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Amaç: Bu çalışmada, yaşlı nüfusta malnütrisyon tipleri ile çiftçilik geçim ekonomisi arasındaki bağıntılar incelenmiştir.Yöntem: Araştırma, Hatay ilinde yaşayan 65 yaş ve üzeri iki grup (çiftçiler ve çiftçi olmayanlar) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çiftçi grubunda (Grup 1) 111 (67 erkek, 44 kadın) ve çiftçi olmayan grupta (Grup 2) 89 (41 erkek, 48 kadın) yaşlının antropometrik ölçüleri alınarak beslenme durumları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden yaşlıların boy uzunlukları ve vücut ağırlıkları uluslararası prosedürlere uygun olarak ölçülmüş ve beden kütle indeksi (BKİ) değerleri hesaplanmıştır.Bulgular: Örneklemimizde her iki grupta da zayıflık düşük sıklıkta (Grup 1 %2.7; Grup 2 %1.1) iken, fazla kiloluluk (Grup 1 %38.7; Grup 2 %32.6) ve obezite daha yaygındır (Grup 1 %35.1; Grup 2 %40.5). Yaşlılar üzerinde yapılan araştırmalarda “fazla kilolu + obez” sıklığı kadınlarda daha yüksek değerler göstermesine karşın çiftçi grubunda tersi durum gözlenmiş ve söz konusu oran erkekler lehine daha fazla çıkmıştır. Çiftçi olmayan grupta ise genel örüntüyle uyumlu sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.Sonuç: Çiftçilikle yaşamını sürdüren kadınların günlük yaşam tarzları ve aktivite düzeylerinin fazla olması sebebiyle kadınlarda obezite oranlarının erkeklerdeki düzeyin altına indiğini, böylece genel toplumda mevcut olan cinsiyete dayalı obezite örüntüsünün (kadınlar>erkekler) çiftçi gruplarda geçerli olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır., Objective: In this study, the relationship between malnutrition in the elderly population and the agriculture subsistence economy was examined.Methods: The study was conducted on two groups (farmers and non-farmers) aged 65 and over living in the province of Hatay, Southern Turkey. Anthropometric measurements of 111 (67 males, 44 females) in the farmer group (Group 1) and 89 (41 males, 48 females) in the non-farmer group (Group 2) were taken and their nutritional status was determined. The stature and body weight of the elderly who accepted to participate in the study were measured following international procedures and then body mass index (BMI) values were calculated.Results: In our sample, both groups had a low rate of undernourishment (Group 1 %2.7; Group 2 %1.1); however, overweight (Group 1 %38.7; Group 2 %32.6) and obesity (Group 1 %35.1; Group 2 %40.5) were more common. Although the prevalence of “overweight + obese” was higher in females in studies of the elderly, the contrary was observed in the farmer group, where the frequency rate was higher in favor of males. In the non-farmer group, results consistent with the general pattern were obtained.Conclusion: Due to daily lives and activity levels of women who live by farming, it has been found that the obesity prevalence in females has declined below that of males, indicating that the gender-based obesity pattern (females>males) in the general population is not valid in the farmer group.

Love is a worldwide known phenomenon that affects many aspects of human life, including considering a romantic partner with whom to bond. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to test love levels is Sternberg's 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment. However, our literature review reveals that the majority of studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. To achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, here, we develop a short version of the scale–the TLS-15–which contains 15 items with a 5-point rather than 9-point response scale. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test-retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provided support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which could be used as a measure of love components–separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.

Interpersonal touch behavior differs across cultures, yet no study to date has systematically tested for cultural variation in affective touch, nor examined the factors that might account for this variability. Here, over 14,000 individuals from 45 countries were asked whether they embraced, stroked, kissed, or hugged their partner, friends, and youngest child during the week preceding the study. We then examined a range of hypothesized individual-level factors (sex, age, parasitic history, conservatism, religiosity, and preferred interpersonal distance) and cultural-level factors (regional temperature, parasite stress, regional conservatism, collectivism, and religiosity) in predicting these affective-touching behaviors. Our results indicate that affective touch was most prevalent in relationships with partners and children, and its diversity was relatively higher in warmer, less conservative, and religious countries, and among younger, female, and liberal people. This research allows for a broad and integrated view of the bases of cross-cultural variability in affective touch. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

The Triangular Theory of Love (measured with Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale – STLS) is a prominent theoretical concept in empirical research on love. To expand the culturally homogeneous body of previous psychometric research regarding the STLS, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural study with the use of this scale. In total, we examined more than 11,000 respondents, but as a result of applied exclusion criteria, the final analyses were based on a sample of 7332 participants from 25 countries (from all inhabited continents). We tested configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance, all of which confirmed the cultural universality of the theoretical construct of love analyzed in our study. We also observed that levels of love components differ depending on relationship duration, following the dynamics suggested in the Triangular Theory of Love. Supplementary files with all our data, including results on love intensity across different countries along with STLS versions adapted in a few dozen languages, will further enable more extensive research on the Triangular Theory of Love. This article will not be available due to copyright restrictions © 2020 by The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality

Seventy-nine percent of internet users use Facebook, and on average they access Facebook eight times a day (Greenwood et al., 2016). To put these numbers into perspective, according to Clement (2019), around 30% of the world’s population uses this Online Social Network (OSN) site. Despite the constantly growing body of academic research on Facebook (Chou et al., 2009 ; Back et al., 2010 ; Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010 ; McAndrew and Jeong, 2012 ; Wilson et al., 2012 ; Krasnova et al., 2017), there remains limited research regarding the motivation behind Facebook use across different cultures. Our main goal was to collect data from a large cross-cultural sample of Facebook users to examine the roles of sex, age, and, most importantly, cultural differences underlying Facebook use.

