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For a digraph $G$ without multisquares and a field $\mathbb{F}$, we construct a basis of the vector space of path $n$-chains $\Omega_n(G;\mathbb{F})$ for $n\geq 0$, generalising the basis of $\Omega_3(G;\mathbb{F})$ constructed by Grigory'an. For a field $\mathbb{F},$ we consider the $\mathbb{F}$-path Euler characteristic $\chi^\mathbb{F}(G)$ of a digraph $G$ defined as the alternating sum of dimensions of path homology groups with coefficients in $\mathbb{F}.$ If $\Omega_\bullet(G;\mathbb{F})$ is a bounded chain complex, the constructed bases can be applied to compute $\chi^\mathbb{F}(G)$. We provide an explicit example of a digraph $\mathcal{G}$ whose $\mathbb{F}$-path Euler characteristic depends on whether the characteristic of $\mathbb{F}$ is two, revealing the differences between GLMY theory and the homology theory of spaces. This allows us to prove that there is no topological space $X$ whose homology is isomorphic to path homology of the digraph $H_*(X;\mathbb{K})\cong {\rm PH}_*(\mathcal{G};\mathbb{K})$ simultaneously for $\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}.$

The article is devoted to the study of diagonal digraphs, i.e. digraphs whose magnitude homology is concentrated on the diagonal. For a digraph $G$ and $\ell\geq 2,$ we describe a condition, denoted by $(\mathcal{V}_\ell)$, equivalent to vanishing of the second magnitude homology group ${\rm MH}_{2,k}(G,\mathbb{Z})$ for all $k>\ell.$ In particular, diagonal digraphs satisfy $(\mathcal{V}_2).$ As a corollary we obtain that the 2-dimensional CW-complex obtained from a diagonal undirected graph by attaching 2-cells to all squares and triangles of the graph is simply connected. We also give an interpretation of diagonality in terms of Koszul algebras: a digraph $G$ is diagonal if and only if the distance algebra $\sigma G$ is Koszul for any ground field; and if and only if $G$ satisfies $(\mathcal{V}_2)$ and the path cochain algebra $\Omega^\bullet(G)$ is Koszul for any ground field. To obtain a source of examples of digraphs, we study the extended Hasse diagram $\hat G_K$ of a pure simplicial complex $K$. For a triangulation $K$ of a topological manifold $M,$ we express the non-diagonal part of the magnitude homology of $\hat G_K$ via the homology of $M$. As a corollary we obtain that, if $K$ is a triangulation of a closed manifold $M$, then $\hat G_K$ is diagonal if and only if $M$ is a homology sphere.

In this paper, we study operations on functors in the category of abelian groups simplar to the derivation in the sense of Dold-Puppe. They are defined as derived limits of a functor applied to the relation subgroup over a category of free presentations of the group. The integral homology of the Eilenberg-Maclane space $K(\mathbb Z,3)$ appears as a part of description of these operations applied to symmetric powers.

We prove that the magnitude (co)homology of an enriched category can, under some technical assumptions, be described in terms of derived functors between certain abelian categories. We show how this statement is specified for the cases of quasimetric spaces, finite quasimetric spaces, and finite digraphs. For quasimetric spaces, we define the notion of a distance module over a quasimetric space, define the functor of (co)invariants of a distance module and show that the magnitude (co)homology can be presented via its derived functors. As a corollary we obtain that the magnitude cohomology of a quasimetric space can be presented in terms of Ext functors in the category of distance modules. For finite quasimetric spaces, we show that magnitude (co)homology can be presented in terms of Tor and Ext functors over a certain graded algebra, called the distance algebra of the quasimetric space. For finite digraphs, the distance algebra is a bound quiver algebra. In addition, we show that the magnitude cohomology algebra of a finite quasimetric space can be described as a Yoneda algebra.

