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Background: The aim of this study is to find out the proportion of treatment-naïve (Tn) and treatment-experienced (Te) patients experiencing HIV drug resistance (DR) to different classes of antiretrovirals (ARVs) being used for HIV treatment and their in class DR correlation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 109 HIV patients enrolled at a private hospital in Thane, India, from 2014 to 2019. All patients were tested for CD4 count, viral load, and resistance to ARVs. Results: Sixty-six patients were Tn and 43 patients were Te. Among Tn and Te patients, the percentage of high-level resistance (HLR) for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) was 4.55% and 37.8%, respectively, for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) was 0.43% and 36.4%, respectively. No HLR was observed for protease inhibitors (PIs) among Tn patients, while Te patients showed 2.62% HLR. Tn and Te patients showed high susceptibility for Darunavir (98.48% and 95.34%, respectively) followed by Atazanavir and Lopinavir (96.96%, each and 90.69%, each). Tn patients showed HLR for Lamivudine and Emtricitabine (1.52%, each). Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors were susceptible (100%) in both Tn and Te patients. A positive correlation was observed for within class across ARVs. Conclusion: An increased incidence of HLR was observed for NNRTI as compared to NRTI while PIs and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) demonstrated no HLR in either group of patients. When selecting a regimen for Tn patients consisting of NRTIs + NNRTIs genotypic DR test is essential. While with PIs or INSTIs its optional. Among Te patients, DR testing is recommended for all classes of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is an aggressive malignancy which constitutes one of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -defining illnesses. Early diagnosis and timely management can increase the chances of cure. Although many times the diagnosis is straightforward, we present a case of primary CNS lymphoma in a human immunodeficiency virus--positive individual which posed as a major diagnostic dilemma with initially normal imaging findings. A 42-year-old male presented with unremitting fever and a perianal ulcer for 3 months. A battery of diagnostic tests were negative, including a positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan and a magnetic resonance imaging brain. With unresolving symptoms and a high index of suspicion as he developed dizziness and loss of balance, the same were repeated which confirmed a space-occupying lesion in the cerebellum. Although treatment was instituted, the patient did not recover and died in the 4th month of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this time-resolved functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we aimed to trace the neuronal correlates of covert planning processes that precede visually guided motor behavior. Specifically, we asked whether human posterior parietal cortex has prospective planning activity that can be distinguished from activity related to retrospective visual memory and attention. Although various electrophysiological studies in monkeys have demonstrated such motor planning at the level of parietal neurons, comparatively little support is provided by recent human imaging experiments. Rather, a majority of experiments highlights a role of human posterior parietal cortex in visual working memory and attention. We thus sought to establish a clear separation of visual memory and attention from processes related to the planning of goal-directed motor behaviors. To this end, we compared delayed-response tasks with identical mnemonic and attentional demands but varying degrees of motor planning. Subjects memorized multiple target locations, and in a random subset of trials targets additionally instructed (1) desired goals or (2) undesired goals for upcoming finger reaches. Compared with the memory/attention-only conditions, both latter situations led to a specific increase of preparatory fMRI activity in posterior parietal and dorsal premotor cortex. Thus, posterior parietal cortex has prospective plans for upcoming behaviors while considering both types of targets relevant for action: those to be acquired and those to be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]