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The paper continues the articles presented in 2017 and 2021 (Ivanov, Protsenko, 2017; Ivanov, 2021). This study differs from the previous ones in that the author supplemented the source base with the materials of the Akhmylovo/Akozino and Khudyaki cultures. That is, in his comparative statistical analysis, he used almost all known material on the burial rite of the Kama River region and Cis-Ural cultures of the Early Iron Age: the Akhmylovo/Akozino, Ananyino "classical", Pyany Bor, Kara-Abyz and Khudyaki. In the course of the work, author have received the results, that allow him to draw the following conclusion: Although the Ahmylovo/Akozino and "Classical Ananyino" (Ananyino culture of corded ware – ACCW) were a part of a single Ananyino cultural-historical community (ACIO), they differed by types of pottery and set of the burial equipment; the Ahmylovo/Akozino culture ("Volga Ananyino population") was not involved in forming the ethnic-cultural composition of the Kama River Region and Cis-Ural population of the second half of the 1st millennium BC; the Kara-Abyz and Pyany Bor cultures, although they were formed with the participation of ACCW bearers, but in their ethnic genesis no less active role was played by the alien ethnic-cultural component. In their morphological features, these cultures were different and it is wrong to consider the Kara-Abyz culture as a variant of the Pyany Bor one.

The content and stylistics analysis (critical discourse analysis – CDA) of studies on the history of the tribes of the Kama region and the Urals in the Early Iron Age, written by Soviet archaeologists during the XX century, allows us to give them a certain reference. In their essence they are historical and archaeological discourses (statements) on the socio-economic history of the region based on rather limited empirical data. Standing on the positions of the Marxist methodology of history (the theory of socio-economic formations) and the Marxist understanding of historicism, which was established in Soviet archaeology in the 30–50s, the authors of these discourses compensate for the lack of empiricism with a methodologically verified interpretation of archaeological empiricism in the context of the formation theory of history. A steady, monotonously progressive process of decomposition among the tribes of the Kama region and the Urals of the tribal system during the entire epoch of the Early Iron Age is the result of these interpretations.

The article presents the typological characteristics of the nomadic burials of the Golden Horde, interpreted as Muslim. The burial grounds located in the depths of the Steppe at a distance from the urban centers of the Golden Horde were taken as a source base. This approach allows the authors to consider the genesis and evolution of the Islamic funeral rite among nomads without taking into account the influence of urban Islam on this process or through the prism of its minimal impact. On the example of the Linevsky burial mound in the Southern Cis-Urals, it is shown that the signs of the Islamic rite, characteristic of urban and suburban burial grounds, are present among the nomads, but mainly in the form of separate reminiscences.

The paper characterizes the ethnic-cultural situation in the Southern Cis-Urals in the 10th – 11th centuries on the basis of archaeological data. In the author's opinion, the ethnic dominant of the Ugric population remained in the forests of the region – the carriers of the Petrogrom and post-Petrogrom cultures, who occupied this territory after the migration of the ancient Magyar Ugrians to the west. They formed the western portion of the ethnic-cultural area (ECA) of the Ugric tribes of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia. At the same time, the tribes of the Oguz and Pechenegs roamed the steppes of the Southern Cis-Urals. Volga Bolgaria, which then experienced the period of its highest socio-economic and political upsurge, was actively developing the forest areas of the Kama region and the Pre-Urals. Therefore, it objectively played the role of the area-forming factor for the Ugric tribes of the region. As for the nomads of the Steppe Cis-Urals – the Oguz and Pechenegs – no cultural influence of Volga Bolgaria on them has been traced on the basis of the available archaeological materials.

The author publishes the results of a comparative statistical analysis of ceramics from the hillforts of the Early Iron Age cultures of the Kama region and the Cis-Urals – Ananyino, Pianyi Bor, Kara-Abyz and Gliadenovo. The main task resolved by the author is to establish the degree of genetic kinship of the aforesaid cultures (on the example of their ceramics), and most importantly, to clarify the role of the Ananyino Corded Ware culture (ACWC) in the composition of these cultures. The author provides data on the combined characteristics of the compared ceramic complexes (random statistical samples) and the results of calculating the degree of their typological similarity. The general conclusion is that there are more typological differences between the compared groups of vessels than there are similarities.