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives., National Science Center, Poland [2019/33/N/HS6/00054]; Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF; FCT [UID/PSI/03125/2021, SFRH/BD/126304/2016]; UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [2019 -CAP (6401/0019)], This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054). Dmitry Grigoryev was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).; Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF.; Patricia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016. Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 -CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Objective: The face is one of the anatomical parts that is crucial in terms of sex estimation. By focusing on the upper face region, the goal of this study is to find an answer to the question of whether the relatively under-examined breadth measures can be employed in sex estimation.Method: In order to achieve this aim, 5 width measurements were taken on CT (computerized tomography) images of 200 adult individuals (100 women, 100 men) aged between 18 and 75. These measures are: (1) bimalar (interzygomatic) width, (2) bizygomaxillary width, (3) orbital width, (4) biorbital width, and (5) interorbital width. The degrees of sexual dimorphism of the measures were analyzed by constructing univariate and multivariate discriminant functions.Results: The ratio of correct allocation of sex by univariate functions ranged from 63.5% to 76.5%. It was determined that the variables that best the discriminator of sex were bimalar (interzygomatic) width (76.5%) and biorbital width (73%), respectively. The function contains bimalar width and orbital width was the most successful multivariate equation in properly differentiating the sexes, with a sex determination rate of 77%.Conclusion: Findings reveal that the success of the width measurements in the upper face and orbital region is at a moderate level, therefore, in the medico-legal examinations the width measurements of the upper face region can be applied in cases where the bone elements forming the pelvis are not found., Amaç: Cinsiyet ayrımı açısından öne çıkan anatomik bölgelerden birisi yüz bölgesi ve bu bölgeyi oluşturan kemik yapılardır. Yapılan çalışmalar yüz bölgesindeki genişlik ölçülerinin, özellikle de bizigomatik genişliğin önemli bir cinsiyet ayırıcı değişken olduğunu ortaya koymakla birlikte üst yüz bölgesini oluşturan diğer elemanlar bu açıdan yeterince incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, üst yüz bölgesini mercek altına alarak, görece az incelenmiş genişlik ölçülerinin cinsiyet ayrımında kullanılıp kullanılamayacağı sorusuna cevap aramaktır. Yöntem: Bu çerçevede, yaşları 18 ve 75 arasında değişen 200 yetişkin bireyin (100 kadın, 100 erkek) BT (bilgisayarlı tomografi) görüntüsü üzerinden 5 genişlik ölçüsü alınmıştır. Bu ölçüler şunlardır: (1) bimalar (interzigomatik) genişlik, (2) bizigomaksiller genişlik, (3) orbital genişlik, (4) biorbital genişlik ve (5) interorbital genişlik. Ölçülerin seksüel dimorfizm dereceleri, tek değişkenli ve çok değişkenli diskriminant fonksiyonları oluşturularak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları, tek değişkenli fonksiyonların cinsiyeti doğru belirleme oranının %63.5 ila %76.5 arasında değiştiğini ortaya koymuştur. Cinsiyeti en iyi ayıran değişkenler sırasıyla bimalar (interzigomatik) genişlik (%76.5) ve biorbital genişliktir (%73). Cinsiyetleri doğru olarak ayıran en başarılı çok değişkenli fonksiyonda bimalar genişlik ve orbital genişlik olup, bu eşitliğin cinsiyeti doğru belirleme oranı %77 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Bulgular, üst yüz ve orbita bölgesindeki genişlik ölçülerinin cinsiyet belirlemedeki başarısının orta seviyede olduğunu, dolayısıyla pelvisi oluşturan kemik elemanların ele geçmediği durumlarda üst yüz bölgesindeki genişlik ölçülerine başvurulabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. 1845586. The work of T.T.K.H. was supported by grant no. 501.01-2016.02 from the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED). A.O. was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant no. 626/STYP/12/2017). A.S. and P.S. were supported by National Science Center-Poland (grant no. 2014/13/B/HS6/02644). Marina Butovskaya and D.D. were supported by State assignment project No. 01201370995 of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia. P.G., A.L. and N.M. were supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund-(OTKA; grant no. K125437). F.J. was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant no. 71971225). G.A. was supported by UKRI/GCRF Gender, Justice, Security Grant (grant no. AH/S004025/1)., A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio’s relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences., National Science Foundation (NSF) 1845586, National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (NAFOSTED) 501.01-2016.02, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland, European Commission 626/STYP/12/2017, National Science Centre, Poland 2014/13/B/HS6/02644, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia 01201370995, Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA) K125437, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 71971225, UKRI/GCRF Gender, Justice, Security Grant AH/S004025/1

