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Obesity is often accompanied by low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic syndrome. It has been established that microbiota influences many physiological processes, including the development of obesity, and dysbiosis has been observed in obese individuals. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of a new probiotic formulation, containing two probiotic strains and the bioactive compound octacosanol, on body weight, metabolic parameters, and concentrations of certain adipocytokines and appetite-regulating hormones in obese women. This double blind placebo-controlled supplementary intervention study included twenty-five women in the intervention group and twenty-three in the placebo group, and it lasted 12 weeks. Daily oral supplementation included 7 × 1010 CFU of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v (DSM9843), 5 × 109 CFU of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (DBVPG6763), and 40 mg of octacosanol or placebo. Body weight, metabolic parameters, adipocytokines, and appetite-regulating hormones were assessed before (T0) and after the intervention (T1). After the intervention, significantly lower median concentrations of CRP (p = 0.005) and IL-6 (p = 0.012) were measured in the intervention group than the baseline, while the median concentrations of ghrelin (p = 0.026) and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.03) were significantly increased. The intervention group had lower CRP levels (p = 0.023) and higher ghrelin levels (p = 0.006) than the placebo group. Significant changes in BMI between groups were not observed. In summary, although the new probiotic formulation showed beneficial effects on IL-6, CRP, HDL, and ghrelin levels, its potential effects on regulating triglyceride, insulin, and glucose levels require further studies before the novel dietary intervention could be considered a useful adjuvant therapy and an effective strategy for the management of obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities.

This study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of three magnesium (Mg) dietary supplements containing mineral immediately available for absorption on Mg biochemical status indices (ionized and total Mg), as well as their effects on electrolytes levels in healthy female young adults (n = 61). After a 10-days intervention period supplementation with powder/granulate containing Mg oxide led to an increase in both ionized Mg concentration and % in total Mg in comparison with the baseline. Supplementation with Mg citrate was associated with the significant increase in % of ionized fraction and decrease in serum total Mg concentration. By contrast, among participants consuming Mg carbonate in the form of effervescent tablets ionized Mg concentration and % in total Mg decreased, without detectable changes in serum total Mg. In conclusion, after the short-term supplementation period, Mg oxide demonstrated superior bioavailability compared to the other examined Mg supplements without affecting other minerals’ levels.

This study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of three magnesium (Mg) dietary supplements containing mineral immediately available for absorption on Mg biochemical status indices (ionized and total Mg), as well as their effects on electrolytes levels in healthy female young adults (n = 61). After a 10-days intervention period supplementation with powder/granulate containing Mg oxide led to an increase in both ionized Mg concentration and % in total Mg in comparison with the baseline. Supplementation with Mg citrate was associated with the significant increase in % of ionized fraction and decrease in serum total Mg concentration. By contrast, among participants consuming Mg carbonate in the form of effervescent tablets ionized Mg concentration and % in total Mg decreased, without detectable changes in serum total Mg. In conclusion, after the short-term supplementation period, Mg oxide demonstrated superior bioavailability compared to the other examined Mg supplements without affecting other minerals’ levels.