For a real $r\geq 0,$ we consider the notion of $r$-homotopy equivalence in the category quasimetric spaces, which includes metric spaces and directed graphs. We show that for a finite quasimetric space $X$ there is a unique (up to isometry) $r$-homotopy equivalent quasimetric space of the minimal possible cardinality. It is called the $r$-minimal model of $X$. We use this to construct a decomposition of the magnitude-path spectral sequence of a digraph into a direct sum of spectral sequences with certain properties. We also construct an $r$-homotopy invariant ${\rm SH}^r_{n,I}(X)$ of a quasimetric space $X,$ called spectral homology, that generalizes many other invariants: the pages of the magnitude-path spectral sequence, including path homology, magnitude homology, blurred magnitude homology and reachability homology.

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for an inverse sequence $S_0 \leftarrow S_1 \leftarrow \dots$ indexed by natural numbers to have ${\rm lim}^1S=0$. This condition can be treated as a transfinite version of the Mittag-Leffler condition. We consider inverse sequences in an arbitrary abelian category having a generator and satisfying Grothendieck axioms ${\rm (AB3)}$ and ${\rm (AB4^*)}.$ We also show that the class of inverse sequences $S$ such that ${\rm lim}\: S={\rm lim}^1 S=0$ is the least class of inverse sequences containing the trivial inverse sequence and closed with respect to small limits and a certain type of extensions.

We consider several types of non-existence theorems for functors. For example, there are no nontrivial functors from the category of groups (or the category of pointed sets, or vector spaces) to any small category. Another type of questions that we consider are questions about nonexistence of subfunctors and quotients of the identity functor on the category of groups (or abelian groups). For example, there is no a natural non-trivial way to define an abelian subgroup of a group, or a perfect quotient group of a group. As an auxiliary result we prove that, for any non-trivial subfunctor $F$ of the identity functor on the category of groups, any group can be embedded into a simple group that lies in the essential image of $F.$ The paper concludes with a few questions regarding the non-existence of certain (co-)augmented functors in the $\infty$-category of spaces.

We develop a theory of covering digraphs, similar to the theory of covering spaces. By applying this theory to Cayley digraphs, we build a "bridge" between GLMY-theory and group homology theory, which helps to reduce path homology calculations to group homology computations. We show some cases where this approach allows us to fully express path homology in terms of group homology. To illustrate this method, we provide a path homology computation for the Cayley digraph of the additive group of rational numbers with a generating set consisting of inverses to factorials. The main tool in our work is a filtered simplicial set associated with a digraph, which we call the filtered nerve of a digraph.

We consider the terminal monad among those preserving the objects of a subcategory, and in particular preserving the image of a monad. Several common monads are shown to be uniquely characterized by the property of being terminal objects in the category of co-augmented endo-functors. Once extended to infinity categories, this gives, for example, a complete characterization of the well-known Bousfield-Kan R-homology completion. In addition, we note that an idempotent pro-completion tower can be associated with any co-augmented endo functor M, whose limit is the terminal monad that preserves the closure of ImM, the image of M, under finite limits. We conclude that some basic properties of the homological completion tower of a space can be formulated and proved for general monads over any category with limits, and characterized as universal

We develop a generalisation of the path homology theory introduced by Grigor'yan, Lin, Muranov and Yau (GLMY-theory) in a general simplicial setting. The new theory includes as particular cases the GLMY-theory for path complexes and new homology theories: path homology of categories with a chosen set of morphisms (marked categories) groups with a chosen subset (marked groups) and path Hochschild homology of algebras with chosen vector subspaces (marked algebras). Using our general machinery, we also introduce a new homology theory for quivers that we call square-commutative homology of quivers and compare it with the theory developed by Grigor'yan, Muranov, Vershinin and Yau.

We prove that for a subring $R\subseteq \mathbb Q$ and a free group $F$ of rank at least $2$ the length of the Bousfield's $HR$-localization tower for $F$ is at least $\omega+\omega$. The key ingredient of the proof is the theory of polynomial functors over $\mathbb Q.$

We give an overview of five rationalization theories for spaces (Bousfield-Kan's $\mathbb Q$-completion; Sullivan's rationalization; Bousfield's homology rationalization; Casacuberta-Peschke's $\Omega$-rationalization; G\'{o}mez-Tato-Halperin-Tanr\'{e}'s $\pi_1$-fiberwise rationalization) that extend the classical rationalization of simply connected spaces. We also give an overview of the corresponding rationalization theories for groups ($\mathbb Q$-completion; $H\mathbb Q$-localization; Baumslag rationalization) that extend the classical Malcev completion.