This study shows excellent NO2-sensing properties of tungsten oxide nanoparticles, prepared using a facile procedure which includes dissolution of metallic tungsten in hydrogen peroxide with subsequent low-temperature (400 °C) heating. We also conducted a thorough literature survey on sensor properties of tungsten oxide prepared by various means and found that the sensor response towards NO2 registered in this work achieved the highest level. The most intriguing feature of the material obtained was a highly reproducible sensor signal at room temperature which was more than 100 times higher than any reported previously for WO3. The probable reason for such high sensor response was the presence of two WO3 polymorphs (-WO3 and h-WO3) in the material synthesized using a peroxide-assisted route. In order to further investigate synthesizedWO3 materials, sophisticated experimental (XRD, SEM, TEM, BET) and theoretical (B3LYP, HSE) methods have been used, as well as resistance and sensor response measurements at various temperatures.

Nowadays there is a strong degree of agreement that the climate change is the defining challenge of our time, which will exert influence on the ecosystems, on all branches of the international economy and on the quality of life. The analysis based on climate indices is widely used non-parametric approach for quantification of the mean state as well as extreme climate events. This study, which is continuation of our previous efforts, is dedicated to the assessment of the trend magnitude and the trend statistical significance of six temperature-based and three precipitation-based indices in projected future climate over Southeast Europe up to the end of the 21st century. The indices are computed from the bias-corrected output of five CMIP5 global models, reinforced with all four RCP emission scenarios. The model output is accessed from the section of the Inter Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project in the Copernicus Data Store. The multi model ensemble medians of the temperature-based indices shows considerable increase which is consistent with the warming of the mean temperatures. These changes are statistically significant in most cases and intensify with the radiative forcing. The revealed tendencies of the precipitation-based indices are more complex when compared with temperature tendencies.

The ongoing climate change over Central and Southeast Europe has a great potential to affect significantly the public energy demands and in particular the energy consumption in the residential heating and cooling sector. The linkage of the ambient daily extreme and mean temperatures and the energy needs for condition or heat buildings can be quantified as numerical indicators as the heating and cooling degree-days. In the present study, these indicators are calculated according the UK Met Office methodology from the daily mean and extreme temperatures, which, in turn, are computed from the output of the MESCAN-SURFEX system in the frame the FP7 UERRA project. The study, which is performed in a very high resolution, is dedicated on the analysis of the spatial patterns as well as assessment of the magnitude and statistical significance of the temporal evolution of the heating and cooling degree-days. It reveals general tendencies which are coherent with the regional climate warming, but with high spatial heterogeneities. The study confirms the essential impact of the ongoing climate change on the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning industry over Central and Southeast Europe.

Ratios are given for estimating the amount of information in the channels of sensing and data transmission of the orbital synthetic aperture radars (SAR) based on information-theoretic and statistical methods. They are presented in terms of the indicators characterizing the amount of information received about the state of the object of observation. It is shown that the sensing channel should use significantly redundant information in relation to the final result of radar observation. On the example of the SAR of the “Venera-15” and “Venera-16” spacecrafts, the specific conditions of an orbital radar imaging are illustrated, and its informational characteristics are given for both methods of transmitting observation data. The qualitative consideration carried out in the paper makes it possible to estimate the potentially achievable reduction in the amount of information in the data transmission channel when using on-board SAR signal processing under specific radar imaging conditions.

In accordance with the provisions of the theory of statistical decisions, an expression for the error probability of discriminating the intensities of two signals as a function of the radiometric resolution of a synthetic aperture radar is obtained. The result of observing fluctuations at the input of the processing channel over a finite interval is represented by a sequence of complex samples that are the sum of samples of uncorrelated normal noise and signal samples. This sequence is considered as a normal complex random vector with a specified normalized correlation matrix, while the processing algorithm is assumed to be given. The proposed approach is compared with known methods for determining the radiometric resolution: the heuristic method and the differential radio contrast method. The advantages of the proposed method are demonstrated.

