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Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic spirochaetes belonging to the genus Leptospira, is a globally distributed zoonosis that can affect many species of domestic and wild animals, and humans. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a native species in Croatia and, due to constant food availability and lack of interspecies competition, is becoming more abundant in urban and suburban areas. Although antibodies for Leptospira spp have been detected in red foxes, lethal disease has not been reported. We necropsied a young, male red fox that had jaundice, multifocal haemorrhages in the heart, lungs and urinary bladder, hepatomegaly, non-congestive splenomegaly and slight yellow discolouration of the renal cortex and medulla. Histology revealed multifocal haemorrhages in parenchymal organs, thrombi within lung septal capillaries and other blood vessels, interstitial lymphocytic and plasmacytic nephritis and erosions of the gastric mucosa. A microscopic agglutination test on the post-mortem cardiac blood clot revealed a high titre to Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, which implies contact with rats, which are natural reservoirs of this serovar in Croatia. The gross and histological findings in this fox were similar to those in dogs with leptospirosis, indicating that fatal leptospirosis can occur in foxes and suggesting that this species can act as a source of infection for other animals and humans.

U domaćih životinja nasljedni poremećaji mogu biti specifični za pojedine vrste, odnosno pasmine. Nedostatak adhezije leukocita kod goveda nasljedna je bolest koja se pojavljuje u holštajn pasmine i njezinih križanaca, a utječe na zdravlje, uzrokuje uginuća teladi, rezultira smanjenom reprodukcijskom sposobnošću životinja i znatnim ekonomskim gubitcima u proizvodnji. Bolest nastaje kao posljedica mutacije gena odgovornog za ekspresiju receptora na površini bijelih krvnih stanica, uslijed čega dolazi do smanjene funkcije ili potpunog nedostatka bjelančevina koje sudjeluju u upalnom odgovoru. Učestalost bolesti u istraživanim populacijama iznosila je i do 21,5 %. Primjena suvremenih molekularno-genetskih metoda od iznimne je važnosti u identifikaciji nositelja i pridonijela je smanjenju broja životinja nositelja recesivnog alela. Strategije očuvanja niskog broja oboljelih životinja kao i nositelja recesivnog alela uključuju redovitu genotipizaciju rasplodnih bikova i krava prije uvođenja u uzgoj u sklopu uzgojnih programa i genomskog vrednovanja životinja., In domestic animals, inherited disorders may be species-specific or breed-specific. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency in cattle is an inherited disease that occurs in Holstein breed and its crossbreeds, and affects health, causes the death of calves, results in reduced productivity of breeding animals, and significant economic losses in production. The disease occurs as a result of a mutation in the gene responsible for the expression of receptors on the surface of white blood cells resulting in reduced activity or a complete lack of proteins involved in the inflammatory response. The incidence of the disease in the population ranged to 21.5%. The application of modern molecular genetic methods is extremely important in the identification of carriers and has contributed to the reduction of the number of animals carrying the recessive allele. Strategies for maintaining a low number of diseased animals as well as carriers of the recessive allele include regular genotyping of breeding bulls and cows before introduction into breeding as part of breeding programs and genomic evaluation of animals.

