Search

Abstract Background Deep oceans have been suggested as a possible site where the origin of life occurred. Along with this theoretical lineage, experiments using components from deep ocean water to recreate life is underway. Here, we propose that if terrestrial organisms indeed evolved from deep oceans, supply of deep ocean mineral water (DOM) to humans, as a land creature, may replenish loss of molecular complexity associated with evolutionary sea-to-land migration. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover human study to evaluate the effect of DOM, taken from a depth of 662 meters off the coast of Hualien, Taiwan, on time of recovery from a fatiguing exercise conducted at 30°C. Results The fatiguing exercise protocol caused a protracted reduction in aerobic power (reduced VO2max) for 48 h. However, DOM supplementation resulted in complete recovery of aerobic power within 4 h (P Conclusion Our results provide compelling evidence that DOM contains soluble elements, which can increase human recovery following an exhaustive physical challenge.

Abstract Position Statement: The position of The Society regarding caffeine supplementation and sport performance is summarized by the following seven points: 1.) Caffeine is effective for enhancing sport performance in trained athletes when consumed in low-to-moderate dosages (~3-6 mg/kg) and overall does not result in further enhancement in performance when consumed in higher dosages (≥ 9 mg/kg). 2.) Caffeine exerts a greater ergogenic effect when consumed in an anhydrous state as compared to coffee. 3.) It has been shown that caffeine can enhance vigilance during bouts of extended exhaustive exercise, as well as periods of sustained sleep deprivation. 4.) Caffeine is ergogenic for sustained maximal endurance exercise, and has been shown to be highly effective for time-trial performance. 5.) Caffeine supplementation is beneficial for high-intensity exercise, including team sports such as soccer and rugby, both of which are categorized by intermittent activity within a period of prolonged duration. 6.) The literature is equivocal when considering the effects of caffeine supplementation on strength-power performance, and additional research in this area is warranted. 7.) The scientific literature does not support caffeine-induced diuresis during exercise, or any harmful change in fluid balance that would negatively affect performance.

Abstract Background This study compared the effects of ingesting cereal and nonfat milk (Cereal) and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink (Drink) immediately following endurance exercise on muscle glycogen synthesis and the phosphorylation state of proteins controlling protein synthesis: Akt, mTOR, rpS6 and eIF4E. Methods Trained cyclists or triathletes (8 male: 28.0 ± 1.6 yrs, 1.8 ± 0.0 m, 75.4 ± 3.2 kg, 61.0 ± 1.6 ml O2•kg-1•min-1; 4 female: 25.3 ± 1.7 yrs, 1.7 ± 0.0 m, 66.9 ± 4.6 kg, 46.4 ± 1.2 mlO2•kg-1•min-1) completed two randomly-ordered trials serving as their own controls. After 2 hours of cycling at 60–65% VO2MAX, a biopsy from the vastus lateralis was obtained (Post0), then subjects consumed either Drink (78.5 g carbohydrate) or Cereal (77 g carbohydrate, 19.5 g protein and 2.7 g fat). Blood was drawn before and at the end of exercise, and at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after treatment. A second biopsy was taken 60 minutes after supplementation (Post60). Differences within and between treatments were tested using repeated measures ANOVA. Results At Post60, blood glucose was similar between treatments (Drink 6.1 ± 0.3, Cereal 5.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L, p < .05), but after Cereal, plasma insulin was significantly higher (Drink 123.1 ± 11.8, Cereal 191.0 ± 12.3 pmol/L, p < .05), and plasma lactate significantly lower (Drink 1.4 ± 0.1, Cereal 1.00 ± 0.1 mmol/L, p < .05). Except for higher phosphorylation of mTOR after Cereal, glycogen and muscle proteins were not statistically different between treatments. Significant Post0 to Post60 changes occurred in glycogen (Drink 52.4 ± 7.0 to 58.6 ± 6.9, Cereal 58.7 ± 9.6 to 66.0 ± 10.0 μmol/g, p < .05) and rpS6 (Drink 17.9 ± 2.5 to 35.2 ± 4.9, Cereal 18.6 ± 2.2 to 35.4 ± 4.4 %Std, p < .05) for each treatment, but only Cereal significantly affected glycogen synthase (Drink 66.6 ± 6.9 to 64.9 ± 6.9, Cereal 61.1 ± 8.0 to 54.2 ± 7.2%Std, p < .05), Akt (Drink 57.9 ± 3.2 to 55.7 ± 3.1, Cereal 53.2 ± 4.1 to 60.5 ± 3.7 %Std, p < .05) and mTOR (Drink 28.7 ± 4.4 to 35.4 ± 4.5, Cereal 23.0 ± 3.1 to 42.2 ± 2.5 %Std, p < .05). eIF4E was unchanged after both treatments. Conclusion These results suggest that Cereal is as good as a commercially-available sports drink in initiating post-exercise muscle recovery.