The aim of this study was to investigate whether body proportions change as stature increases in elite Spanish athletes. The sample includes a total of 2,030 participants, comprised of 1,357 adult males, and 673 adult females. The male athletes were classified into five groups by stature, and the female athletes were classified separately into four stature groups. Ten anthropometric measurements were collected, and eleven body proportions were calculated. The body proportions with significant differences between stature groups in males were relative arm length (0.53-1.60%), relative forearm length (0.69-2.08%), relative thigh length (1.17-1.56%), relative tibial length (1.37-6.39%), cormic index (-0.94 - -4.49%), Manouvrier index (1.60-9.60%), and crural index (1.05-4.79%). In females, the body proportions with significant differences were relative forearm length (1.43%), relative thigh length (1.94-3.88%), relative tibial length (2.74-4.56%), cormic index (-0.74 - -3.72%), and Manouvrier index (1.97-8.71%). The distal parts of the upper and lower limbs increase proportionally as stature increases, whereas relative hand and foot lengths, which are the most distal parts of the extremities, remain constant in elite athletes.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-psp-10.1177_0146167220988373 for Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective by Agnieszka Sorokowska, Supreet Saluja, Piotr Sorokowski, Tomasz Frąckowiak, Maciej Karwowski, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Kelly Asao, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Carlota Batres, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, David M. Buss, Marina Butovskaya, Seda Can, Katarzyna Cantarero, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Dominika Chabin, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Jorge Contreras-Graduño, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Carla Sofia Esteves, Farida Guemaz, Mária Haľamová, Iskra Herak, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavcic, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas O. Kervyn, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils C. Köbis, Aleksandra Kostic, András Láng, Georgina R. Lennard, Ernesto León, Torun Lindholm, Giulia Lopez, Zoi Manesi, Rocio Martinez, Sarah L. McKerchar, Norbert Meskó, Girishwar Misra, Conal Monaghan, Emanuel C. Mora, Alba Moya-Garofano, Bojan Musil, Jean Carlos Natividade, George Nizharadze, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Ike Ernest Onyishi, Baris Özener, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Miriam Parise, Farid Pazhoohi, Marija Pejičić, Annette Pisanski, Katarzyna Pisanski, Nejc Plohl, Camelia Popa, Pavol Prokop, Muhammad Rizwan, Mario Sainz, Svjetlana Salkičević, Ruta Sargautyte, Ivan Sarmany-Schuller, Susanne Schmehl, Anam Shahid, Rizwana Shaikh, Shivantika Sharad, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Franco Simonetti, Meri Tadinac, Karina Ugalde González, Olga Uhryn, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Luis Diego Vega Araya, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Gyesook Yoo, Zainab Fotowwat Zadeh, Marta Zaťková, Maja Zupančič and Ilona Croy in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-psp-10.1177_0146167220988373 for Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective by Agnieszka Sorokowska, Supreet Saluja, Piotr Sorokowski, Tomasz Frąckowiak, Maciej Karwowski, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Kelly Asao, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Carlota Batres, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, David M. Buss, Marina Butovskaya, Seda Can, Katarzyna Cantarero, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Dominika Chabin, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Jorge Contreras-Graduño, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Carla Sofia Esteves, Farida Guemaz, Mária Haľamová, Iskra Herak, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavcic, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas O. Kervyn, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils C. Köbis, Aleksandra Kostic, András Láng, Georgina R. Lennard, Ernesto León, Torun Lindholm, Giulia Lopez, Zoi Manesi, Rocio Martinez, Sarah L. McKerchar, Norbert Meskó, Girishwar Misra, Conal Monaghan, Emanuel C. Mora, Alba Moya-Garofano, Bojan Musil, Jean Carlos Natividade, George Nizharadze, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Ike Ernest Onyishi, Baris Özener, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Miriam Parise, Farid Pazhoohi, Marija Pejičić, Annette Pisanski, Katarzyna Pisanski, Nejc Plohl, Camelia Popa, Pavol Prokop, Muhammad Rizwan, Mario Sainz, Svjetlana Salkičević, Ruta Sargautyte, Ivan Sarmany-Schuller, Susanne Schmehl, Anam Shahid, Rizwana Shaikh, Shivantika Sharad, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Franco Simonetti, Meri Tadinac, Karina Ugalde González, Olga Uhryn, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Luis Diego Vega Araya, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Gyesook Yoo, Zainab Fotowwat Zadeh, Marta Zaťková, Maja Zupančič and Ilona Croy in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

In forensic anthropology, generic equations are generally preferred for estimation of stature. However, recent studies have demonstrated that regression equations specific to stature groups yield more accurate predictions. Almost all previous studies have been conducted on male subjects, and it is not currently known how well such equations work for females. Therefore, this study aims to test whether regression equations specific to stature groups work for females as well. To this end, a cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate stature on a sample of 351 Spanish adult females. The participants were randomized into a calibration group (n = 185) and a validation group (n = 166). Equations for stature estimation based on tibial length were developed in the calibration group, which was categorized according to stature (short, medium, and tall) using the 15th and 85th percentiles as cut-off points. The standard errors of the estimations (SEEs) for the group-specific regression equations (SEE = 2.35–2.66 cm) were lower than for the general formula derived for all participants of the calibration group (SEE = 3.46 cm). The specific equations resulted in smaller differences between estimated and recorded statures than the generic equation when we tested the equations with the validation group. Additionally, the SEE values of the stature-specific equations are lower compared to generic equations applied to other human populations. In conclusion, the group-specific equations from tibial length have high accuracy compared with previously derived equations for Spanish females and other populations. This procedure for estimating stature thereby improves the tools available to forensic scientists.