Background: Literature data indicate the benefit of magnesium (Mg) supplementation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of short-term Mg supplementation on iron status in healthy female participants. Methods: One hundred healthy female students of the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy participated the study during eleven intervention days. Students ingested Mg preparations with the same dose of the active substance. The analysis included the measurement of serum iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), total Mg (tMg), ionized Mg (iMg), complete blood count, met-, carboxy- and oxy-haemoglobin (metHgb, COHgb, O2Hgb). Transferrin concentrations and percentage of transferrin saturation (SAT) were calculated manually. The association among the analyzed biochemical parameters was examined using polynomial regression. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the evaluation of interdependence between the analyzed parameters. Results: A statistically significant trend for change in O2Hgb (%) by tertiles of iMg concentrations was found (P = 0.029). Serum tMg reached significant positive correlation with the SAT at concentration levels greater than 0.9 mmol/L, after 11 days of intervention (R2=0.116). Ionized Mg in a concentration higher than 0.6 mmol/L is positively correlated with SAT and serum Fe (R2=0.214; 0.199, respectively). PCA revealed variability of 64.7% for two axes after 11 days. Conclusions: Mg supplementation leads to an improvement in the certain iron status parameters even in individuals with optimal levels of these indices. However, caution should be exercised when supplementing Mg, and laboratory monitoring of the interaction is required., Uvod: Literaturni podaci ukazuju na benefit suplementacije magnezijumom (Mg). Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispita uticaj kratkotrajne suplementacije Mg na status gvožđa kod zdravih žena. Metode: Sto zdravih studentkinja Univerzitet u Beogradu - Farmaceutskog fakulteta je učestvovalo u istraživanju tokom jedanaest dana intervencije. Studenti su uzimali preparate Mg sa istom dozom aktivne supstance. U serumu je određivano gvožđe, nezasićen kapacitet vezivanja gvožđa (UIBC), ukupan kapacitet vezivanja gvožđa (TIBC), ukupan Mg (tMg), jonizovni Mg (iMg), kompletna krvna slika, met-, karboksiioksihemoglobin (metHgb, COHgb, O2Hgb). Transferin i saturacija transferina (SAT) su izračunati ručno. Povezanost analiziranih biohemijskih parametara je ispitana pomoću polinomalne regresije. Za procenu međuzavisnosti između analiziranih parametara korišćena je analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA). Rezultati: Utvrđen je statistički značajan trend promene O2Hgb (%) po tertilima koncentracija iMg (P = 0,029). Ukupan Mg je dostigao značajnu pozitivnu korelaciju sa SAT pri koncentracijama većim od 0,9 mmol/L, nakon 11 dana intervencije (R2 = 0,116). Jonizovani Mg u koncentraciji većoj od 0,6 mmol/L pozitivno korelira sa SAT i gvožđem (R2 = 0,214; 0,199, redom). PCA analizom je pokazana varijabilnost od 64,7% za dve ose nakon 11 dana. Zaključak: Suplementacija Mg dovodi do poboljšanja određenih parametara statusa gvožđa čak i kod pojedinaca sa optimalnim nivoima ovih parametara. Međutim treba biti oprezan pri suplementaciji Mg, a dodatno je neophodno i laboratorijsko praćenje ovih interakcija.

The aim of this study was to determine the ergogenic effects and the safety profile of a one-component higenamine supplement in female recreational athletes. Twelve recreational female basketball players (age 29–41 years, oxygen consumption (VO2max) > 30 ml⋅kg–1⋅min–1, with training > 5 h wk–1) were randomized either to the higenamine group, or to the placebo group for 3 weeks. In order to determine ergogenic effects and safety profile of higenamine administration, we assessed the following variables before and after 3 weeks of supplementation: anthropometric parameters, resting metabolic rate (RMR), exercise testing variables, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), blood pressure, enzyme activity, urea, lipid profile, and complete blood count. There were no differences between groups in anthropometric parameters, including basal metabolic rate (BMR), RMR and body fat [p = 0.706 (Cohen’s d 0.223), p = 0.169 (Cohen’s d 0.857), and p = 0.223 (Cohen’s d 0.750), respectively], FFAs [0.43 ± 0.03 vs. 0.54 ± 0.23, p = 0.206 (Cohen’s d 0.540)], neither significant differences in cardiopulmonary parameters after the intervention period. Furthermore, all measured outcome variables in the safety assessment were not significant, with values remaining stable during the intervention period for participants in both groups. This is the first study to document the effects and the safety profile of higenamine-based dietary supplements at a specified dose in female recreational athletes. Our data indicate that 21-day of supplementation with 75 mg higenamine would not result in improving cardiopulmonary exercise fitness and weight loss in female recreational athletes. Moreover, supplementation with 75 mg higenamine is safe and well-tolerated in younger recreational female athletes.