Using the functor of Baumslag rationalization of groups we construct a functor on the category of all (non necessarily simply connected) spaces that extends the classical rationalization of simply connected spaces. We study this functor and compare it with other extensions of the classical rationalization: Bousfield-Kan $\mathbb Q$-completion; Bousfield's homology rationalization; G\'{o}mez-Tato--Halperin--Tantr\'{e}'s $\pi_1$-fiberwise rationalization; and the localization with respect to the maps $n:S^1\to S^1$ that we call $\Omega$-rationalization., Comment: Results of this paper are not new. They can be found in https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02802510

For a non-cyclic free group $F$, the second homology of its pronilpotent completion $H_2(\widehat F)$ is not a cotorsion group.

The knowledge that data lies close to a particular submanifold of the ambient Euclidean space may be useful in a number of ways. For instance, one may want to automatically mark any point far away from the submanifold as an outlier or to use the geometry to come up with a better distance metric. Manifold learning problems are often posed in a very high dimension, e.g. for spaces of images or spaces of words. Today, with deep representation learning on the rise in areas such as computer vision and natural language processing, many problems of this kind may be transformed into problems of moderately high dimension, typically of the order of hundreds. Motivated by this, we propose a manifold learning technique suitable for moderately high dimension and large datasets. The manifold is learned from the training data in the form of an intersection of quadric hypersurfaces -- simple but expressive objects. At test time, this manifold can be used to introduce a computationally efficient outlier score for arbitrary new data points and to improve a given similarity metric by incorporating the learned geometric structure into it.

We prove that for the free group of rank two $F$ the cokernel of the homomorphism to its Baumslag rationalization $F\to {\sf Bau}(F)$ is not abelian. Moreover, this cokernel contains a free subgroup of countable rank. This answers a question of Emmanuel Farjoun.

We study five different types of the homology of a Lie algebra over a commutative ring which are naturally isomorphic over fields. We show that they are not isomorphic over commutative rings, even over $\mathbb Z,$ and study connections between them. In particular, we show that they are naturally isomorphic in the case of a Lie algebra which is flat as a module. As an auxiliary result we prove that the Koszul complex of a module $M$ over a principal ideal domain that connects the exterior and the symmetric powers $0\to \Lambda^n M\to M \otimes \Lambda^{n-1} M \to \dots \to S^{n-1}M \otimes M \to S^nM\to 0 $ is purely acyclic.

We develop a theory of parafree augmented algebras similar to the theory of parafree groups and explore some questions related to the Parafree Conjecture. We provide an example of finitely generated parafree augmented algebra of infinite cohomological dimension. Motivated by this example, we prove a version of the Composition-Diamond lemma for complete augmented algebras and provide a sufficient condition for augmented algebra to be residually nilpotent on the language of its relations.

We give a simple proof of the Curtis' theorem: if $A_\bullet$ is $k$-connected free simplicial abelian group, then $L^n(A_\bullet)$ is an $k+ \lceil \log_2 n \rceil$-connected simplicial abelian group, where $L^n$ is the functor of $n$-th Lie power. In the proof we do not use Curtis' decomposition of Lie powers. Instead of this we use the Chevalley-Eilenberg complex for the free Lie algebra.

We consider a functor from the category of groups to itself $G\mapsto \mathbb Z_\infty G$ that we call right exact $\mathbb Z$-completion of a group. It is connected with the pronilpotent completion $\hat G$ by the short exact sequence $1\to {\varprojlim}^1\: M_n G \to \mathbb Z_\infty G \to \hat G \to 1,$ where $M_n G$ is $n$-th Baer invariant of $G.$ We prove that $\mathbb Z_\infty \pi_1(X)$ is an invariant of homological equivalence of a space $X$. Moreover, we prove an analogue of Stallings' theorem: if $G\to G'$ is a 2-connected group homomorphism, then $\mathbb Z_\infty G\cong \mathbb Z_\infty G'.$ We give examples of $3$-manifolds $X,Y$ such that $ \hat{\pi_1(X)}\cong \hat{\pi_1( Y)}$ but $\mathbb Z_\infty \pi_1(X)\not \cong \mathbb Z_\infty \pi_1(Y).$ We prove that for a finitely generated group $G$ we have $(\mathbb Z_\infty G)/ \gamma_\omega= \hat G.$ So the difference between $\hat G$ and $\mathbb Z_\infty G$ lies in $\gamma_\omega.$ This allows us to treat $\mathbb Z_\infty \pi_1(X)$ as a transfinite invariant of $X.$ The advantage of our approach is that it can be used not only for $3$-manifolds but for arbitrary spaces.