Cytology is the diagnostic procedure of the microscopic evaluation of cells. It is becoming increasingly important and more frequently used in veterinary diagnostics, having many advantages including simplicity, speed and low cost. To determine the pathological changes diagnosed by cytology in cats, as well as the distribution of age, breed and gender in the diagnosed changes, we performed a retrospective study on slides submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology for routine cytological examination. The archive was searched for all feline cytology slides submitted from 2009 to 2018. All the slides were re-evaluated and classified into one of the four pathological processes: ‘neoplasia’, ‘inflammation’, ‘other condition’ or ‘non-diagnostic sample’. Breed, age, gender and the tissue from which the lesion was sampled were noted from the submission form, and statistically analyzed. The most frequent type of pathological process diagnosed was neoplasia, which reflects the high prevalence of neoplastic diseases in cats reported in literature data. Pathological changes were mostly diagnosed in domestic shorthaired cats of both sexes, with an average age of 8.4 years, but no breed, age or gender predisposition was found. The most evaluated tissue was skin, probably due to its accessibility and the ease of obtaining a sample from skin lesions. The most frequent neoplasia were malignant and the most frequent diagnosis was round cell neoplasia. Cats affected with round cell neoplasia had a significantly lower average age (7.3 years) than cats diagnosed with epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasia (9.9 and 10.3 years, respectively), probably reflecting the common retroviral infection in Croatian cats., Citologija je sve važniji i sve češće primjenjivan dijagnostički postupak u kojemu se mikroskopski analiziraju stanice, a ima i brojne prednosti, kao što su jednostavnost izvedbe, brzina i niska cijena. Kako bismo odredili patološke promjene dijagnosticirane citologijom u mačaka kao i raspodjelu prema dobi, pasmini i spolu, proveli smo retrospektivno istraživanje na uzorcima dostavljenima Zavodu za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu za rutinsku citološku analizu. Pretraženi su arhivski preparati za sve mačje citološke nalaze od 2009. do 2018. godine. Svi su preparati ponovno analizirani i razvrstani u jedan od četiri patološka procesa: neoplazija, upala, druga stanja i nedijagnostički uzorak. Pasmina, dob, spol i tkivo iz kojega su uzorci uzeti zabilježeni su u odgovarajućem obrascu i statistički analizirani. Najčešće dijagnosticiran patološki proces bio je neoplazija, što govori o visokoj prevalenciji neoplastične bolesti u mačaka opisanoj u literaturi. Patološke promjene najčešće su dijagnosticirane u domaće kratkodlake mačke oba spola, prosječne dobi 8,4 godina. Pasminska, dobna i spolna predispozicija međutim nisu utvrđene. Najčešće analizirano tkivo bila je koža, vjerojatno zbog najlakše dostupnosti i lakog dobivanja uzorka iz kožnih lezija. Najčešća je neoplazija bila zloćudna tvorevina, a najčešća dijagnoza neoplazija okruglih stanica. Mačke oboljele od ove neoplazije imale su znakovito nižu prosječnu dob (7,3 godina) od mačaka kojima je dijagnosticirana epitelna i mezenhimna neoplazija (9,9 i 10,3 godina), što je vjerojatno pokazatelj da se radi o čestoj retrovirusnoj infekciji u mačaka u Hrvatskoj.

Leporine dysautonomia (or dysautonomia of hares) is an idiopathic disorder associated with degeneration of neurons of the peripheral nervous system with loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve function. The disease has so far been described in rabbits and hares from Great Britain, and a similar disorder has also been described in horses (grass sickness), dogs and cats (Key-Gaskell syndrome) throughout the world. We describe a case of leporine dysautonomia in a rabbit from Croatia, characterized by gross findings of cachexia, dehydration, dilated intestines and urinary bladder. Histologic findings included severe vacuolation of neurons of the submucous and myenteric plexus in the intestinal tract. This disease presents a rare disorder of rabbits, and based on current report, it should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis is rabbits with neurologic clinical signs and mild gross findings including cachexia and distension of intestine and urinary bladder.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium residing on the mucosae and skin surfaces of dogs. Under favorable conditions, the organism may cause serious infections, primarily involving the skin, but it is also isolated in eye and ear infections. This report describes pathologic findings of pyometra associated with S pseudintermedius in two bitches. One bitch was a 6-year-old Pomeranian bitch who died after three days of diarrhea, vomiting, and depression. During necropsy, the uterus of the bitch was diffusely enlarged and filled with 30 mL of thick, yellow, creamy pus. Histology revealed acute to subacute, diffuse, severe, purulent endometritis with intralesional Gram-positive round cocci revealed as S pseudintermedius. The cause of death was pyometra with subsequent septic shock. The other bitch was a 2-year-old West Highland White Terrier who underwent diagnostic laparotomy due to suppurative peritonitis of unknown cause. During the procedure, about 100 mL of yellow, opaque exudate from the abdominal cavity was removed. The distended uterine horns noted during the procedure were removed and submitted for histopathology which revealed necrosis of endometrium with the accumulation of pus and numerous, intralesional S pseudintermedius in the uterine lumen. Focally, uterine wall necrosis was evident, with a spread of bacteria and purulent inflammation into the adjacent mesometrium causing purulent peritonitis. Although S pseudintermedius presents a common cause of skin and mucosal infection, it should be considered a possible etiological agent of canine pyometra.