The aim of this study was to determine the ergogenic effects and the safety profile of a one-component higenamine supplement in female recreational athletes. Twelve recreational female basketball players (age 29–41 years, oxygen consumption (VO2max) > 30 ml⋅kg–1⋅min–1, with training > 5 h wk–1) were randomized either to the higenamine group, or to the placebo group for 3 weeks. In order to determine ergogenic effects and safety profile of higenamine administration, we assessed the following variables before and after 3 weeks of supplementation: anthropometric parameters, resting metabolic rate (RMR), exercise testing variables, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), blood pressure, enzyme activity, urea, lipid profile, and complete blood count. There were no differences between groups in anthropometric parameters, including basal metabolic rate (BMR), RMR and body fat [p = 0.706 (Cohen’s d 0.223), p = 0.169 (Cohen’s d 0.857), and p = 0.223 (Cohen’s d 0.750), respectively], FFAs [0.43 ± 0.03 vs. 0.54 ± 0.23, p = 0.206 (Cohen’s d 0.540)], neither significant differences in cardiopulmonary parameters after the intervention period. Furthermore, all measured outcome variables in the safety assessment were not significant, with values remaining stable during the intervention period for participants in both groups. This is the first study to document the effects and the safety profile of higenamine-based dietary supplements at a specified dose in female recreational athletes. Our data indicate that 21-day of supplementation with 75 mg higenamine would not result in improving cardiopulmonary exercise fitness and weight loss in female recreational athletes. Moreover, supplementation with 75 mg higenamine is safe and well-tolerated in younger recreational female athletes.

In recent decades, probiotic products have been increasingly used to prevent certain gastrointestinal and urogenital disorders, to improve the general condition of the body and as a supplement to pharmacological therapy. They are most often registered as dietary supplements, and less often as drugs in the form of capsules, powders, and solutions. Optimization of technological processes of production and packaging of these products aims to maintain probiotic characteristics while adhering to all criteria during production that ensure quality, bioavailability and optimal therapeutic effects. In this paper, the importance of choosing primary and secondary packaging materials was explored with the aim of preserving the viability of probiotic cells in capsules for two years, i.e. during the shelf life. By comparing the applications of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PVC/polyvinylidene chloride/polyethylene blister foils, better protection of probiotic cells was observed by applying the multilayer foil. In addition, in this research, further improvements of probiotic cell protection were achieved by applying a secondary packing-flow pack bag with inert gas for storing multilayered blisters., Probiotski proizvodi se poslednjih decenija sve više koriste za prevenciju određenih gastrointestinalnih i urogenitalnih poremećaja, za poboljšanje opšteg stanja organi-zma i kao dopuna farmakološke terapije. Najčešće su registrovani kao dijetetski suple-menti, a ređe kao lekovi u obliku kapsula, praškova i rastvora. Optimizacija tehnoloških procesa proizvodnje i pakovanje ovih proizvoda ima za cilj održavanje probiotskih karakteristika uz istovremeno pridržavanje svih kriterijuma u toku proizvodnje koji osiguravaju kvalitet, biološku raspoloživost i optimalno terapijsko dejstvo U ovom radu razmatran je značaj izbora primarnog i sekundarnog materijala za pakovanje sa ciljem očuvanja vijabilnost probiotskih ćelija u kapsulama tokom dve godine tj. tokom roka upotrebe. Poređenjem primene PVC (polivinil hlorid) i PVC/poliviniliden hlorid/poli-etilen (PVC/PVdC/PE) blister folija uočena je bolja zaštita probotskih ćelija od kiseonika i vlage primenom višeslojene folije. Dodatne efekte zaštite probiotskih ćelija u ovom radu potvrdjene su primenom dodatne zaštite blistera upotrebom sekundarnog pakovanja (engl. flow pack) kesice sa inertni gasom.