In this paper, an explicit construction of a countable parafree Lie algebra over $\mathbb Z/2$ with nonzero second homology is given. It is also shown that the cohomological dimension of the pronilpotent completion of a free noncyclic finitely generated Lie algebra over $\mathbb Z$ is greater than two. Moreover, it is proven that there exists a countable parafree group with nontrivial $H_2$.

For a strongly connected category $\mathcal C$ with pair-wise coproducts, we introduce a cosimplicial object, which serves as a sort of resolution for computing higher derived functors of ${\sf lim} : \mathrm{Ab}^{\mathcal C}\to \mathrm{Ab}$. Applications involve K\"unneth theorem for higher limits and ${\sf lim}$-finiteness of ${\bf fr}$-codes. A dictionary for the ${\bf fr}$-codes with words of length $\leq 3$ is given., Comment: 23 pages

We introduce several classes of localizations (idempotent monads) on the category of groups and study their properties and relations. The most interesting class for us is the class of localizations which coincide with their zero derived functors. We call them right exact (in the sense of Keune). We prove that a right exact localization $L$ preserves the class of nilpotent groups and that for a finite $p$-group $G$ the map $G\to LG$ is an epimorphism. We also prove that some examples of localizations (Baumslag's $P$-localization with respect to a set of primes $P,$ Bousfield's $HR$-localization, Levine's localization, Levine-Cha's $\mathbb Z$-localization) are right exact. At the end of the paper we discuss a conjecture of Farjoun about Nikolov-Segal maps and prove a very special case of this conjecture.

We prove that a subquandle of a free quandle is free.

It is known that for a prime $p\ne 2$ there is the following natural description of the homology algebra of an abelian group $H_*(A,\mathbb F_p)\cong \Lambda(A/p)\otimes \Gamma({}_pA)$ and for finitely generated abelian groups there is the following description of the cohomology algebra of $H^*(A,\mathbb F_p)\cong \Lambda((A/p)^\vee)\otimes {\sf Sym}(({}_pA)^\vee).$ We prove that there are no such descriptions for $p=2$ that `depend' only on $A/2$ and ${}_2A$ but we provide natural descriptions of $H_*(A,\mathbb F_2)$ and $H^*(A,\mathbb F_2)$ that `depend' on $A/2,$ ${}_2A$ and a linear map $\tilde \beta:{}_2A\to A/2.$ Moreover, we prove that there is a filtration by subfunctors on $H_n(A,\mathbb F_2)$ whose quotients are $\Lambda^{n-2i}(A/2)\otimes \Gamma^i({}_2A)$ and that for finitely generated abelian groups there is a natural filtration on $H^n(A,\mathbb F_2)$ whose quotients are $ \Lambda^{n-2i}((A/2)^\vee)\otimes {\sf Sym}^i(({}_2A)^\vee).$

A theory of higher colimits over categories of free presentations is developed. It is shown that different homology functors such as Hoshcshild and cyclic homology of algebras over a field of characteristic zero, simplicial derived functors, and group homology can be obtained as higher colimits of simply defined functors. Connes' exact sequence linking Hochschild and cyclic homology was obtained using this approach as a corollary of a simple short exact sequence. As an application of the developed theory it is shown that the third reduced $K$-functor can be defined as the colimit of the second reduced $K$-functor applied to the fibre square of a free presentation of an algebra. A Hopf-type formula for odd dimensional cyclic homology of an algebra over a field of characteristic zero is also proved., Comment: 1 figure