A histopathological analysis of 13 apocrine gland tumors and 22 sebaceous gland tumors in dogs was performed, which were submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. An association between the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67, the type, and the biological behavior of the tumors was investigated. The mean age of dogs with apocrine gland tumors was 10.15 years, and 10.91 years for sebaceous gland tumors. According to the histopathological analysis, 53.8% carcinomas and 46.2% adenomas of the apocrine glands were found. In the sebaceous gland tumors, epitheliomas were dominant (50.0%), followed by adenomas (36.4%) and carcinomas (13.6%). Survival time in dogs with sebaceous gland tumors was shortest in patients with diagnosed epitheliomas, intermediate in adenomas, and longest in carcinomas. The incidence of metastases was low in the groups with sebaceous adenomas and epitheliomas, and recurrence was most common in carcinomas. The average survival time was about the same for apocrine gland adenomas and carcinomas, with a higher incidence of metastases and recurrence for carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and Ki-67 expression confirmed the efficiency of this method for the accurate histological classification of apocrine and especially sebaceous gland tumors. The analyzes performed showed that the location and intensity of E-cadherin expression can be helpful in predicting the biological behavior of sebaceous gland tumors. In contrast to sebaceous gland tumors, the analysis of apocrine gland tumors showed that there was no correlation between E-cadherin expression and the biological behavior of apocrine gland tumors.

A histopathological analysis of 13 apocrine gland tumors and 22 sebaceous gland tumors in dogs was performed, which were submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. An association between the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67, the type, and the biological behavior of the tumors was investigated. The mean age of dogs with apocrine gland tumors was 10.15 years, and 10.91 years for sebaceous gland tumors. According to the histopathological analysis, 53.8% carcinomas and 46.2% adenomas of the apocrine glands were found. In the sebaceous gland tumors, epitheliomas were dominant (50.0%), followed by adenomas (36.4%) and carcinomas (13.6%). Survival time in dogs with sebaceous gland tumors was shortest in patients with diagnosed epitheliomas, intermediate in adenomas, and longest in carcinomas. The incidence of metastases was low in the groups with sebaceous adenomas and epitheliomas, and recurrence was most common in carcinomas. The average survival time was about the same for apocrine gland adenomas and carcinomas, with a higher incidence of metastases and recurrence for carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and Ki-67 expression confirmed the efficiency of this method for the accurate histological classification of apocrine and especially sebaceous gland tumors. The analyzes performed showed that the location and intensity of E-cadherin expression can be helpful in predicting the biological behavior of sebaceous gland tumors. In contrast to sebaceous gland tumors, the analysis of apocrine gland tumors showed that there was no correlation between E-cadherin expression and the biological behavior of apocrine gland tumors., U radu je istraživana učestalost pojedinih histoloških tipova 13 tumora apokrinih i 22 tumora lojnih žlijezda u pasa čiji su uzorci dostavljeni na histopatološku dijagnostiku na Zavod za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2010. do 31. prosinca 2012. godine. Utvrđivano je postoji li povezanost između imunohistokemijske ekspresije E-kadherina i tipa tumora te postoji li povezanost ekspresije E-kadherina i Ki-67 vezano uz biološko ponašanje tumora. Prosječna dob oboljelih životinja iznosila je 10,15 godina za tumore apokrinih žlijezda, a za tumore lojnih žlijezda 10,91 godina. Histopatološkom klasifikacijom tumora ustanovljeno je 53,8 % karcinoma i 46,2 % adenoma apokrinih žlijezda, a za tumore lojnih žlijezda 50,0 % epitelioma, 36,4 % adenoma te 13,6 % karcinoma. Vrijeme preživljavanja pasa s tumorima lojnih žlijezda bilo je najkraće kod epitelioma, srednje vrijeme preživljavanjea bilo je kod adenoma, a najdulje kod karcinoma. Metastaziranje je potvrđeno kod malog broja adenoma i epitelioma, a učestalost recidiva bila je najveća kod karcinoma lojnih žlijezda. Kod tumora apokrinih žlijezda utvrđeno je približno podjednako vrijeme preživljavanja za adenome i karcinome te češće metastaziranje i recidiviranje karcinoma u odnosu na adenome. Imunohistokemijskom analizom dokazano je da analiza ekspresije E-kadherina i Ki-67 može koristiti u određivanju točnije dijagnoze tipa tumora apokrinih, a osobito tumora lojnih žlijezda pasa. Također, utvrđeno je da kod tumora lojnih žlijezda lokalizacija i intenzitet ekspresije E-kadherina mogu pomoći pri određivanju prognoze, odnosno biološkom ponašanju tumora. Ekspresija E-kadherina u tumorima apokrinih žlijezda pasa u provedenom istraživanju nije pokazala rezultate koji bi upućivali na povezanost rezultata imunohistokemijske pretrage i biološkog ponašanja tumora.