The impact of diet and fibre fractions on adipocytokines in obese subjects with a risk of diabetes has not been investigated in detail yet. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of a 12-month lifestyle intervention with different fibre profiles (resistant starch (RS)—rich fibre, or ordinary food fibre profiles) on adipocytokine levels. Fifty participants are divided into two groups (RS group and Fibre group). The groups differ only in the percentage of the recommended level of the RS consumed as a fraction of the same total fibre amount. The applied dietary intervention includes intake of 7531 KJ/daywith a total fibre portion of 25–35 g/dayfor both groups that includes 15 g/day of RS for the RS group only. The levels of leptin, adiponectin, apelin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and C-reactive protein (CRP) are measured, and their relationship to anthropometric and biochemical parameters is estimated. Along with significant body weight loss, only leptin is significantly reduced by 13% in the RS group while in the Fibre group, apelin levels are significant (−21%). Polynomial regression shows a negative correlation between RS intake and adiponectin (R2 = 0.145) and resistin level (R2 = 0.461) in the RS group. This study indicates the possibility that fibre fractions differently influence the outcome of lifestyle interventions, as well as their adipocytokine levels, in obese prediabetic adults.

Edible nuts and seeds are nutrient-rich food, and also valuable source of various bioactive compounds. Among them are phytosterols, plant triterpenes with proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Due to their similar structure with cholesterol, these plant sterols, when digested, compete with cholesterol for small intestine absorption leading to lowering of the cholesterol level in blood.

Prema definiciji Svetske Zdravstvene Organizacije, probiotici su živi mikroorganizmi kojikada su konzumirani u adekvatnoj količini imaju povoljne efekte na zdravlje domaćina.Pod pojmom probiotskih bakterija misli se većinom na bakterije mlečne kiseline (BMK)koje obuhvataju uglavnom vrste iz rodova Lactobacillus i Bifidobacterium. Rastući je brojdokaza koji ukazuju da primena BMK može ispoljiti povoljne efekte u tretmanukomponenata metaboličkog sindroma, kao što su gojaznost, dijabetes tip 2, dislipidemije,nealkoholna masna bolest jetre (engl. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD). NAFLDobuhvata čitav spektar oboljenja, počev od hepatične steatoze preko nealkoholnogsteatohepatitisa do hepatične fibroze. Predstavlja najčešći uzrok ozbiljnih i hroničnihoboljenja jetre kod odraslih i kod dece u zapadnim zemljama, sa prevalencom od 20-30% uopštoj odrasloj populaciji, pri čemu prevalenca korelira sa povećanom incidencomgojaznosti i metaboličkog sindroma. Nedavno objavljena istraživanja ukazuju na ulogucrevne mikrobiote u razvoju steatoze i progresiji NAFLD-a, a s obzirom da probiotici mogudelovati na više nivoa na patogenezu oboljenja, a uz to su još i bezbedni i pristupačni, nijeiznenađujuće što LAB postaju sve privlačniji kao potencijalna dugoročna terapija NAFLDa.Kliničke i eksperimentalne studije sugerišu da se probiotici značajno razlikuju u efektimai mehanizmima dejstva a razlike postoje, ne samo između različitih vrsta, već i izmeđurazličitih soje iste vrste. Zbog toga je najvažniji cilj ove studije bio da se razvije modelNAFLD (stadijum steatoze) ishranom visokog sadržaja masti (VSM), a zatim da se ispita iizvrši poređenje dejstva oralne primene dva različita soja BMK, Lactobacillus rhamnosusLA68 i Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, na imunološke i metaboličke parametre, narazvoj steatoze, kao i na sastav masnih kiselina organa kod miševa soja C57BL/6 uuslovima VSM ishrane.Nakon 16 nedelja VSM ishrane, u kojoj je 41% energije poticao od masti, kod miševa sojaC57BL, According to the World Health Organisation's definition, probiotics are alivemicroorganisms which, when consumed in adequate quantities, have beneficial effects onhost's health. The term probiotics bacteria mostly refers to lactic acid bacteria (LAB)which include species from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. The increasingamount of evidence indicates that the usage of LAB can have positive effects on thetreatment of metabolic syndrome components, such as: obesity, type 2 diabetes,dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD includes a whole spectarof diseases, starting from hepatic steatosis through nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to hepaticfibrosis which may further progress into ireversibile cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD represents the most common cause of severe and chronic liver diseases in adultsand children in Western countres, with the prevelance correlating with increased incidenceof obesity and metabolic syndrome. Recently published research points to the role ofintestinal microbiota in the development of steatosis and progression of NAFLD.Probiotics, especially LAB, can have an influence on disease pathogenesis at multiplelevels and besides that they are safe and affordable. Taking into account all abovementionedreasons, it is not surprising that LAB are becoming more and more attractive aspotential long-term NAFLD therapy. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that LABdiffer significantly in the effects and mechanisms of action. Those differences are not onlyamong different species but also among different strains within the same species. Becauseof that, the most important goal of this study was to develop a model of NAFLD (steatosisstadium) with use of high fat diet (HFD) and then to examine and to compare the effects oforal administration of two different LAB species/strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, on immunological and metabolic parameters, onsteatosis development statu

