile strength along the plane, crystallographic parameters (interlayer spacing, degree of graphitization and orientation of the graphitic layers) were determined. Membranes of various thicknesses have been prepared. The thinnest permitting a study of the i.r. spectrum were deposited on a grid. They are somewhat translucent to the visible light. The evolution of the structure of the membranes is most remarkable. While for all graphitizable carbons, graphitization begins at about 1600°C and ends at about 3000°C, for such membranes an interlayer spacing of 3.39 A is found at 1000°C with the (11) band not modulated. One finds thus a turbostratic carbon with an average spacing near that of the graphite. After heating to 2000°C the interlayer spacing decreases to 3.356 A, the order parameter P1 (= g2) becoming very high (0.8). One concludes that the absence of interstitial carbon atoms (nonexistent in the original graphite) leads to a spacing for turbostratic layers more nearly equal to that of the perfect graphite and to a graphitic ordering of the layers occurring easily and becoming almost complete at temperatures below 2000°C.

Les auteurs ont étudié les produits formés, par action du réactif de Brodie, sur des graphites à taux de graphitation variable. Les acides graphitiques correspondants ont été examinés au microscope électronique. Les graphitates de sodium obtenus par traitement à la soude ont été également observés au microscope électronique. Il a semblé utile de mettre en évidence le parallélisme entre les propriétés des suspensions (tendance à la formation de gel, par exemple) et les aspects ultramicroscopiques des particules (membranes plus ou moins continues)., Maire J., Mathieu-Sicaud A. Étude de gels d'acide graphitique au microscope électronique. In: Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, volume 75, 10-12, 1952. pp. 599-604.

Melanesian population amounts to 61,270 out of 145,368 inhabitants in New Caledonia according to the last census. Melanesians of phototype VI have no predisposition in regard to malignant melanoma. From 1977 to 1987, 7 cases have been reported. Localisations are always in some zones not exposed to sunlight: 3 acral-lentiginous melanoma of the sole, 2 tumorous nodules of the anus margin and the vulva, 2 choroidal localisations. So, incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma is very low (0.7/100,000 per annum) and in accordance with classical data regarding black people. But one has to keep in mind its being in some characteristic localisations. All the above referred cases have been detected at an advanced local extension.

Maire J. Aspects structuraux de la graphitation. In: Bulletin du Groupe français des argiles. Tome 26, numéro spécial, 1974. Hommage à Jacques Mering. pp. 57-63.

Hemangiopericytoma is an uncommon tumour of the thyroid gland. We report the fourth case of thyroid hemangiopericytoma in a 77 year-old woman who presented a goiter known for 23 years. The tumour, 11.5 X 7 X 7 cm in diameter, was located in the left lobe. Its histological features were those of a benign hemangiopericytoma as in two cases previously reported. Light microscopy discovered capillaries surrounded by sheets of plump cells and a reticulin network encircling each cell. A few tumour cells showed slight immunoreactivity with antibody against actin. There was no immunoreactivity with antibodies against desmin, vimentin and myosin intermediate filaments. Today, the electron microscopic analysis which revealed that tumour cells looked like pericytes, remains the best investigation for hemangiopericytoma diagnosis.

We present a method to measure the operating temperature of photovoltaic cells in an array. We use temperature shift of optical parameters of the semi-conductor which induce a variation of spectral response. This variation is large for wavelengths near the cut off wavelength λc= EG −1 hc.

Amongst the factors determining the profiles of diffraction lines of carbons, the influence of disorder parameters is important in comparison with the dimensions parameters. The calculation of the crystallite sizes requires the correction of the disorder effects. Unfortunately this correction is only possible for the stacks thicknesses (Lc). The analysis of experimental results leads to the following conclusions: (1) The thickness Lc increases until the graphitization ratio reaches the value 0.5 (H.T. temperature: 2200°C); beyond this value the increase of Lc stops. (2) The apparent layers diameter (La) increases slowly until the graphitization ratio reaches the same value (0.5); above this value a rapid growth of La is observed. This apparent growth of La does not necessarily imply the polymerization of carbon layers. It could be interpreted as the disappearance of internal distortions.