Abstract Position Statement: The position of the Society regarding nutrient timing and the intake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in reference to healthy, exercising individuals is summarized by the following eight points: 1.) Maximal endogenous glycogen stores are best promoted by following a high-glycemic, high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet (600 – 1000 grams CHO or ~8 – 10 g CHO/kg/d), and ingestion of free amino acids and protein (PRO) alone or in combination with CHO before resistance exercise can maximally stimulate protein synthesis. 2.) During exercise, CHO should be consumed at a rate of 30 – 60 grams of CHO/hour in a 6 – 8% CHO solution (8 – 16 fluid ounces) every 10 – 15 minutes. Adding PRO to create a CHO:PRO ratio of 3 – 4:1 may increase endurance performance and maximally promotes glycogen re-synthesis during acute and subsequent bouts of endurance exercise. 3.) Ingesting CHO alone or in combination with PRO during resistance exercise increases muscle glycogen, offsets muscle damage, and facilitates greater training adaptations after either acute or prolonged periods of supplementation with resistance training. 4.) Post-exercise (within 30 minutes) consumption of CHO at high dosages (8 – 10 g CHO/kg/day) have been shown to stimulate muscle glycogen re-synthesis, while adding PRO (0.2 g – 0.5 g PRO/kg/day) to CHO at a ratio of 3 – 4:1 (CHO: PRO) may further enhance glycogen re-synthesis. 5.) Post-exercise ingestion (immediately to 3 h post) of amino acids, primarily essential amino acids, has been shown to stimulate robust increases in muscle protein synthesis, while the addition of CHO may stimulate even greater levels of protein synthesis. Additionally, pre-exercise consumption of a CHO + PRO supplement may result in peak levels of protein synthesis. 6.) During consistent, prolonged resistance training, post-exercise consumption of varying doses of CHO + PRO supplements in varying dosages have been shown to stimulate improvements in strength and body composition when compared to control or placebo conditions. 7.) The addition of creatine (Cr) (0.1 g Cr/kg/day) to a CHO + PRO supplement may facilitate even greater adaptations to resistance training. 8.) Nutrient timing incorporates the use of methodical planning and eating of whole foods, nutrients extracted from food, and other sources. The timing of the energy intake and the ratio of certain ingested macronutrients are likely the attributes which allow for enhanced recovery and tissue repair following high-volume exercise, augmented muscle protein synthesis, and improved mood states when compared with unplanned or traditional strategies of nutrient intake.