Visceral hemangiosarcoma were analyzed at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, over a 5-year period. From a total of 52 tumor masses in a total of 31 dogs, histological growth patterns (cavernous, capillary or solid) and the amount of tumor supporting stroma were evaluated. Additionally, sections were stained with toluidine blue for the purpose of mast cell detection and their number was determined in the tumor parenchyma, tumor stroma and edges. The average age of the affected animals was 10 years, males predominated, and the tumors occurred most frequently in cross breeds, German Shepherd dogs and Labrador Retrievers. The highest number of visceral hemangiosarcoma was found in the spleen (27/52). The most common growth pattern of visceral hemangiosarcoma was solely cavernous with a mixture of cavernous and solid patterns in different proportions. Mast cells were found in 44/52 (84.6%) of the visceral hemangiosarcomas. A smaller number of mast cells were found in the tumor parenchyma, and higher number were found in the stroma and tumor edges. The number of mast cells in tumors was not significantly associated with the tumor growth pattern, but there was a positive correlation between MCC - tumor parenchyma and stroma (rs = 0.28, P, U radu su analizirani pseći visceralni hemangiosarkomi koji su tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja dostavljeni u Zavod za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Utvrđena su ukupno 52 tumora u ukupno 31 psa. Analizirani su histološki obrasci rasta (kavernozni, kapilarni i solidni) te količina potporne strome tumora. Osim toga uzorci su obojeni toluidinskim modrilom radi vizualizacije mastocita te je određen njihov broj u parenhimu tumora, u stromi i na rubovima tumora. Prosječna dob zahvaćenih pasa bila je 10 godina, prevladavali su mužjaci, a tumori su najčešće nađeni kod križane pasmine, njemačkog ovčara i labradora retrivera. Najveći broj visceralnih hemangiosarkoma nađen je u slezeni (27/52). Najčešći obrazac rasta visceralnog hemangiosarkoma bio je čisti kavernozni, uz kombinaciju kavernoznog i solidnog obrasca u različitim omjerima. Mastociti su pronađeni u 44 od 52 visceralna hemangiosarkoma (84,6 %). Manji broj mastocita nađen je u parenhimu tumora, a veći broj u stromi i na rubovima tumora. Broj mastocita u tumorima nije bio znakovito povezan s obrascem njegova rasta, ali je u svim ispitivanim tumorima utvrđena pozitivna korelacija između broja mastocita – parenhima i strome (rs = 0,28, P < 0,05), broja mastocita – strome tumora + ruba tumora (rs = 0,74, P < 0,05) i broja mastocita – parenhima i broja mastocita – strome tumora + ruba tumora (rs = 0,30, P < 0,05). U tumorima slezene znakovita pozitivna korelacija bila je samo između broja mastocita – stroma + ruba tumora (rs = 0, 68; P < 0,05). Ovi rezultati upućuju na veći broj mastocita u tumorima s razvijenijim stromalnim komponentama u psećim visceralnim hemangiosarkomima. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja uloge mastocita i čimbenika koje oslobađaju u razvoju odnosno progresiji hemangiosarkoma.