Let $L=L(a,b)$ be a free Lie ring on two letters $a,b.$ We investigate the kernel $I$ of the map $L\oplus L \to L $ given by $(A,B)\mapsto [A,a]+[B,b].$ Any homogeneous element of $L$ of degree $\geq 2$ can be presented as $[A,a]+[B,b].$ Then $I$ measures how far such a presentation from being unique. Elements of $I$ can be interpreted as identities $[A(a,b),a]=[B(a,b),b]$ in Lie rings. The kernel $I$ can be decomposed into a direct sum $I=\bigoplus_{n,m} I_{n,m},$ where elements of $I_{n,m}$ correspond to identities on commutators of weight $n+m,$ where the letter $a$ occurs $n$ times and the letter $b$ occurs $m$ times. We give a full description of $I_{2,m};$ describe the rank of $I_{3,m};$ and present a concrete non-trivial element in $I_{3,3n}$ for $n\geq 1.$

We prove that for a free noncyclic group $F$, $H_2(\hat F_\mathbb Q, \mathbb Q)$ is an uncountable $\mathbb Q$-vector space. Here $\hat F_\mathbb Q$ is the $\mathbb Q$-completion of $F$. This answers a problem of A.K. Bousfield for the case of rational coefficients. As a direct consequence of this result it follows that, a wedge of circles is $\mathbb Q$-bad in the sense of Bousfield-Kan. The same methods as used in the proof of the above results allow to show that, the homology $H_2(\hat F_\mathbb Z,\mathbb Z)$ is not divisible group, where $\hat F_\mathbb Z$ is the integral pronilpotent completion of $F$.

For a prime $p$, let $\hat F_p$ be a finitely generated free pro-$p$-group of rank $\geq 2$. We show that the second discrete homology group $H_2(\hat F_p,\mathbb Z/p)$ is an uncountable $\mathbb Z/p$-vector space. This answers a problem of A.K. Bousfield.

By definition the identities $[x_1, x_2] + [x_2, x_1] = 0$ and $[x_1, x_2, x_3] + [x_2, x_3, x_1] + [x_3, x_1, x_2] = 0$ hold in any Lie algebra. It is easy to check that the identity $[x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4] + [x_2, x_1, x_4, x_3] + [x_3, x_4, x_1, x_2] + [x_4, x_3, x_2, x_1] = 0$ holds in any Lie algebra as well. I. Alekseev in his recent work introduced the notion of Jacobi subset of the symmetric group $S_n$. It is a subset of $S_n$ that gives an identity of this kind. We introduce a notion of Jacobi element of the group ring $\mathbb{Z}[S_n]$ and describe them on the language of equations on coefficients. Using this description we obtain a purely combinatorial necessary and sufficient condition for a subset to be Jacobi.

For a group $G$ and $R=\mathbb Z,\mathbb Z/p,\mathbb Q$ we denote by $\hat G_R$ the $R$-completion of $G.$ We study the map $H_n(G,K)\to H_n(\hat G_R,K),$ where $(R,K)=(\mathbb Z,\mathbb Z/p),(\mathbb Z/p,\mathbb Z/p),(\mathbb Q,\mathbb Q).$ We prove that $H_2(G,K)\to H_2(\hat G_R,K)$ is an epimorphism for a finitely generated solvable group $G$ of finite Pr\"ufer rank. In particular, Bousfield's $HK$-localisation of such groups coincides with the $K$-completion for $K=\mathbb Z/p,\mathbb Q.$ Moreover, we prove that $H_n(G,K)\to H_n(\hat G_R,K)$ is an epimorphism for any $n$ if $G$ is a finitely presented group of the form $G=M\rtimes C,$ where $C$ is the infinite cyclic group and $M$ is a $C$-module.