Abstract Background The Poly(A) effect is a cross-hybridization artifact in which poly(T)-containing molecules, which are produced by the reverse transcription of a poly(A)+ RNA mixture, bind promiscuously to the poly(A) stretches of the DNA in microarray spots. It is customary to attempt to block such hybridization by adding poly(A) to the hybridization solution. This note describes an experiment intended to evaluate circumstances under which the blocking procedure may not have been successful. Results The experiment involves a spot-by-spot comparison between the hybridization signals obtained by hybridizing a microarray to: (1) end-labeled oligo(dT), versus, (2) cDNA prepared from muscle tissue. We found that the blocking appears to be successful for the vast majority of microarray spots, as evidenced by the weakness of the correlation between signals (1) and (2). However, we found that for microarray spots having oligo(dT) hybridization levels greater than a certain threshold, the blocking might be ineffective or incomplete, as evidenced by an exceptionally strong signal (2) whenever signal (1) is greater than the threshold. Conclusion The PolyA effect may be more subtle than simply a hybridization signal that is proportional to the PolyA content of each microarray spot. It may instead be present only in spots that hybridize oligo(dT) greater than some threshold level. The strong signal generated at these "outlier" spots by cDNA probes might be due to the formation of hybridization heteropolymers.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare performance 5 h after a 90‐min endurance training session when either carbohydrate only or carbohydrate with added whey hydrolysate or whey isolate was ingested during the first 2 h of the recovery period. Methods: Thirteen highly trained competitive male cyclists completed three exercise and diet interventions (double‐blinded, randomized, crossover design) separated by 1 week. The 90‐min morning session (EX1) included a 60 min time‐trial (TT60). Immediately and 1 h after exercise, participants ingested either (1) 1.2 g carbohydrate∙kg−1∙h−1 (CHO), (2) 0.8 g carbohydrate∙kg−1∙h−1 + 0.4 g isolate whey protein∙kg−1∙h−1 (ISO) or (3) 0.8 g carbohydrate∙kg−1∙h−1 + 0.4 g hydrolysate whey protein∙kg−1∙h−1 (HYD). Additional intakes were identical between interventions. After 5 h of recovery, participants completed a time‐trial performance (TTP) during which a specific amount of work was performed. Blood and urine were collected throughout the day. Results: TTP did not differ significantly between dietary interventions (CHO: 43:54 ± 1:36, ISO: 46:55 ± 2:32, HYD: 44:31 ± 2:01 min). Nitrogen balance during CHO was lower than ISO (p < 0.0001) and HYD (p < 0.0001), with no difference between ISO and HYD (p = 0.317). In recovery, the area under the curve for blood glucose was higher in CHO compared to ISO and HYD. HR, VO2, RER, glucose, and lactate during EX2 were similar between interventions. Conclusion: Performance did not differ after 5 h of recovery whether carbohydrate only or isocaloric carbohydrate plus protein was ingested during the first 2 h. Correspondingly, participants were not in negative nitrogen balance in any dietary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge base that defines exercise physiology is central to the discipline of kinesiology. By the late 19th century, interest in physical training, physical education, and sports began to emerge in the United States. By the beginning of the 20th century, exercise physiology was being included in college physical education degree programs, and by the end of World War II had become an integral part of the curriculum. Today exercise physiology has developed into a major field of study with many sub-areas of investigation. Although the information and knowledge base in exercise physiology has increased in depth and scope, it is grounded in the fundamentals of biology and human physiology. The basic goal of an exercise physiology course designed for the kinesiology major should provide the student with an understanding of how the physiological systems involved in physical activity respond to an acute bout of exercise, and how these systems adapt to various modes of exercise training and environmental conditions. Course requirements to meet this goal are provided. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)

Ingesting carbohydrate plus protein during prolonged variable intensity exercise has demonstrated improved aerobic endurance performance beyond that of a carbohydrate supplement alone. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a supplement containing a mixture of different carbohydrates (glucose, maltodextrin, and fructose) and a moderate amount of protein given during endurance exercise would increase time to exhaustion (TTE), despite containing 50% less total carbohydrate than a carbohydrate-only supplement. We also sought post priori to determine if there was a difference in effect based on percentage of ventilatory threshold (VT) at which the subjects cycled to exhaustion. Fifteen trained male and female cyclists exercised on 2 separate occasions at intensities alternating between 45 and 70% [[??]o.sub.2]max for 3 hours, after which the workload increased to ~74-85% Vo2max until exhaustion. Supplements (275 mL) were provided every 20 minutes during exercise, and these consisted of a 3% carbohydrate/1.2% protein supplement (MCP) and a 6% carbohydrate supplement (CHO). For the combined group (n = 15), TTE in MCP did not differ from CHO (31.06 [+ or -] 5.76 vs. 26.03 [+ or -] 4.27 minutes, respectively, p = 0.064). However, for subjects cycling at or below VT (n = 8), TTE in MCP was significantly greater than for CHO (45.64 [+ or -] 7.38 vs. 35.47 [+ or -] 5.94 minutes, respectively, p = 0.006). There were no significant differences in TTE for the above VT group (n = 7). Our results suggest that, compared to a traditional 6o/o CHO supplement, a mixture of carbohydrates plus a moderate amount of protein can improve aerobic endurance at exercise intensities near the VT, despite containing lower total carbohydrate and caloric content. KEY WORDS aerobic exercise, supplementation, time to exhaustion, myoglobin

