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Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used as a diagnostic and prognostic instrument to evaluate the results of conservative treatment for plantar fasciitis. However, there are scarce data available relative to changes in the plantar fascia after operative treatment. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the imaging changes in patients with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis treated operatively by means of proximal medial gastrocnemius release., Methods: Thirteen patients with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis were studied with MRI preoperatively and 1 year after operative treatment. Quantitative (plantar fascia thickness) and qualitative variables (hyperintensity in the plantar fascia, insertional calcaneus bone edema, a plantar fascia tear, and the presence of perifascial collections) were assessed by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists. Clinical results were also measured with American Orthopaedic Ankle & Society (AOFAS), visual analog scale (VAS) pain, and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scales., Results: The mean plantar fascia thickness was 6.59 mm preoperatively and 6.37 mm postoperatively ( P = .972). No statistically significant differences were found in any of the qualitative variables on comparing the pre- and postoperative periods. Patients reported clinical improvements in pain VAS, AOFAS measurement, and the physical subdomains of the SF-36 scale., Conclusion: Quantitative and qualitative variables assessed for the plantar fascia on MRI did not show any significant change after medial gastrocnemius release despite clear clinical improvement., Level of Evidence: Level II, perspective cohort study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. ICMJE forms for all authors are available online., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

Background: It remains unclear as to why patellofemoral pain (PFP) appears in some patients after knee arthroscopy and what influence the quadriceps muscle has on its onset., Purpose: To compare muscle thickness, neuromuscular contractility, and quadriceps femoris muscle strength between patients who develop PFP after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and a control group and to compare functional outcomes between these entities., Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3., Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort study was carried out on patients scheduled for arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Patients were excluded if they had preoperative PFP, previous knee surgery, or additional surgical procedures (eg, meniscal repair or microfracture). The following were performed preoperatively: magnetic resonance imaging to quantify muscle thickness, surface electromyography to analyze electrical contractility, and an isokinetic study to assess the strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Patients also completed a Lysholm functional questionnaire. Six weeks after the index procedure, patients were questioned about the presence of PFP, and the same tests were repeated. The PFP group included patients who developed anterior knee pain postoperatively, while the control group included those who did not develop pain., Results: Of 90 initial study patients, 20 were included in the PFP group (23.8%) and 64 in the control group (76.2%); 6 patients were lost to follow-up. Both study groups were comparable on all of the analyzed preoperative variables. Patients in the PFP group had worse results in terms of muscle thickness (9.67 vs 16.55 cm 2 ), electrical contractility (1226.30 vs 1946.11 µV), and quadriceps strength (12.27 vs 20.02 kg; all P < .001). They also presented worse functional results on the Lysholm score (63.05 vs 74.45; P < .001)., Conclusion: Patients who developed PFP after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy had more quadriceps femoris muscle atrophy as well as a greater decrease in electrical contractility and muscle strength at 6 weeks postsurgically as compared with a control group. The PFP group also had worse postoperative functional results., Competing Interests: The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

Background: Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of foot pain. If conservative treatment fails, there is no consensus as to the best surgical management for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis (RPF). The aim of this study was to compare the results obtained from proximal medial gastrocnemius release (PMGR) with those obtained from open plantar fasciotomy (OPF) in terms of pain, satisfaction, health-related quality of life, and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score., Methods: This is a prospective randomized trial conducted between 2012 and 2016. Patients with RPF for at least 9 months were included. Diagnosis was clinically made. The exclusion criteria were neuropathic heel pain; a history of previous foot fracture, surgery, or deformity; rheumatoid arthritis; or the need for long-term analgesic administration. After ruling out other conditions with magnetic resonance or ultrasound imaging, patients were randomized to be operated on with OPF or PMGR independently of the Silfverskjold test. Follow-up was carried out for up to 1 year. The AOFAS, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, SF-36, and Likert scale for satisfaction were used to evaluate the results obtained. The analysis was done with 21 patients in the OPF group and 15 in the PMGR group. The demographic data (age, sex, body mass index, duration of symptoms, and positivity to the Silfverskjold test) of the groups were comparable., Results: No differences were found in terms of the AOFAS ( P = .24), VAS ( P = .14), or any item of the SF-36. Satisfaction was very good in 85.8% of the PMGR group and 89.5% of the OPF group ( P = .27). Faster recovery was observed in the PMGR group., Conclusion: OPF and PMGR provided good results for patients with RPF. Neither was superior to the other relative to pain, AOFAS score, satisfaction, or the SF-36. We recommend PMGR as the first option in RPF surgical management in order to avoid potential biomechanical complications related to OPF., Level of Evidence: Level I, therapeutic randomized controlled trial.

Background: The measurement of plantar fascia thickness has been advocated as a diagnostic and prognostic instrument in patients with plantar fasciitis, but there are no data relative to it in recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between plantar fascia thickness and pain, functional score, and health perception in patients with this condition., Methods: Thirty-eight feet were studied with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging to measure plantar fascia thickness. The visual analogue scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Hindfoot Score (AOFAS), and SF-36 were then recorded for each patient. The relationship between the fascia and these scores was analyzed to evaluate the correlation of thickness with pain, functional level, and health perception of patients., Results: In patients with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis, plantar fascia thickness did not correlate with pain (VAS), AOFAS, or any item of the SF-36., Conclusion: The thickness of the plantar fascia in patients with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis did not correlate with its clinical impact, and thus, we believe it should not be used in treatment planning., Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

The epidermoid cyst of the penis is an uncommon benign intratesticular tumour. This paper presents two cases that were diagnosed and operated in our centre. It also describes the most significant clinical, radiological and histological aspects.

A case is presented of annular carcinoma of the colon, which appeared with radiological features of regularity of the spasms or pseudosphincters of the colon. A review is made of the radiological differential criteria of both entities.

Two cases are presented of Kaposi's sarcoma (SK) associated with AIDS and gastrointestinal affectation. The visceral extension of Kaposi's sarcoma has been related to a poorer prognosis, and in some cases, it is responsible for the appearance of symptoms, particularly gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The radiological patterns of presentation of the gastrointestinal lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma are described, this being the most frequent location of the disease after the skin and lymph nodes.