Supplemental material, Walter_Supplemental_Material_rev for Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A Large-Scale Replication by Kathryn V. Walter, Daniel Conroy-Beam, David M. Buss, Kelly Asao, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Piotr Sorokowski, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Carlota Batres, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, Marina Butovskaya, Seda Can, Katarzyna Cantarero, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Ilona Croy, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Ignacio Estevan, Carla Sofia Esteves, Luxi Fang, Tomasz Frackowiak, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Karina Ugalde González, Farida Guemaz, Petra Gyuris, Mária Halamová, Iskra Herak, Marina Horvat, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavčič, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas Kervyn, Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils C. Köbis, Hoang Moc Lan, András Láng, Georgina R. Lennard, Ernesto León, Torun Lindholm, Trinh Thi Linh, Giulia Lopez, Nguyen Van Luot, Alvaro Mailhos, Zoi Manesi, Rocio Martinez, Sarah L. McKerchar, Norbert Meskó, Girishwar Misra, Conal Monaghan, Emanuel C. Mora, Alba Moya-Garófano, Bojan Musil, Jean Carlos Natividade, Agnieszka Niemczyk, George Nizharadze, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee, Ike E. Onyishi, Baris Özener, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Miriam Parise, Farid Pazhoohi, Annette Pisanski, Katarzyna Pisanski, Edna Ponciano, Camelia Popa, Pavol Prokop, Muhammad Rizwan, Mario Sainz, Svjetlana Salkičević, Ruta Sargautyte, Ivan Sarmány-Schuller, Susanne Schmehl, Shivantika Sharad, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Franco Simonetti, Stanislava Yordanova Stoyanova, Meri Tadinac, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Luis Diego Vega, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Gyesook Yoo, Marta Zat’ková and Maja Zupančič in Psychological Science

Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing perspectives-an evolutionary psychological perspective and a biosocial role perspective-offer alternative explanations for these findings. However, the original data on which each perspective relies are decades old, and the literature is fraught with conflicting methods, analyses, results, and conclusions. Using a new 45-country sample (N = 14,399), we attempted to replicate classic studies and test both the evolutionary and biosocial role perspectives. Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust: Men, more than women, prefer attractive, young mates, and women, more than men, prefer older mates with financial prospects. Cross-culturally, both sexes have mates closer to their own ages as gender equality increases. Beyond age of partner, neither pathogen prevalence nor gender equality robustly predicted sex differences or preferences across countries. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Mate choice lies close to differential reproduction, the engine of evolution. Patterns of mate choice consequently have power to direct the course of evolution. Here we provide evidence suggesting one pattern of human mate choice—the tendency for mates to be similar in overall desirability—caused the evolution of a structure of correlations that we call the d factor. We use agent-based models to demonstrate that assortative mating causes the evolution of a positive manifold of desirability, d, such that an individual who is desirable as a mate along any one dimension tends to be desirable across all other dimensions. Further, we use a large cross-cultural sample with n = 14,478 from 45 countries around the world to show that this d-factor emerges in human samples, is a cross-cultural universal, and is patterned in a way consistent with an evolutionary history of assortative mating. Our results suggest that assortative mating can explain the evolution of a broad structure of human trait covariation. © 2019, National Foundation for Science and Technology Development START, Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej National Foundation for Science and Technology Development, We thank everyone who participated in this study as well as the research assistants who assisted in translating forms, recruiting participants, and inputting data. The work of Truong Thi Khanh Ha was supported by grants 501.01-2016.02 from the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED). Anna Oleszkiewicz was supported by the Foundation for Polish Science (START scholarship). This study was conducted in line with project NIR ? 01201370995 “Cross-cultural and interdisciplinary researches. Biosocial and cross-cultural analysis of models of tolerance and basic values of culture in modern society” (Marina Butovskaya and Daria Dronova). Appendix A

OBJECTIVE: In recent years, several researchers have focused on the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and aggression. These studies reveal conflicting results. In this study, we examined the relationship between bodily symmetry and self-reported aggressive behavior in healthy young people living in Turkey. METHODS: The sample comprised of 100 male and 102 female university students recruited from Cumhuriyet University, Sivas. The Buss and Perry aggressiveness questionnaire was used. Four bilateral traits were measured for fluctuating asymmetry analysis. For the subsequent statistical analyses, only the composite asymmetry index was used. RESULTS: There was no relationship between composite asymmetry and any component of aggressiveness for either sex. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings for people living in Turkey did not support the hypothesis that aggressiveness, as a signal of evolutionary fitness, is related to developmental instability. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en