The paper deals with interpretation of the results of the comparative statistical analysis of pottery from the late Bronze Age settlements in the lower reaches of the Belaya river – Kakry-Kul, Birsk, Udelny-Duvaney. The analysis has been aimed to determination the cultural identity of these settlements and to establishing genetic links between ceramics of the Early Ananyino (Pitted Ware and Corded Ware) Culture and the Late Bronze Age ceramics in the Volga and Kama region. The analysis of ceramics has been carried out according to the program and methods developed by V.F. Gening and G.A. Fedorov-Davydov at their time. The obtained results show that the Late Bronze Age settlements in the lower reaches of the river Belaya belong either to the Maklasheevka (according to V.N. Markov) or to the Byrgynda (according to L.I. Ashikhmina) cultures of the Lower Kama basin; in their morphological features, the ceramics of the of Early Ananyino type, decorated with a complex cord and pit ornament, differ markedly from the pottery of the Late Bronze Age in the Volga-Kama region, which does not allow the authors to speak about the genetic relationship between the compared groups of ceramics. That is, the pottery of the Early Ananyino type with a cord and pit ornament was brought to the Volga-Kama region outside. Most likely, the origin of this pottery should be sought in the late Bronze Age settlements in more northern areas.

The article deals with the problem of preventing ship collisions while at sea. When crewless ships meet at sea, it is necessary to ensure their safe separation. A formalization of setting the problem of safe divergence of a group of ships is given. Vessel subsets in various states in a group of ships are determined, and ship transitions from one state to another are described. The problem of a lack of mutual understanding between agents controlling unaccompanied ships is considered. A counter vessel may not perform the divergence manoeuvres that the agent controlling the uncrewed vessel expects. An analysis is made of the reasons contributing to this. The problem of detection of inadequate behaviour of a counter vessel or its violation of manoeuvring arrangements is offered. The criteria for detecting such behaviour and agent's actions to prevent collision in this case are considered.

The article deals with a device for temperature control of a thermal object. The device is based on a single-chip AVR ATmega32 microcontroller. There are two modes of temperature regulation. The first is designed for temperature regulation within the range of -55 ° C to +125 ° C, and the second is from +126 ° C to +1000 ° C. The first range uses a DS18B20 digital serial output temperature sensor. The temperature measurement resolution in the first temperature range of -55 °C to +125 °C is 0.0625 °C. The second range uses a K-type thermocouple and a MAX6675 thermocouple signal converter with I2C interface. The discreteness of temperature measurement in the range from +126 C to +1000 C is 2 C. The microprocessor based controller has a very wide temperature control range from -55 to +1000°C, which is well within the temperature range required by the process. In the first area, due to high accuracy digital temperature sensor DS18B20, the resolution is very good ±0.0625 °C, which enables the use of the controller in climate control systems.

The article gives short overview of bibliometric research on Open access journals, its advantages and disadvantages. The bibliometric analysis was based on Russian articles (Research performance-RP) published in the Gold Open Access (OA) journals, indexed in SCI-E (Web of Science) for 2008-2017. Despite the high payment for articles, it was observed a steady increase in the share of Russian publications in Gold OA journals in the total Russian RP: from 7.8% in 2008 up to 13.7% in 2017. This is largely due to active international cooperation with Russian organizations and funding agencies from United States (31%), Germany (29%) and other industrialized countries. Government investment in the Program 5- 100 stimulated a significant increase in the share of Gold OA publications by these universities from 21.9% in 2012 to 40.8% in 2017. At the same time period, the share of RAS decreased from 64.8% to 52.9%. Russian scientists use extensively the highest quality foreign journals of the Gold OA system indexed in the SCI-E database, which includes two domestic journals.

The oncoming climate changes will exert influence on the ecosystems, on all branches of the international economy, and on the quality of life. Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are the most widespread and successful tools employed for both numerical weather forecast and climate research since the 1980s. However, growing demands on accurate and reliable information on regional and sub-regional scale are not directly met by relatively coarse resolution global models, mainly due to the excessive costs affiliated with the use of the model in very high resolution. Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are important instruments used for downscaling climate simulations from GCMs. Main aim of the numerical experiment Tuning an Validation of Regional Climate Model (RegCM-TVRegCM) is to quantify the impact of some tunable factors in the RegCM set-up on the model outputs. Thus, on the first stage of the study, the skill of 20 different model configurations in representing the basic spatial and temporal patterns of the Southeast European (SE) climate for the period 1999-2009, is evaluated. Based on these outcomes, the present work is dedicated on more detailed inspection of the model set-ups with recognizable better performance. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the time series of the temperature and precipitation of the 6 most promising model set-ups and the E-OBS on monthly basis are calculated. The main conclusion is that this test does not reveal single one model set-up that definitely over performs the other considered ones.