Intestinal emphysema (IE) of pigs is a benign condition involving mainly the serosal surface and small intestinal wall. Cysticercus tenuicollis is a bubble-like metacestode stage of the canine tapeworm Taenia hydatigena that infects the abdominal cavity and liver of diverse intermediate hosts, including pigs. In 2020, 2 samples were delivered in 4% of neutral buffered formalin, from a slaughterhouse to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, and submitted for histopathological examination. Both were collected form domestic pigs. The first sample was a part of the small intestine, and the second was a bubble-like structure collected from mesenterium attached to the serosa of the small intestine. Samples were embedded in paraffin and stained with HE stain. On the serosal surface of small intestine numerous thin-walled cystic structures were visible. Histopathological examination revealed IE ; cystic structures located in the subserosa with a mild mixed cellular inflammatory reaction in the cystic walls. Gross examination of structure removed from mesenterium corresponded to C. tenuicollis with invaginated protoscolex. Histologically, tangential section through cysticercus demonstrated a thick, smooth tegument, subjacent layer of somatic cells, a spongy parenchymatous body cavity with numerous calcareous corpuscles. Emphysematous lesions are the consequences of gas- dilated intestinal lymphatic vessels. The cause is unknown and not associated with clinical disease or negative pig farming economics. Cysticercosis caused by C. tenuicollis is an economic and epidemiological issue. Infected organs should be saftey discarded, while infection indicates the presence of raw meat-fed dogs and environmental contamination with canine faeces.The incidence of IE is markedly decreasing and is just a morphological aberration. Because of abovementioned it is necessary to distinguish porcine IE from cysticercosis.

This article presents the first case of intestinal adenocarcinoma in a free living, culled 12 year old, European female brown bear (Ursus arctos), with its characteristic macropathological and histopathological manifestations. Necropsy revealed thoracic gunshot injuries (compassionate shot) and the poor physical condition of the animal, with body fat loss and musculature atrophy. An infiltrative mass protruded the jejunal wall with infiltration of the mesentery, visceral and parietal peritoneum, and distal parts of the colon and rectum. The histopathological examination presented an infiltrative, unencapsulated, moderately cellular neoplastic mass, composed of an epithelial cell population, forming irregular nests, papillary and ribbon like structures and small number of tubules, surrounded by an extensive desmoplastic reaction. Within the tumor a small number of cysts filled with mucin were noted. The epithelial neoplastic cells exhibited mild anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, and a low mitotic index. Histochemical Van Gieson staining showed strong positivity in the desmoplastic proliferation. The epithelial tumor cells were positively imunostained with cytokerain, and stromal cells with vimentin. The histological features presented are characteristic of intestinal adenocarcinomas, of the mixed tubular and mucinous type, with a prominent scirrous reaction., Ovaj članak prikazuje prvi dijagnosticirani slučaj adenokarcinoma crijeva kod 12 godina stare ženke odstrijeljenog slobodnoživućeg smeđeg medvjeda (Ursus arctos), s karakterističnim makroskopskim i histopatološkim svojstvima. Obdukcijom je utrvđena ustrijelna rana (samilosni hitac) na prsnome košu, jaka mršavost s nedostatkom masnoga tkiva i atrofijom mišića. Na jejunumu je ustanovljena infiltrativna masa koja je infiltrirala stijenku crijeva te zahvatila mezenterij, visceralni peritoneum te distalne dijelove rektuma i kolona. Histopatološkom je pretragom utvrđena infiltrativna, neinkapsulirana, umjereno stanična neoplastična masa koja je građena od epitelnih stanica koje formiraju nepravilna gnijezda, papilarne i trakaste strukture te manji broj tubula okruženih jakom dezmoplastičnom reakcijom. Unutar tumora nalazio se manji broj cista ispunjenih sa sluzi. Epitelne neoplastične stanice pokazivale su slabiji stupanj anizocitoze i anizokarioze te nizak mitotski indeks. Histokemijsko Van Giesonovo bojenje pokazalo je jaku pozitivnu reakciju u području dezmoplastične proliferacije. Imunohistokemijska je pretraga pokazala pozitivnu reakciju epitelnih tumorskih stanica na citokeratin, a vezivnotkivnih stanica na vimentin. Utvrđena su histopatološka svojstva karakteristična za adenokarcinom crijeva, mješoviti tubularni i cistični oblik s jakom skiroznom reakcijom.