It is well-known that secular trends affect human stature and constitution, and this fact should be taken into consideration in forensic anthropology, especially in stature estimation. Recently, stature-group-specific equations have been developed to take into account these variations. The aim of the present study is to estimate living stature according to tibial length in different stature groups in a sample of Spanish adult males in order to improve the accuracy of previous equations. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 495 Spanish Caucasian participants who were randomized into two groups, the study group with 249 participants and the cross-validation group with 246 participants. Specific equations were obtained according to stature groups using the 15th and 85th percentiles as cut off points. The results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of estimation (SEE) were lower with the specific equations based on stature groups (R2=0.22-0.57; SEE=2.12-2.66cm) than the equation with all participants of the study group (R2 = 0.77; SEE=3.29cm). The equations were tested in the cross-validation group, whose results showed more accuracy in the equations for a stature

Objectives While consanguineous marriage has been shown to result in a small increase in risk of recessive Mendelian disorders among offspring, far less research has been conducted on the effects of inbreeding on complex traits. These effects, thought to result from increased developmental instability due to loss of heterozygosity, are expected to be found more pervasively than rare recessive Mendelian traits and are expected to result in increased developmental noise. Here, we test for a direct effect of inbreeding on 2D : 4D, a putative indicator of prenatal hormonal environment. Methods We compared the 2D : 4D ratios of 122 male and 108 female consanguineous (children of first cousin marriages) high school and university students to those of 142 male and 122 females controls. Results Across hands and sex, consanguineous parentage was consistently associated with lower, more masculine-typical, digit ratios. Digit ratios were 1.3–1.9 times more variable among the consanguineous group than the control group. While socio-economic status cannot explain the effects seen in our data, we found that lower, more masculinized, digit ratios were associated with lower family income. Conclusions Our results suggest that consanguineous marriages are associated with a fetal environment that influences morphological development and may have associated behavioral sequelae. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:183–188, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Body height is an crucial variable in the design and production of all physical spaces, primarily in the manifacturing of clothes and means of transportation. Having such an ergonomic significance, the height of the human being has constantly changed during the course of history. There exist strong data suggesting that this change is still continue. To find out stages of evolution of human height throughout the ages up to the present will help us to illuminate the human-environment relations, and to predict the possible changes that the human height might be subjected to in the future. In view of these reasons, the changes that has occured in human height from the period at which hominids appeared until humans’ transition into settled life have been closely examined. The study was carried out on the basis of the data obtained from the earlier studies in literature. These data, when considered as a whole, reveal that the human height did not continuously increase in a linear fashion in its evolutionary path but recorded some increases and decreases at different stages. The difference between males and females (sexual dimorphism) has not shown a steady decrease either; instead, it has exhibited an oscillating pattern. The modern humans as a species is not unique in terms of their height; as a matter of fact, two million years ago hominids had existed at approximately the same height as the Homo sapiens. Although the average height had shown some decrease in Homo erectus, its distribution pattern was not much different than the one observed in the modern human societies. In the findings dated to the early stages of the Upper Paleolithic Age, height showed a tendency to increase again

Teeth and jaws unearthed from the anthropological and archaeological excavations are of importance since they have potential to reflect biological and cultural characteristics of ancient populations. In this study, it is aimed to present the dental size and shape of the skeletons of ancient inhabitants of Adramytteion (Western Anatolia, Turkey, 5-6th century AD). In addition, dental measurements of inhabitants of Adramytteion are compared with data of other skeletal collections. Totally 212 permanent teeth are observed, but 170 teeth (of 98 belong to males, and of 86 belong to females) are found suitable for odontometric examinations. Mesio-distal (MD) and bucco-lingual (BL) dimensions are measured, and derived variables, total crown area, crown area for anterior teeth, and crown area for posterior teeth are calculated. The statistical analysis shows that there are no significant size differences between left and right teeth and between sexes. The comparisons with other skeletal populations demonstrate that the tooth size and shape of ancient inhabitants of Adramytteion are similar to those of Norşuntepe (Iron Age) and Topaklı (Early Byzantine). These comparisons reveal also that although Panaztepe (2nd Millenium BC) and Antandros (7-2nd century BC) are geographically near places to our sample, the sizes of teeth are found quite different. This finding has implied that dental measurements could not be used to determine biological relations of ancient human populations. Additionally, our findings have indicated that dental reduction in this region have been continued throughout the Early Byzantine period

Although the effect of labour and physical stress on the height and weight of growing children is relatively well known, rather limited information concerning the influences of the work environment on the physique of working children and adolescents is available. The purpose of this study was to increase our knowledge of the effects of mechanical stress on the human physique via somatotype during the adolescent growth period. Anthropometric measurements of 509 male apprentices aged 13.50–18.49 years and measurements of 451 nonworking youth (control group) of the same age group were taken. The members of both groups were from the lower socioeconomic strata and had similar living conditions. The apprentices were working an average of 11 h per day in vocations requiring intense physical effort. The subjects were somatotyped using the Heath–Carter anthropometric protocol. The overall mean somatotypes were 2.3–4.4–3.3 for working adolescents, and 2.5–3.9–3.6 for the nonworking controls. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated significant differences between the groups. Working adolescents were more mesomorphic and less ectomorphic than their nonworking peers. In both groups, endomorphy decreased with age up to age 15; then remained stable for the labourers but increased for the nonworking peers. In both groups, mesomorphy was stable, but decreased with ectomorphy. These results indicate that physical stress not only causes retardation in linear growth, but also produces changes in human physique during the growth period.