The article considers the geography of studied archaeological sites dating back to the first half of the 1st Millennium A.D. located in the steppes of the Southern Urals and the Lower Volga region. According to the author, the localization of these sites follows a specific pattern. Barrows of late Sarmatians (or ‘Huns-Sarmatians’) are mostly located in the forest-steppe area or along the left bank of the Volga river, which was accounted for by the deterioration of the steppe climate (aridization) which began in the first centuries A.D. A small number of barrows of late Sarmatians have been discovered in the Trans-Urals and the Volga region. Large burial mounds consisting of several dozen barrows - Salikhovo, Akhmerovo, Derbenevo - have only been traced in the Cis-Urals. There is no reliable evidence of the ethnic-cultural interactions of the Sarmatians with the local Finno-Ugric population. Therefore, the Turbasly culture with its sites represented by two compact groups have been discovered in the basin of the middle reaches of the Belaya river and near the mouth of the Kama river and apparently appeared in the region in an established form. At the same time, small groups (military detachments) of the population of a different ethnic and cultural origin were introduced in the western regions of the area populated by the carriers of the late Mazunino culture - barrows at Turaevo and Staraya Mushta burial mounds. Due to their scarcity, these detachments quickly dissolved in the local Finno-Perm (Mazunino) population. The archaeological map of the Southern Urals and Trans-Volga region demonstrates that the steppes of the region were very poorly populated in the first half of the 1st Millennium A.D. The ethnic-cultural groups represented by a large number of archaeological sites have only been discovered in the forest-steppe area – these are the Late Mazunino (Bakhmutino) and Imenkovo cultures, whose carriers, according to the author, did not belong to the Sarmatian or ‘Hun-Sarmatian’ world.

The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is used as a term for integrating requirements and functionalities towards transportation systems, which in urban environment raises complex exploitation and control problems. Important part of the ITS is the control which has to be applied for traffic flows. The control processes are strongly linked with requirements and targets for optimization of the transportation behavior. The paper applies new optimization formal description of control by bi-level optimization. Except the trivial traffic lights control, the bi-level formalization allows additional traffic characteristics to be defined like maximal/minimal values. The paper defines, solves and provides numerical simulations for minimization of the vehicle queues in front of the traffic lights. Such bi-level optimization problem is applied simultaneously for maximization the traffic flows on arterial and important directions of the urban transportation network. The formal description of the bi-level problem is provided. The results of the bi-level control have been compared with the cases of single optimization of the vehicles queues. The simulation results prove that the bi-level problem gives benefits satisfying an additional goal, which improves additional characteristic of the transport behavior. The bi-level optimization formalism can be used as a tool for implementation of integration of ITS control policies.

The author examines the geography of settlements of the early Iron Age finale (Glyadenovo culture) - early medieval period (second half of the I Millennium BC: Mazuninо/Bahmutino, Lomovatovo, Nevolino, Polom/Cheptza, Kushnarenkovo/Karayakupovo cultures) in the Kama River and the Cis-Ural regions. As shown by statistics collected through archaeological studies on these settlements, the proportion of such sites among the general masses of sites from published maps is very small. That, in turn, questions a number of aspects related to the characteristics of these crops. Firstly, the time these settlements functioned: their density, as shown on the published maps, their distribution per square unit, does not allow us to think that these settlements could exist simultaneously. Second, identification of various local-territorial variations of these archaeological cultures, in the context when settlements are not sufficiently and equally studied, will inevitably be just a formality and will hardly reflect the real cultural-historical situation in the region during the studied period. In view of the above, the author suggests scaling-up the approach used to study the Polom/Cheptza culture and developed by M.G. Ivanova and her colleagues to cover the whole territory of the Kama and Cis-Ural regions. Otherwise, the author maintains that any further study of this era in the region is doomed to generation of various meta-constructions and meta-histories to the detriment of archaeology as a source-based science.