In this paper, the $H\mathbb Z$-length of different groups is studied. By definition, this is the length of $H\mathbb Z$-localization tower or the length of transfinite lower central series of $H\mathbb Z$-localization. It is proved that, for a free noncyclic group, its $H\mathbb Z$-length is $\geq \omega+2$. For a large class of $\mathbb Z[C]$-modules $M,$ where $C$ is an infinite cyclic group, it is proved that the $H\mathbb Z$-length of the semi-direct product $M\rtimes C$ is $\leq \omega+1$ and its $H\mathbb Z$-localization can be described as a central extension of its pro-nilpotent completion. In particular, this class covers modules $M$, such that $M\rtimes C$ is finitely presented and $H_2(M\rtimes C)$ is finite., Comment: 33 pages, v2: the last section is corrected

By definition the identities $[x_1,x_2]+[x_2,x_1]=0$ and $[x_1,x_2,x_3]+[x_2,x_3,x_1]+[x_3,x_1,x_2]=0$ hold in any Lie algebra. It is easy to check that the identity $[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4]+[x_2,x_1,x_4,x_3]+[x_3,x_4,x_1,x_2]+[x_4,x_3,x_2,x_1] = 0$ holds in any Lie algebra as well. We investigate sets of permutations that give identities of this kind. In particular, we construct a family of such subsets $T_{k,l,n}$ of the symmetric group $S_n,$ and hence, a family of identities that hold in any Lie algebra.

This text is based on lectures given by authors in summer 2015. It contains an introduction to the theory of limits over the category of presentations, with examples of different well-known functors like homology or derived functors of non-additive functors in a form of derived limits. The theory of so-called ${\bf fr}$-codes also is developed. This is a method how different functors from the category of groups to the category of abelian groups, such as group homology, tensor products of abelianization, can be coded as sentences in the alphabet with two symbols ${\bf f}$ and ${\bf r}$., Comment: 23 pages

Let $G$ be a group and $R,S,T$ its normal subgroups. There is a natural extension of the concept of commutator subgroup for the case of three subgroups $\|R,S,T\|$ as well as the natural extension of the symmetric product $\|\bf r,\bf s,\bf t\|$ for corresponding ideals $\bf r,\bf s, \bf t$ in the integral group ring $\mathbb Z[G]$. In this paper, it is shown that the generalized dimension subgroup $G\cap (1+\|\bf r,\bf s,\bf t\|)$ has exponent 2 modulo $\|R,S,T\|.$ The proof essentially uses homotopy theory. The considered generalized dimension quotient of exponent 2 is identified with a subgroup of the kernel of the Hurewicz homomorphism for the loop space over a homotopy colimit of classifying spaces., Comment: 18 pages

For $n\geq 2$, the homotopy groups $\pi_n(S^2)$ are non-zero., Comment: 8 pages

Let $F$ be a free group. We present for arbitrary $g\in\mathbb{N}$ a LogSpace (and thus polynomial time) algorithm that determines whether a given $w\in F$ is a product of at most $g$ commutators; and more generally an algorithm that determines, given $w\in F$, the minimal $g$ such that $w$ may be written as a product of $g$ commutators (and returns $\infty$ if no such $g$ exists). The algorithm also returns words $x_1,y_1,\dots,x_g,y_g$ such that $w=[x_1,y_1]\cdots[x_g,y_g]$. The algorithms we present are also efficient in practice. Using them, we produce the first example of a word in the free group whose commutator length decreases under taking a square. This disproves in a very strong sense a conjecture by Bardakov.

A natural composition $\odot$ on all pages of the lower central series spectral sequence for spheres is defined. Moreover, it is defined for $p$-lower central series spectral sequence of a simplicial group. It is proved that $r$th differential satisfies a "Leibiz rule with suspension": $d^r(a\odot \sigma b)=\pm d^ra\odot b+a\odot d^r\sigma b,$ where $\sigma$ is the suspension homomorphism., Comment: 15 pages

Let $k$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic two and let $Q_8$ be the quaternion group of order $8$. We determine the Gerstenhaber Lie algebra structure and the Batalin-Vilkovisky structure on the Hochschild cohomology ring of the group algebra $kQ_8$.

The homological properties of localizations and completions of metabelian groups are studied. It is shown that, for $R=\mathbb Q$ or $R=\mathbb Z/n$ and a finitely presented metabelian group $G$, the natural map from $G$ to its $R$-completion induces an epimorphism of homology groups $H_2(-,R)$. This answers a problem of A.K. Bousfield for the class of metabelian groups., Comment: 31 pages