In forensic and anthropological studies, body height is usually estimated from a single regression formula of the population of interest. The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of regression formulae devised for different stature groups (short, medium, tall) within the same popula- tion. Our study is based on 242 adult male subjects aged 18.1-44.6 years. Body height, tibia length, and ulna length were measured by standard anthropometric techniques. The subjects were randomly divided into a study group (Group 1, n = 121) and a cross-validation group (Group 2, n = 121). In the first stage of the study, general regression formulae based on ulna length, tibia length, and a multiple equation based on ulna and tibia lengths were created for Group 1, and these equations were tested using the data and actual heights of the Group 2 subjects. In the second stage of the study, stature group-specific formulae were constructed for the same variable(s) (ulna length, tibia length, and both of them). Since the body height of the victims is unknown in cases for which estimations need to be made, Group 2 was categorized according to long bone (ulna, tibia, and ulna + tibia) lengths, using the 15th and 85th percentiles as cut-off points. Each set of group-specific formulae were tested with the cross-validation sample. The differences between the true and estimated heights were evaluated using the paired t-test, and results of the general formulae were compared with those of each of the stature group-specific formulae. Our results suggest that stature group-specific formulae give more accurate estimates of height, and that this is particularly significant for individuals who are short or tall relative to the average of a population.

In recent years, several researchers have focused on the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and aggression. These studies reveal conflicting results. In this study, we examined the relationship between bodily symmetry and self-reported aggressive behavior in healthy young people living in Turkey.The sample comprised of 100 male and 102 female university students recruited from Cumhuriyet University, Sivas. The Buss and Perry aggressiveness questionnaire was used. Four bilateral traits were measured for fluctuating asymmetry analysis. For the subsequent statistical analyses, only the composite asymmetry index was used.There was no relationship between composite asymmetry and any component of aggressiveness for either sex.Our findings for people living in Turkey did not support the hypothesis that aggressiveness, as a signal of evolutionary fitness, is related to developmental instability.

Iskelet kalintilarinda boy uzunlugu iki farkli yaklasimla hesaplanir. Literature 'anatomik' ve 'matematiksel' metot olarak yerlesen bu iki farkli hesaplama yonteminin eski insan topluluklarinda ne tur sonuclar dogurdugu yeterince incelenmemistir. Bu calismanin amaci, sozu edilen iki metodu antik Troia iskeletlerine uygulayarak hangisinindaha guvenilir sonuclar verdigini irdelemektir. Angel (1951) tarafindan incelenen ve boylari Pearson formullerine dayanilarak tahmin edilen bu materyal icerisinden, Fully'nin anatomik hesaplama metoduna uygun olan 7 iskelet (4 kadin, 3 erkek secilmistir. Anatomik metotla yapilan hesaplamalar, Troialilarin, daha once verilen rakamlardan istatistiksel olarak daha uzun boylu olduklarini ortaya koymaktadir. Bireysel bazda yapilan degerlendirmeler, anatomik metodun, kisiye ozgu varyasyonlaridikkate aldigi icin boy tahmininde daha basarili oldugunu gostermektedir. Omurga uzunlugunun ve kafa yuksekliginin hesaplamalara katilmasi yontemin daha hassas calismasinda onemli bir etkendir. Bu bulgular gozonune alindiginda, iskelet calismalarinda ve A¢dli kimligin tayininde anatomik metoda oncelik verilmesi gerektigi anlasilir.

Taurine (2-aminoethane sulphonic acid), a sulphur-containing beta amino acid, is the most prevalent free intracellular amino acid in many human and animal tissues. Vitamin C metabolism is also fluenced by sulphur-containing amino acids. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of taurine administration on the vitamin C levels of plasma and several tissues (brain, liver, kidneys) in mice with incisional skin wounds. Animals were divided into two as control and taurine groups. Taurine was freshly dissolved in sterile saline and administered daily (60 microl, ip) for five days in the taurine group. At the end of the fifth day, the animals were killed by decapitation. The brain, liver and kidneys were immediately removed. Vitamin C levels were measured in plasma and several tissues. The administration of taurine had no effect on the plasma vitamin C levels (P>0.05) but significantly increased in liver and kidneys (P

Long bone length is one of the best-known indicators of human stature. Although the long bone length/height ratio differs in tall and short individuals, no detailed study has investigated whether specific formulae should be used to calculate height in different stature groups. This study proposes a new height estimation method. Body height and tibia length were measured in 121 male subjects aged 18.0-34.3 years. Three subgroups were established according to body height (short, medium, or tall), using the 15th and 85th percentiles as cutoff levels. The general formula and a group-specific regression formula were used to estimate height in each subgroup. A control group with the same properties as the study group was analyzed in the same manner. Particularly with "short" and "tall" subjects, the difference between true height and the height predicted by the group-specific formulae was smaller than the difference observed when the general formula was used. These discrepancies were statistically significant. When estimating height based on tibia length, the individual's general stature category should be taken into consideration, and group-specific formulae should be used for short and tall subjects.