Western life style, and high calorie diet in particular is causing major health problems such as insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and heart disease in the modern age. High fat diet (HFD) induces similar changes in mice, such as increased body weight, hypercholesterolemia and accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. These changes can be ameliorated by the administration of some Lactobacillus species. The focus of this study was to analyze the fatty acid content of liver, heart and brain tissues of mice fed HFD and administered with either Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68, and to analyze the fatty acid content of these organs after a two months washout period. The fatty acid composition of mouse liver tissue changed significantly due to probiotic administration during a 12 weeks HFD regime and active Lactobacillus administration had a slightly reversing effect toward the standard mouse diet group, but after the washout period these changes disappeared. The fatty acid composition of the heart and brain tissues was significantly changed in the HFD regime but probiotic administration had no significant influence on the fatty acid profile of these two organs. Upon the 8 weeks washout period the only remaining beneficial effect was the significantly lower mouse weight in the supplemented groups compared to the HFD group.

Recent reports suggest that the metabolic activity of the enteric microbiota may influence the fatty acid composition of the host tissue. There are many studies dealing with the influence of lactobacilli on various pathological conditions, and some of the effects are strain-specific. This study was designed to test the effects of a particular Lactobacillus strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 on fatty acid composition of the liver and the brain of C57BL/6 mice in the absence of an underlying pathological condition. Female mice were supplemented with live L. rhamnosus LA68 bacteria for the duration of 1 month. Serum biochemistry was analyzed and liver and brain fatty acid composition was assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. Significant changes in liver and brain fatty acid composition were detected. In the liver tissue we detected an increase in palmitoleic acid (p = 0.038), while in the brain compartment we found an increase in palmitic (p = 0.042), stearic (p = 0.017), arachidonic acid (p = 0.009) and docosahexaenoic acid (p = 0.004) for control versus experimental group. These results show discrete changes caused by LA68 strain consumption. Even short duration of administration of LA68 influences the fatty acid composition of the host which adds to the existing knowledge about Lactobacillus host interaction, and adds to the growing knowledge of metabolic intervention possibilities.

In this study, two Lactobacillus strains (L. rhamnosus LA68 and L. plantarum WCFS1) were evaluated for their effects on high fat diet induced pathology in mice. The aim was to determine whether the administration of lactic acid bacteria had beneficial effects on ameliorating pathology. C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat diet were orally administered with the Lactobacillus strains. Both the metabolic and immunological parameters were analyzed. The administration of both of the strains had beneficial effects on mouse weight, serum cholesterol, TNF-alpha levels and liver histology. LA68 lowered the total cholesterol and HDL levels more prominently, whereas WCFS1 was more potent in lowering the TG and LDL levels. Leptin and adiponectin levels were increased in all experimental groups to different extents. The administration of L. plantarum WCFS1 led to a marked increase in leptin levels, as well as an increase in CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells, and a decrease of CD25+ cells, and had a lowering effect on IL-6 production and cell metabolic activity. In conclusion, active administration of both Lactobacillus strains had a positive effect on HFD-induced pathology. Although both of the tested strains had beneficial effects, oral administration of WCFS1 increased leptin levels and had a more prominent immunomodulatory effect, which should be taken into consideration in case of humane usage.