As a result of evaluation of growth rates of major commodity prices and Russian share quotes there is discovered dominating dynamics of shares of Rosneft and Urals oil futures. Assessment of dynamics of RTSI, IMOEX, S&P500, WTI futures, USD/RUB showed IMOEX breakdown from RTSI. RTSI remained with the WTI futures, while IMOEX joined S&P500 trend. As a result of neural network analysis of importance of global indices growth rates there is determined a condition of achievement of their maximum value – minimum growth rate of RTSI and maximum rate of FTSE100 growth. Cluster analysis of the global indices in terms of their growth rates revealed connectivity between RTSI, DJIA and US Dollar Index. Russian economy structure can’t ensure direct connectivity of RTSI and DJIA. RTSI is indirectly connected to DJIA via S&P500. The leading role in this connection belongs to US Dollar Index that largely determines the dynamics of USD/RUB and IMOEX. Cluster analysis in terms of major currencies exchange rates growth defined a USD and CNY currency basket that is acceptable for the Russian economy. Analysis of the Russian finance connectivity has sufficiently identified a basis and conditions of its existence in the context of the strengthening negative factors which bind and overburden the Russian economy with oil dependence.

The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the width of the barrier and yield pillars for the application of a new seam development scheme in the conditions of the Alardinskaya mine (Russia). The Alardinskaya mine develops gas-bearing coal seams that are prone to spontaneous combustion and are hazardous due to rock bumps, which leads to frequent accidents. The analysis of the world experience of mining seams being hazardous to rock bumps showed that safe mining with longwalls can be provided by a system of inter-panel pillars: very wide barrier pillar and two yield pillars. Numerical modeling using the finite element method was carried out to assess the possibility of reducing the barrier pillar width in order to decrease the volume of coal losses in the subsoil. The model of rock massif was created in Ansys mechanical software. Numerical modeling of the longwall panel development with longwalls was carried out at various widths of broad and yield pillars. The analysis outcomes of the vertical stresses diagrams in the seams are presented for different parts of the longwall panel. The rational parameters of the pillar system, ensuring the minimization of the reference pressure influence from the previously worked-out column and the reference pressure of the operating longwall, are determined as a result of numerical analysis. The conclusion is made about the expediency of the technological scheme application proposed by the authors in the conditions of the Alardinskaya mine to reduce the endogenous fire hazard and the danger of rock bumps.

The study results of the zinc coating obtained on the surface of metals in the process of mechanochemical synthesis, implemented in the conditions of vibrowave systems, are presented. The features of coating formation mechanism, an activating role in its formation of free-moving, under the influence of low-frequency vibrations, indenters, are disclosed. The advantages of applying zinc coatings method in comparison with traditional methods are shown.

Today, the increase in reactive power consumption far exceeds the increase in active power consumption. Due to the increasing demands of the end-users for the quality of the supply of electricity, the problem of joint selection of rational sections and places of installation of reactive power compensation in the distribution line becomes relevant. A mathematical model and algorithm allowing such a choice are proposed. The mathematical model can be used both in the design of new lines and in the reconstruction of existing lines. An example is given.

The article proposes an authorial algorithm allowing the selection of the input distribution device. The mathematical model of the algorithm is constructed in the Microsoft Excel environment. An example is given.

Studies were carried out to combine vibration processing and oxidation in polymer working media, which allowed to combine three technological stages. Characteristic traces of direct and oblique impact of the polymer working medium, along the surface of the metal with oxide film, are determined. Studies of the structure of the nanorelief of the vibrational chemical-mechanical oxide coating and the main parameters of the process are.

This paper discusses the development of a complex device for Traffic Light Control. The device is based on a PicoBlaze microprocessor embedded in Spartan6 FPGA. Its benefits for the purposes of transport flows management are discussed.