The incisors and canines and the premolars and molars show differential resistance to cariogenic factors. The anterior teeth have a lower caries frequency than the posterior teeth. However, these tooth classes are lost differentially in postmortem stages due to their anatomical structures. This differential postmortem tooth loss distorts proportions between the anterior and posterior tooth classes. The disproportionality can affect the calculation of total caries prevalence. In this paper, we propose a new calibration procedure which removes this disproportionality and call it the proportional correction factor. For this procedure, the caries rates of anterior and posterior teeth are corrected by multiplying the anterior teeth by three-eighths and the posterior teeth by five-eighths. These fractions are derived from the human dental formula which contains three anterior and five posterior teeth by side. The correction factor is more effective if the proportion of anterior to the posterior teeth is extremely distorted. When this procedure is used with the caries correction factor, it provides a useful way to approach to an almost true caries prevalence. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:237- 240, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

OZET: Bu calisma, ergenlik cagindaki ulkemiz cocuklarinin yuz, alin ve alt cene boyutlarina iliskin buyume egrilerini olusturmak ve genel buyume oruntulerini ortaya koymak amaciyla gerceklestirilmistir. Calismanin verileri, Turk cocuklarinin buyume standartlarini olusturmayi amaclayan antropometrik bir arastirmada toplanmistir. Sozu edilen bu arastirma, yedi cografi bolgeyi temsil eden yedi ilde 600'u kiz ve 600'u erkek olmak uzere (her yas dilimi ve cinsiyet grubunda 100 birey bulunmaktadir) toplam 1200 cocuk uzerinde yurutulmustur. Optimal amacli olmasi nedeniyle, arastirmada, ust ve orta-ustu sosyoekonomik duzeyde yer alan ailelerin cocuklari olculmustur. Yuz uzunlugu ve genisligi ile alin ve alt cene genisliklerine iliskin buyume egrileri, yuzdelik (persentil) degerlerin birlestirilmesiyle olusturulmus ve yuzdelikler hesaplanmadan once degiskenlerin Gauss dagilimina sahip olup olmadigi test edilmistir. Bu ozelligi gostermeyen degiskenlere cesitli cevrimler uygulanarak Gauss dagilimina donusmesi saglan...

OZET: Bu calisma, yuz uzunlugu ve genisligi ile vucudun degisik bolumlerinin buyumesi arasindaki iliskileri incelemek uzere gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirma, yaslan 12-17 arasinda degisen 600 kiz ve 600 erkek ogrenci uzerinde yurutulmustur. Denekler yedi cografi bolgeyi temsilen secilen yedi ildeki ortaokul ve lise ogrencileri arasindan secilmistir. Yuz ve cene buyumesiyle, bas ve bas disindaki (postkraniyal) vucut buyumesi arasindaki iliskiler 15 antropometrik degisken yardimiyla incelenmistir. Antropometrik olcumler, IBP (International Biological Programme) tarafindan onerilen teknikler dogrultusunda alinmistir. Degiskenler arasindaki iliskiler regresyon analizi yardimiyla incelenmistir. Regresyon analizinden elde edilen bulgulara gore, yuz uzunlugunun buyumesi, bas uzerinde yer alan olculerden cok, bas disindaki olculerin buyumesiyle iliski icerisindedir. Yuz genisligi ise daha cok kafa ve yuz uzerinde yer alan "genislik" olculeriyle benzerlik gostermektedir. Cinsiyet acisindan bakildiginda, incelenen t...

The purpose of the present study was to assess most efficient discriminant function(s) for sexual classification using by anthropometrical dimensions. The sample was consisted university students, 83 females aged 17.0-25.6 (mean 20.05 years) and 102 males aged 18.0-29.9 (mean 21.17 years). In this work, 6 anthropometric variables (weight, standing height, upper limb length, iliospinal height, and shoulder and bicristal breadth) were measured by the present authors, following the protocol by International Biological Programme (IBP). Sexual dimorphism was analysed using by discriminant function models. The results show that most reliable anthropometric dimensions for sexual classification are standing height and shoulder breadth, which were correctly assign in 86.5 percent of individuals. It is also observed that standing height, shoulder and bicristal breadths are most successful variables when the stepwise discriminant procedure is applied. This combined model classifies correctly 95.6 percent of the sample. According to the discriminant function scores biiliocristal breadth, which is correctly assign in 64.7 percent

anaztcpc’dc 19S5-I99O yıllan arasında gün ışığına çıkartılan ikinci bm ve Konu dönemi iskeletlerinin antropolojik incelenmesi yapıldı. İkin­ ci bin olarak tanımlanan grup M.Ö. 14-13. yOryıllara unhlendirilmektc- dir. Pana/tepe’de iki me/aılık alanında, sözü edilen dönemlere ait toplanı 69 iskelet bulunmuş olup, bunların 62 s: ikinci bine T ii Roma dönemine aittir. İskeletler çok kotu korunmuş ve bireylerin çoğunluğu soygunlar ne­ deniyle in sin» konumda ete geçmemiştir. Dolayısıyla, iskeletlerin orurı- nu ve incelenmesinde güçlüklerle karşılaşıl m ıştır. B u durum, ekte edilebi­ lecek olan antropolojik bilgilerin de kısıtlı düzeyde kalmasına yol açmıştır.