J Strength Cond Res 24(1): 48-59, 2010--The purpose of the present study was to investigate the aerobic capacity characteristics of an isocaloric carbohydrate (CHO) plus protein (PRO) drink and a low-calorie CHO plus PRO drink against a traditional 6% CHO sports beverage. Twelve male and female trained cyclists exercised on 4 separate occasions at intensities that varied between 55 and 75% [Vo.sub.2]max for 2.5 hours and then at 80% [Vo.sub.2]max until fatigued. Supplements (255.4 [+ or -] 9.1 mL) were provided every 20 minutes and consisted of a 4.5% carbohydrate plus 1.15% protein complex (CHO/PRO H), a 3% carbohydrate plus 0.75% protein complex (CHO/PRO L), a 6% carbohydrate supplement (CHO), or a placebo (PLA). Time to fatigue at 80% [Vo.sub.2]max was significantly longer (p < 0.05) during the CHO (26.9 [+ or -] 6.1 minutes, mean [+ or -] SE), the CHO/PRO H (30.5 [+ or -] 5.9 minutes), and the CHO/PRO L (28.9 [+ or -] 6.5 minutes) trials compared with the PLA trial (14.7 [+ or -] 3.4 minutes), with no significant differences among the CHO, CHO/PRO H, and CHO/PRO L treatments. In general, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and carbohydrate oxidation were elevated above PLA during the CHO, CHO/ PRO H, and CHO/PRO L trials, whereas plasma free fatty acids, rating of perceived exertion, and fat oxidation values were lower during the CHO, CHO/PRO H, and CHO/PRO L trials compared with the PLA trial. Only minor differences in blood parameters occurred among the CHO, CHO/PRO H, and CHO/PRO L treatments. In summary, partially substituting PRO for CHO in a sports drink did not enhance aerobic capacity, but substitution was able to occur without loss of efficacy. Thus, adding PRO to a low-calorie CHO sports drink may be an effective strategy to enhance aerobic capacity while limiting carbohydrate and caloric consumption. KEY WORDS aerobic capacity, endurance, exercise metabolism, fatigue

AMPK is a key regulator of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. It has been postulated that defects in AMPK signaling could be responsible for some of the metabolic abnormalities of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we examined whether insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats have abnormalities in the AMPK pathway. We compared AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and the protein content of the upstream AMPK kinase LKB1 and the AMPK-regulated transcriptional coactivator PPAR[lambda] coactivator-1 (PGC-1) in gastrocnemius of sedentary obese Zucker rats and sedentary lean Zucker rats. We also examined whether 7 wk of exercise training on a treadmill reversed abnormalities in the AMPK pathway in obese Zucker rats. In the obese rats, AMPK phosphorylation was reduced by 45% compared with lean rats. Protein expression of the AMPK kinase LKBI was also reduced in the muscle from obese rats by 43%. In obese rats, phosphorylation of ACC and protein expression of PGC1[alpha], two AMPK-regulated proteins, tended to be reduced by 50 (P = 0.07) and 35% (P = 0.1), respectively. There were no differences in AMPK[alpha]1, -[alpha]2, -[beta]1, -[beta]2, and [lambda]3 protein content between lean and obese rats. Training caused a 1.5-fold increase in AMPK[alpha]1 protein content in the obese rats, although there was no effect of training on AMPK phosphorylation and the other AMPK isoforms. Furthermore, training also significantly increased LKB 1 and PGC-1[alpha] protein content 2.8- and 2.5-fold, respectively, in the obese rats. LKB 1 protein strongly correlated with hexokinase II activity (r = 0.75, P = 0.001), citrate synthase activity (r = 0.54, P = 0.02), and PGC-l[alpha] protein content (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). In summary, obese insulin-resistant rodents have abnormalities in the LKB1-AMPK-PGC-1 pathway in muscle, and these abnormalities can be restored by training. acetyl-CoA carboxylase; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[lambda] coactivator-1[alpha]; exercise

Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake is inversely associated with the muscle glycogen concentration. To investigate whether this association is a cause and effect relationship, we compared insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake in noncontracted and postcontracted muscle of GSL3-transgenic and wild-type mice. GSL3-transgenic mice overexpress a constitutively active form of glycogen synthase, which results in art abundant storage of muscle glycogen. Muscle contraction was elicited by in situ electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Right gastrocnemii from GSL3-transgenic and wild-type mice were subjected to 30 min of electrical stimulation followed by hindlimb perfusion of both hindlimbs. Thirty minutes of contraction significantly reduced muscle glycogen concentration in wild-type (49%) and transgenic (27%) mice, although transgenic mice retained 168.8 [+ or -] 20.5 [micro]mol/g glycogen compared with 17.7 [+ or -] 2.6 [micro]mol/g glycogen for wild-type mice. Muscle of transgenic and wild-type mice demonstrated similar pre- (3.6 [+ or -] 0.3 and 3.9 [+ or -] 0.6 [micro]mol x [g.sup.-1] x [h.sup.-1] for transgenic and wild-type, respectively) and post-contraction (7.9 [+ or -] 0.4 and 7.0 [+ or -] 0.4 [micro]mol x [g.sup.-1] x [h.sup.-1] for transgenic and wild-type, respectively) insulin-stimulated glucose uptakes. However, the [[sup.14]C]glucose incorporated into glycogen was greater in noncontracted (151%) and postcontracted (157%) transgenic muscle vs. muscle of corresponding wild-type mice, These results indicate that glycogen synthase activity is not rate limiting for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and that the inverse relationship between muscle glycogen and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is an association, not a cause and effect relationship. glucose transporter-4; glycogen synthesis; insulin; muscle contraction; protein kinase B/Akt

The restorative capacities of a high carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) beverage containing electrolytes and a traditional 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverage (SB) were assessed after glycogen-depleting exercise. Postexercise ingestion of the CHO-PRO beverage, in comparison with the SB, resulted in a 55% greater time to exhaustion during a subsequent exercise bout at 85% maximum oxygen consumption (V[O.sub.2]max). The greater recovery after the intake of the CHO-PRO beverage could be because of a greater rate of muscle glycogen storage. Therefore, a second study was designed to investigate the effects of after exercise CHO-PRO and SB supplements on muscle glycogen restoration. Eight endurance-trained cyclists (V[O.sub.2]max = 62.1 [+ or -] 2.2 ml*[kg.sup.-1] body wt * [min.sup.-1]) performed 2 trials consisting of a 2-hour glycogen-depletion ride at 65-75% V[O.sub.2]max. Carbohydrate-protein (355 ml; ~0.8 g carbohydrate (CHO) * [kg.sup.-1] body wt and ~0.2 g protein*[kg.sup.-1] body wt) or SB (355 ml; ~0.3 g CHO*[kg.sup.-1] body wt) was provided immediately and 2 hours after exercise. Trials were randomized and separated by 7-15 days. Ingestion of the CHO-PRO beverage resulted in a 17% greater plasma glucose response, a 92% greater insulin response, and a 128% greater storage of muscle glycogen (159 [+ or -] 18 and 69 [+ or -] 32 [micro]mol*[g.sup.-1] dry weight for CHO-PRO and SB, respectively) compared with the SB (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the rate of recovery is coupled with the rate of muscle glycogen replenishment and suggest that recovery supplements should be consumed to optimize muscle glycogen synthesis as well as fluid replacement. Key Words: carbohydrate, protein, ergogenic supplement, glucose, insulin

Adding arginine to a CHO supplement lessens the rate of CHO oxidation after exercise and thus may make more glucose available for muscle glycogen storage during recovery from exercise. Testing cyclists riding long enough to deplete their muscle glycogen stores and taking carbohydrate or carbohydrate-arginine supplements at specified times after exercise established these results.