Probiotics are increasingly more present both as functional foods, and in pharmaceutical preparations with multiple levels of action that contribute to human health. Probiotics realize their positive effects with a proper dose, and by maintaining a declared number of probiotics cells by the expiration date. Important precondition for developing a probiotic product is the right choice of clinically proven probiotic strain, the choice of other active components, as well as, the optimization of the quantity of active component of probiotic per product dose. This scientific paper describes the optimization of the number of probiotics cells in the formulation of dietary supplement that contains probiotic culture Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, iron and vitamin C. Variations of the quantity of active component were analyzed in development batches of the encapsulated probiotic product categorized as dietary supplement with the following ingredients: probiotic culture, sucrosomal form of iron and vitamin C. Optimal quantity of active component L. plantarum of 50 mg, was selected. The purpose of this scientific paper is to select the optimal formulation of probiotic culture in a dietary supplement that contains iron and vitamin C, and to also determine its expiration date by the analysis of the number of viable probiotic cells.

Pregnancy is one of the most nutritionally demanding periods in a woman's life. During pregnancy there is an increase in nutritional requirements in order to support fetal growth and development. Maternal metabolic demands and tissue development specific to reproduction are also in a need for additional nutrition. Increased need for macro- and micronutrients can be achieved by well-balanced and varied diet. Dietary supplements may be used when it is not possible to have adequate diet due to subjective or objective reasons such as nausea and vomiting. Dietary supplements are defined as concentrated sources of nutrients and other substances with nutritional or physiological effect in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Supplements that are most commonly used in pregnancy are folic acid and iron. Substances that do not occur in sufficient amount in food, such as vitamins and minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 series, diatary fibers, may also be added to a diet in a form of supplements. Different countries have different recommendations regarding use of dietary supplements in pregnancy, which indicates that the use of supplements largely depends on demographic, social and economic parameters. In Serbia, supplementation is based on recommendations from gynecologists and individual choice of a pregnant woman as there are still no national recommendations, except for supplementation of folic acid., Trudnoća je nutritivno jedan od najzahtevnijih perioda u životu žene. U toku trudnoće rastu nutritivne potrebe kako bi se obezbedio fetalni rast i razvoj i podržale metaboličke potrebe majke i razvoj tkiva specifičan za reprodukciju. Preporuke su da se povećane potrebe za proteinima, ugljenim hidratima, mastima, kao i potrebe za vitaminima i mineralima zadovolje dobro balansiranom i raznovrsnom ishranom, a tamo gde to nije moguće postići, iz subjektivnih ili objektivnih razloga (mučnina, povraćanje), koriste se dodaci ishrani (dijetetski suplementi). Po definiciji, dijetetski suplementi su proizvodi koji predstavljaju koncentrovane izvore nutrijenata i drugih sastojaka sa fiziološkim ili hranljivim efektom u doziranom farmaceutskom obliku. U periodu trudnoće najčešće se suplementiraju folna kiselina i gvožđe kao i drugi vitamini i minerali ukoliko se ne unose hranom u dovoljnim količinama, polinezasićene masne kiseline omega-3 serije i dr. Različite zemlje imaju različite stavove i preporuke u vezi sa primenom dodataka ishrani u trudnoći, što nam ukazuje na to da upotreba suplemenata u velikoj meri zavisi od demografskih, socioloških i ekonomskih parametara. U Srbiji, izuzev preporuka za suplementaciju folne kiseline, još uvek ne postoje preporuke koje bi se odnosile na primenu određenih suplemenata u trudnoći, tako da je to uglavnom prepušteno preporukama od strane ginekologa ili individualnom izboru trudnice.