The history of the Finno-Ugric theme studies in Bashkortostan archaeology starting the mid-20th century to the present is considered in the article. The dynamics of its development (a priority trend in the 1950-70s has been reduced to secondary importance in the early 21st century) is demonstrated. A review of historiography (literature and archival sources) shows that systematic archaeological research in the territory of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Republic had started in the 1950s on the sites, which were initially interpreted as Finno- Ugrian ones. The Bakhmutino culture of the early Middle Ages distinguished by N.A. Mazhitov in the ‘50s was connected by him with the ancient Ugro-Magyars, while the Qara-Abyz culture of the Early Iron Age, singled out by A.Kh. Pshenichnyuk, was attributed by N.A. Mazhitov to the Finno-Ugrians. Thus, in the late-1960s, the Finno-Urgic ethno-cultural dominance during the Early Iron Age to the Middle Ages became generally accepted. In the mid-70s, N.A. Mazhitov proposed a concept of early Turkization of the South Urals (in the mid-1st millennium AD). All the cultures of the 1st millennium AD were correspondingly attributed by him as ancient Bashkir ones. Since then, the polemic between N.A. Mazhitov and the author of the present article concerning the role of the Finns and the Ugrians in the formation of ethnic map of the region has been going on. The author concludes that as a result of this polemic, the interest of Ufa-based archaeologists in the Finno-Ugric themes has reduced and at present occupies just a a secondary place in the archaeology of Bashkortostan. At the same time, the interest in the history and archaeology of the early and medieval nomads is growing.

This paper presents data on the composition of the low-enthalpy thermal waters from the unique Khoja-Obi-Garm field located at the central part of the southern slope of the Gissar Range, in the gorge of the Khoja-Obi-Garm River, at an altitude of 1740-1960 meters. In this place, the eponymous SPA-center was built. Groundwaters from springs and boreholes of Khoja-Obi-Garm SPA has temperatures from 57 to 93°C, high pH (up to 8) and low TDS (less than 0.5 g/l). The estimated subsurface temperatures for the same thermal waters vary from 140°C to 156°C and 193-197°C based on the silica and K/Na geothermometer temperatures consequently. These waters belong to Na–SO4–HCO3 type with high content of H2SiO3 (~140 mg/l), F (up to 18 mg/l) and Rn (up to 814 Bq/l). Thermodynamic speciation indicated that these groundwaters are supersaturated with clay minerals and low-temperature zeolites and undersaturated with carbonate and main alumosilicate minerals.

The results of investigations of zinc coatings obtained on the surface of metals in the process of mechanochemical synthesis realized in conditions of vibro-wave technological systems (VTS) are presented. The features of the morphology of the coating structure are revealed, which activates the role of indents in the formation of free-moving vibrations under the influence of low-frequency oscillations, and its influence on increasing the operational properties of the surface layer of the parts. The advantages of this method of applying zinc coatings in comparison with traditional methods are shown.

Paper presents the outcomes of the studies into the adaptive wideband equalization for frequency dispersion correction in HF band considering variations in interference characteristics and ionosphere parameters. The subject matter of the research were megahertz-bandwidth channels with single-hop F layer propagation mode. There are presented data on variations in the channel amplitude frequency response that are caused by the interference of magneto-ionic components (intramodal multipath). Test facility for carrying out full-scale experiments was developed with the use of Universal Software Radio Peripheral platform supported by the groundbreaking software-defined radio technology. Verification of the developed methods and algorithms was performed in the experiments on oblique sounding over the Cyprus-to-Yoshkar-Ola propagation path by the linearly frequency modulated continuous wave signal.

Paper presents the developed algorithm for multi-carrier simultaneous vertical ionospheric sounding by OFDM signal with BPSK modulation of subcarriers. There is presented a mathematical model, numerical and simulation modeling with the use of USRP platform. Research findings proved the fundamental feasibility of using orthogonal subcarriers for simultaneous sounding of channels over a wide band.

The problem of formation and existence of a common imperial culture of the Golden Horde and the degree of influence of this state on the culture of neighboring peoples inhabiting the Urals and the Volga regions. The results of the comparison between the culture of the Golden Horde cities and the nomadic steppe population demonstrate significant differences and a very low degree of interpenetration of their traditions. In the material culture of the peoples of the Volga-Kama and the Cis-Urals regions, drawn into the Golden Horde sphere of influence (the Mari, the Udmurts, the Mordvinians, the Bashkirs), the local tradition was kept intact, items produced in the Golden Horde were as rarely met as imported ones, and did not affect the local production of weapons, jewelry, etc. All this makes it possible to conclude that the concept of "imperial culture of the Golden Horde" is an artificial one, and its influence on the cultures of the neighboring peoples of the Volga-Ural region cannot be traced on the basis of archaeological materials.