Naglo uginuće životinje u perianestezijskom razdoblju stres je ne samo za vlasnike nego i za doktore veterinarske medicine. Životinje koje uginu tijekom sedacije, anestezije ili unutar 24 sata od buđenja iz anestezije čine relativno mali, ali važan broj slučajeva koji se gotovo redovito upućuju na obdukciju u dijagnostičke laboratorije. No istraživanja koja prikazuju uzroke uginuća navedenih životinja malobrojna su. Ovaj rad donosi retrospektivnu analizu obdukcijskih nalaza životinja koje su dostavljene na obdukciju u Zavod za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu od 2009. do 2019. godine, a uginule su u perianestezijskom razdoblju. U tom je razdoblju na obdukciju dostavljeno 2376 životinja, od čega je 37 životinja (1,6 %) dostavljeno s anamnezom uginuća u perianestezijskom razdoblju. Najveći broj životinja činili su psi (26/37, 70 %) i mačke (7/37, 19 %). Kod svih 37 životinja anamnestički podaci su, osim podataka o vlasniku i životinji, uključivali i podatke o razlogu zbog kojeg je životinja sedirana ili anestezirana i podatke o vremenu uginuća (tijekom sedacije ili anestezije, prilikom uvođenja u anesteziju ili unutar 24 sata od buđenja iz anestezije). Najviše životinja (19/37, 51 %) uginulo je u roku od 24 sata od buđenja iz anestezije. Patološke promjene koje su bile dostatne kao razlog uginuća životinja u perianestezijskom razdoblju utvrđene su kod 15/37 (40 %) životinja, a promjene su najviše zahvaćale srce i respiratorni sustav. Kod 4/37 životinja (11 %) utvrđene su komplikacije u vezi s kirurškim zahvatom, a kod 6/37 životinja (16 %) utvrđena je diseminirana intravaskularna koagulopatija (DIK). U preostalih 12/37 životinja (32 %) kao uzrok smrti naveden je kardiorespiratorni arest, najvjerojatnije kao posljedica anestezije te kod tih životinja nisu utvrđene druge patološke promjene koje su mogle utjecati na uginuće u peranestetičkom razdoblju. Glavni cilj obdukcije životinja koje uginu u perianestezijskom razdoblju jest isključivanje određenih patoloških stanja i ijatrogenih komplikacija koje mogu biti uzrokom uginuća, a u definiranju uzroka uginuća iznimno je važna i iscrpna klinička anamneza te dijalog kliničara i patologa., The sudden death of an animal in the perianesthetic period is stressful not only for the owners but also for veterinarians. Animals that die during sedation, anesthesia, or within 24 hours postanesthesia represent a relatively small but important number of cases that are almost regularly submitted for necropsy to diagnostic laboratories. However, surveys presenting the causes of death of these animals are rare. The aim of the present study was a retrospective analysis of necropsy findings in animals submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, in the period from 2009 to 2019, that died in the perianesthetic period. During this period, 2376 animals were submitted for necropsy, of which 37 animals (1.6%) were submitted with a history of unexpected death in the perianesthetic period. The majority of animals were dogs (26/37, 70%) and cats (7/37, 19%). In all 37 animals, in addition to data about the owners and animals, anamnestic data included the reason why the animal was sedated or anesthetized, and time of death (sedation, induction to anesthesia, maintenance of anesthesia, or 24 hours postanesthesia). The majority of animals (19/37, 51%) died within 24 hours postanesthesia. Pathological changes that were sufficient as the cause of the death of the animals in the perianesthetic period were found in 15/37 (40%) animals, and the changes mostly affected the heart and respiratory system. Complications associated with surgery were found in 4/37 (11%) animals, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) was found in 6/37 (16%) animals. In the remaining 12/37 (32%) animals, cardiorespiratory arrest was identified as the cause of death, most likely as a consequence of anesthesia, without other pathological changes that could contribute to the death of the animals in the peranesthetic period. The main goal of necropsy in animals that die in the perianesthetic period is exclusion of certain pathological conditions and iatrogenic complications that may be the cause of death. In defining the cause of death in perianesthetic mortality cases a detailed clinical history and dialogue between the clinicians and pathologists is of great importance.

