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Background: Gemfibrozil (Gem) is a drug that has been shown to activate PPAR‐α, a nuclear receptor that plays a key role in regulating lipid metabolism. Gem is used to lower the levels of triglycerides and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in patients. Experimental studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that Gem can prevent or slow the progression of neurological disorders (NDs), including cerebral ischemia (CI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammation is known to play a significant role in these disorders. Method: The literature review for this study was conducted by searching Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Result: The results of this study show that Gem has neuroprotective effects through several cellular and molecular mechanisms such as: (1) Gem has the ability to upregulate pro‐survival factors (PGC‐1α and TFAM), promoting the survival and function of mitochondria in the brain, (2) Gem strongly inhibits the activation of NF‐κB, AP‐1, and C/EBPβ in cytokine‐stimulated astroglial cells, which are known to increase the expression of iNOS and the production of NO in response to proinflammatory cytokines, (3) Gem protects dopamine neurons in the MPTP mouse model of PD by increasing the expression of PPARα, which in turn stimulates the production of GDNF in astrocytes, (4) Gem reduces amyloid plaque pathology, reduces the activity of glial cells, and improves memory, (5) Gem increases myelin genes expression (MBP and CNPase) via PPAR‐β, and (6) Gem increases hippocampal BDNF to counteract depression. Conclusion: According to the study, Gem was investigated for its potential therapeutic effect in NDs. Further research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of Gem in NDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to various motor and non‐motor symptoms. Several cellular and molecular mechanisms such as alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in post‐transcriptional gene regulation. They are typically about 21–25 nucleotides in length and are involved in the regulation of gene expression by binding to the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. miRNAs like miR‐221 play important roles in various biological processes, including development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. miR‐221 promotes neuronal survival against oxidative stress and neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation. Additionally, the role of miR‐221 in PD has been investigated in several studies. According to the results of these studies, (1) miR‐221 protects PC12 cells against oxidative stress induced by 6‐hydroxydopamine; (2) miR‐221 prevents Bax/caspase‐3 signalling activation by stopping Bim; (3) miR‐221 has moderate predictive power for PD; (4) miR‐221 directly targets PTEN, and PTEN over‐expression eliminates the protective action of miR‐221 on p‐AKT expression in PC12 cells; and (5) miRNA‐221 controls cell viability and apoptosis by manipulating the Akt signalling pathway in PD. This review study suggested that miR‐221 has the potential to be used as a clinical biomarker for PD diagnosis and stage assignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shamblin I and III tumors, revision surgery, other types of neck surgery, neuronal invasion, secretory tumors, and pre-surgery embolization were all excluded. Keywords: carotid body tumors; paragangelioma; surgery; treatment EN carotid body tumors paragangelioma surgery treatment 2627 2630 4 09/21/23 20231001 NES 231001 Intracapsular dissection approaches in surgical resection of carotid body tumors. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most critical head and neck cancers. Total laryngectomy is one of the main options for treating laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma responsible for forming pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF), which increases morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine PCF incidence and identify the factors associated with this complication. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, 85 patients who underwent total laryngectomy at Imam Khomeini Hospital (Tehran, Iran) from 2011 to 2019 were selected as the study population. The presence/absence of PCF, weight, anemia status (Hb <12.5 g/dl), renal dysfunction status (GFR <90 mL/min/1.73m2), malnutrition status (Albumin <3.5 g/dl), and marginal involvement status was extracted from postoperative medical records. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 26.0. Results: The overall incidence of PCF was 11.8%. The mean ±SD of the duration of hospitalization in patients with PCF was 32.40 ±14.75 days, and in patients without PCF was 16.89 ±7.05 days (P = 0.009). The mean ±SD of time to develop a fistula was 7.4 ±3.74 days. Conclusions: The statuses of anemia, malnutrition, renal dysfunction, surgical margin, history of radiotherapy, pharynx closure, gender, and age were unrelated to the incidence of PCF. Further studies with a larger sample size are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In addition to the well-known benefits of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), there are also certain possible risks, some of which are avoidable and some of which are accidental. In addition to CPB, potentially life-threatening consequences include human error and mechanical disruptions. The purpose of this study is to conduct a retrospective analysis of CPB accidents in Iranian cardiovascular surgery departments. Methods: This study included 151 Iranian perfusionists who were evaluated using a questionnaire created by the researchers. The questionnaire recorded all participants' demographic information as well as their experiences with human errors (e.g., perfusionist fatigue and drowsiness; errors in CPB circuit arrangement; and so on) and mechanical disturbances (cooling-warming circuit, oxygenator failure, electrical disruption, and so on). SPSS Version 16 was used to analyze all of the data. Result: 1) venous obstruction and improper venous return had the highest recurrence rate of 89.4%, 2) Removing the venous cannula and venting the venous path 86.8%, 3) 79.5% were unable to raise (ACT) more than 400. Most significant injuries were caused by clots or thrombi during CPB (2.6%), 2) failure of the oxygenator (2.6%). Most deaths were caused by an air embolism (5.29). Conclusions: Although the occurrence of human errors and mechanical disturbances cannot be predicted, they can be mitigated by the sharing of accidents and mistakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]