Prema definiciji Svetske Zdravstvene Organizacije, probiotici su živi mikroorganizmi koji kada su konzumirani u adekvatnoj količini imaju povoljne efekte na zdravlje domaćina. Pod pojmom probiotskih bakterija misli se većinom na bakterije mlečne kiseline (BMK) koje obuhvataju uglavnom vrste iz rodova Lactobacillus i Bifidobacterium. Rastući je broj dokaza koji ukazuju da primena BMK može ispoljiti povoljne efekte u tretmanu komponenata metaboličkog sindroma, kao što su gojaznost, dijabetes tip 2, dislipidemije, nealkoholna masna bolest jetre (engl. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD). NAFLD obuhvata čitav spektar oboljenja, počev od hepatične steatoze preko nealkoholnog steatohepatitisa do hepatične fibroze. Predstavlja najčešći uzrok ozbiljnih i hroničnih oboljenja jetre kod odraslih i kod dece u zapadnim zemljama, sa prevalencom od 20-30% u opštoj odrasloj populaciji, pri čemu prevalenca korelira sa povećanom incidencom gojaznosti i metaboličkog sindroma. Nedavno objavljena istraživanja ukazuju na ulogu crevne mikrobiote u razvoju steatoze i progresiji NAFLD-a, a s obzirom da probiotici mogu delovati na više nivoa na patogenezu oboljenja, a uz to su još i bezbedni i pristupačni, nije iznenađujuće što LAB postaju sve privlačniji kao potencijalna dugoročna terapija NAFLDa. Kliničke i eksperimentalne studije sugerišu da se probiotici značajno razlikuju u efektima i mehanizmima dejstva a razlike postoje, ne samo između različitih vrsta, već i između različitih soje iste vrste. Zbog toga je najvažniji cilj ove studije bio da se razvije model NAFLD (stadijum steatoze) ishranom visokog sadržaja masti (VSM), a zatim da se ispita i izvrši poređenje dejstva oralne primene dva različita soja BMK, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 i Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, na imunološke i metaboličke parametre, na razvoj steatoze, kao i na sastav masnih kiselina organa kod miševa soja C57BL/6 u uslovima VSM ishrane. Nakon 16 nedelja VSM ishrane, u kojoj je 41% energije poticao od masti, According to the World Health Organisation's definition, probiotics are alive microorganisms which, when consumed in adequate quantities, have beneficial effects on host's health. The term probiotics bacteria mostly refers to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which include species from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. The increasing amount of evidence indicates that the usage of LAB can have positive effects on the treatment of metabolic syndrome components, such as: obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD includes a whole spectar of diseases, starting from hepatic steatosis through nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to hepatic fibrosis which may further progress into ireversibile cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD represents the most common cause of severe and chronic liver diseases in adults and children in Western countres, with the prevelance correlating with increased incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Recently published research points to the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of steatosis and progression of NAFLD. Probiotics, especially LAB, can have an influence on disease pathogenesis at multiple levels and besides that they are safe and affordable. Taking into account all abovementioned reasons, it is not surprising that LAB are becoming more and more attractive as potential long-term NAFLD therapy. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that LAB differ significantly in the effects and mechanisms of action. Those differences are not only among different species but also among different strains within the same species. Because of that, the most important goal of this study was to develop a model of NAFLD (steatosis stadium) with use of high fat diet (HFD) and then to examine and to compare the effects of oral administration of two different LAB species/strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, on immunological and metabolic parameters, on stea

Probiotic bacteria have been used in human nutrition for centuries and are now attracting more attention. In order to examine the immunological aspects of probiotic consumption, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 was orally administrated using gavage to healthy C57BL/6 mice. After one month splenocytes were isolated, and analysed by flow cytometry. The magnitude of splenocyte proliferation upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan and cytokine levels (IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17) was assessed. Cytokine levels in the serum were also analysed. Oral application of strain LA68 leads to a significant decrease of CD3+, CD25+ and CD19+ cells, and an increase of CD11b+ and CD16/CD32+ positive cell populations in the mouse spleen. Increased sensitivity to stimulation through proliferation and IL-6 secretion was detected. Increased serum IFN-gamma and decreased IL-10 levels were found. Our results show increased responsiveness of splenocytes, activation of the Th1 type of immune response, and a shift of leucocyte populations towards monocyte/granulocyte populations.