While consanguineous marriage has been shown to result in a small increase in risk of recessive Mendelian disorders among offspring, far less research has been conducted on the effects of inbreeding on complex traits. These effects, thought to result from increased developmental instability due to loss of heterozygosity, are expected to be found more pervasively than rare recessive Mendelian traits and are expected to result in increased developmental noise. Here, we test for a direct effect of inbreeding on 2D : 4D, a putative indicator of prenatal hormonal environment.We compared the 2D : 4D ratios of 122 male and 108 female consanguineous (children of first cousin marriages) high school and university students to those of 142 male and 122 females controls.Across hands and sex, consanguineous parentage was consistently associated with lower, more masculine-typical, digit ratios. Digit ratios were 1.3-1.9 times more variable among the consanguineous group than the control group. While socio-economic status cannot explain the effects seen in our data, we found that lower, more masculinized, digit ratios were associated with lower family income.Our results suggest that consanguineous marriages are associated with a fetal environment that influences morphological development and may have associated behavioral sequelae.

El acceso anterior a las vertebras L1-L5 y espacios entre los discos puede ser tecnicamente dificil, con frecuencia requiere la participacion de un cirujano para una exposicion adecuada. La tecnica se utiliza para la extirpacion de la lesion, corpectomia, la reconstruccion del cuerpo vertebral con jaulas, realineamiento y / o placas o tornillos. Para un enfoque exitoso anterior y un diseno adecuado instrumental a traves de tornillo, un acabado conocimiento sobre la morfometria del cuerpo de las vertebras lumbares y de los espacios entre los discos y la evaluacion volumetrica son necesarias para el neurocirujano. El objetivo fue la evaluacion morfometrica y volumetrica de los cuerpos lumbares y los discos, para contribuir al abordaje seguro durante la cirugia. Se evaluo en 25 sujetos adultos, diestros, sin antecedentes de fracturas vertebrales y de enfermedad degenerativa espinal, el cuerpo vertebral y la morfometria del disco mediante estereologia con RM. La forma de las vertebras, el indice de concavidad y la definicion de las medidas volumetricas de los cuerpos L1-L5. Ademas, se midieron los parametros morfometricos como longitud, altura, ancho del cuerpo vertebral. Se efectuo un analisis morfometrico y volumetrico de loss cortes axiales y sagitales de los discos entre L1 y L5. Como era de esperar, las dimensiones promedio de las vertebras en los hombres fueron mayores que en las mujeres, pero la mayoria de ellos no son estadisticamente significativas. Solo tres dimensiones, la diferencia promedio entre la altura anterior y central de las vertebras L3, L4 y L5 mostraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas, indicando menor altura central tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. Los diametros transversal y anteroposterior del cuerpo vertebral, la altura del disco intervertebral y el volumen no mostraron dimorfismo sexual (p>0,05). Sin embargo, aumentaron la altura del disco intervertebral y el volumen de L1 a L5 (p

This paper analyses whether ‘neck circumference’ could be used as a sign of the body structure or nutritional status, the relations of upper arm circumference with the anthropometric parameters, to what extent neck circumference reflects the physical body, the relations of neck circumference with the various anthropometric measurements.

The measurements of feet and footprints are especially important in forensic identification, as they have been used to predict the body height and weight of victims or suspects. It can be observed that the subjects of forensic-oriented studies are generally young adults. That is to say, researchers rarely take into consideration the body's proportional changes with age. Hence, the aim of this study is to generate equations which take age and sex into consideration, when stature and body weight are estimated from foot and footprints dimensions. With this aim in mind, we measured the stature, body weight, foot length and breadth, heel breadth, footprint length and breadth, and footprint heel breadth of 516 volunteers (253 males and 263 females) aged between 17.6 and 82.9 years using standard measurement techniques. The sample population was divided randomly into two groups. Group 1, the study group, consisted of 80% of the sample (n = 406); the remaining 20% were assigned to the cross-validation group or Group 2 (n = 110). In the first stage of the study, we produced equations for estimating stature and weight using a stepwise regression technique. Then, their reliability was tested on Group 2 members. Statistical analyses showed that the ratios of foot dimensions to stature and body weight change considerably with age and sex. Consequently, the regression equations which include these variables yielded more reliable results. Our results indicated that age and sex should be taken into consideration when predicting human body height and weight for forensic purposes.

The aim of this study was to determine the changes caused by physical stress on the body composition of young males. In order to show these changes, the study was performed with 104 young male laborers who worked through their adolescence and who were currently working in workshops in the industrial sector (Group 1, mean age 18.48 +/- 0.61 years). For the control group, two groups of the same age but having a difference in terms of socioeconomic status were chosen. The first one of these was comprised of individuals who had the same socioeconomic status as the laborers (Group 2, n = 102, mean age 18.39 +/- 0.58 years) but were not laborers. The second control group was composed of individuals from the higher socioeconomic levels of society (Group 3, n = 103, mean age 18.43 +/- 0.67). Measurements of the height of the individuals were taken with a standard portable anthropometer, and their body weight and BIA measurements were taken with Tanita TBF-305 leg-to-leg body composition analysis equipment. The results of the analysis show that the weight, height, BMI and fat mass values of the laborers were significantly lower (P0.05-0.001) than those of Group 3, but were not statistically different from those of Group 2. These findings reveal that the effects of socioeconomic conditions on body composition outweigh those of working conditions.