Mikobakterioza ptica jest kronična bolest koja je uzrokovana tzv. netuberkuloznim i nelepromatoznim pripadnicima roda Mycobacterium. Bolest je to koja se danas uglavnom pojavljuje u ukrasnih ptica te peradi držane u ekstenzivnom uzgoju. Klinički se bolest nerijetko propusti dijagnosticirati za života jer su simptomi često nespecifični, npr. mršavljenje i anoreksija. Dijagnoza se stoga uvelike postavlja postmortalnom pretragom. Tipično je na razudbi pronaći brojne nodularne promjene koje histološki odgovaraju granulomima s obično većim centralnim područjima nekroze te s brojnim mikobakterijama obično vidljivima tek nakon dodatnih diferencijalnih bojenja. Takvim su promjenama najčešće zahvaćeni jetra, slezena, crijeva, koštana srž, a prema novijim spoznajama i pluća. Kao konačna potvrda dijagnoze mogu se raditi izolacija i uzgoj bakterijske kulture ili molekularni dokaz uzročnika. U ovom osvrtu, na primjeru slučaja iz prakse, opisana je prije svega patoanatomska i patohistološka slika bolesti, kao i njezina patogeneza, dijagnoza te diferencijalne dijagnoze., Avian mycobacteriosis is a chronic disease caused by “non-tuberculous“ and “non-lepromatous“ members of Mycobacterium genus. It is a disease that occurs today mostly in pet and zoo birds, and poultry under extensive management. Clinically, the disease is commonly missed and undiagnosed in vivo due to the often nonspecific symptoms – e.g. cachexia and anorexia. The diagnosis is therefore usually made post mortally. Grossly, it is typical to find numerous nodular lesions that microscopically correspond to granulomas, with larger central areas of necrosis and numerous mycobacteria, which are usually only visible after staining with special stains. Such lesions are usually found in the liver, spleen, intestine, bone marrow, and, according to newer studies, also in the lungs. Bacterial culture and molecular methods can be used as a final confirmation of the diagnosis. Using one case from a routine postmortem investigation, this short review deals mostly with the gross and histological appearance of this disease, but also its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and differential diagnoses.

Citološka pretraga se rutinski primjenjuje u kliničkom radu radi svoje učinkovitosti, brzine i jednostavnosti. Patohistološka pretraga je složenija, zahtijeva više vremena za pripremu preparata, ali je ona zlatni standard za analiziranje arhitekture tkiva. Obje metode se provode na Zavodu za veterinarsku patologiju, no do sada nije ispitivana razina njihove podudarnosti za istovjetne lezije. Pretragom arhive Zavoda za veterinarsku patologiju, pronađeni su svi slučajevi (parovi) citoloških i histoloških pretraga od istovjetnih lezija u razdoblju od 2009. – 2016. godine, ukupno 251. Obavljena je statistička analiza ispravnosti i korisnosti citoloških slučajeva u odnosu na histološke. Ne uključujući nedostatne slučajeve (20,7%), 80,4% slučajeva pokazuje potpunu ili djelomičnu podudarnost, a 19,6% nepodudarnost. Većina uzoraka je bila upravo iz područja kože (50,6%), te je u tom području 20,5% dijagnoza činio mastocitom, dok su ostale dijagnoze činile 79,5%. Rezultati su pokazali 96,6% podudarnosti za mastocitom, neovisno o sustavu. Ovakvi rezultati su podjednaki onim dobivenima u sličnim istraživanjima, bilo u humanoj ili veterinarskoj medicini. Predmetno istraživanje je pokazalo visoku razinu podudarnosti između citopatoloških i histopatoloških dijagnoza te je dokazalo da je citopatološka pretraga, koja se nadopunjuje s histopatološkom pretragom, vrlo važna i korisna inicijalna i orijentacijska pretraga u klasificiranju kožnih lezija domaćih životinja., Cytological examination is routinely applied in clinical work because of its efficiency, speed and simplicity. Histological examination is more complex, andrequires more time for specimen preparation, but it is the gold standard for analysing tissue architecture. Both methods are performed by the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, but the rate of congruency between those methods has not yet been investigated. The Department archives were searched for all cases (pairs) that underwent both cytological and histological examination of the same lesion, between 2009 and 2016, that is, altogether 251 cases. Statistical analysis of the accuracy and efficiency of cytological cases in relation to histological cases was conducted. With indecisive (non-diagnostic) cases excluded (20.7%), the rate of complete or partial congruency between cytological and histological diagnosis was 80.4%, and the rate of non-congruency was 19.6%. The majority of samples were taken from the skin region (50.6%), where 20.5% were mastocytomas, in comparison to other lesions which altogether accounted for 79.5% of lesions. The results showed 96.6% congruency in mastocytoma cases, regardless of the region. The results are similar to those obtained in comparable research, in both human and veterinary medicine. This research showed a high rate of congruency between cytological and histological diagnosis and cytological examination was shown (supplemented by histological examination) to be a very important and useful screening method in the classification of skin lesions in domestic animals.

Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor of endothelial cells which occurs most frequently in old dogs. HSA may arise in any site of the body, but most common primary sites in dogs are spleen, skin/subcutis, right atrium and liver. Although primary colonic HSA in a dog has been described, literature survey, to the author's best effort, showed no data of small intestine HSA so far. We report the first case of small intestine HSA in a dog. An 11 year old male mixed breed dog was admitted to the veterinary clinic because of poor general condition. After X-ray and ultrasound examination which showed an abdominal mass approx. 9x5 cm in size, mass excision and enterectomy was performed. The excised mass was round and dark red-black hemorrhagic in appearance. Histopathologically the tumor consisted mostly of atypical neoplastic vascular spaces of various sizes lined by endothelial cells with cytologic atypia located in lamina muscularis externa of the small intestine. In the solid parts of the tumor, anaplastic endothelial cells were plump, spindle to ovoid with prominent nuclei. Marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis with many bizarre nuclei were found. Mitoses were rare. Lymphocytic infiltrates were observed multifocally. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed cytoplasmic expression of CD 31 in endothelial cells. Since there were no lesions found in spleen during surgical procedure and no hepatic or cardiac lesions observed in X-ray and ultrasound, our finding suggests a primary small intestine HSA in a dog which is, to the author's knowledge, reported for the first time.

Pulmonary hemorrhage in dogs can be caused by different etiological factors such as coagulation disorders which include anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It can also be a result of sepsis, trauma and vasculitis which are most common causes in dogs. Gross appearance varies from multifocal petechiae to extensive intraalveolar distribution. Microscopic findings include red blood cells in the alveolar spaces due to their extravasation from the blood vessels and the presence of intraalveolar macrophages containing hemosiderin. Archived canine necropsy reports and histopathological specimens collected during 3 year period from Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb were examined for pulmonary hemorrhage to determine most common causes for this lesion as well as the primary cause of death in these dogs. Pulmonary hemorrhage was found in 111 dogs. It was most commonly caused by trauma (17.12%, 19/111), toxicity (13.51%, 15/111), sepsis (9.91%, 11/111), heart failure (9.01%, 10/111), infectious (7.21%, 8/111) and parasitic (5.41%, 6/111) diseases. Severe pulmonary hemorrhage directly associated with the cause of death was found as a consequence of trauma, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity and Leptospira spp. infection. The most commonly affected were Mixed –breed dogs (31.53%, 35/11) and breeds from Fédération Cynologique Internationale II (FCI II) group (Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattle dogs) (21.62%, 24/111). Dogs between 3 and 15 years of age were more commonly affected (52.25%, 58/111). Our results correspond with present literature data regarding the common causes of pulmonary hemorrhage in dogs. Although hemorrhage can accompany various pathological disorders, it is important to consider leptospirosis as a differential diagnosis in unclear cases of pulmonary hemorrhage due to its zoonotic potential.

Tumori sjemenika su jedni od najčešćih tumora muškaraca i pasa, a tumori zametnih stanica su česti i morfološki slični u obje vrste, ali su različitog biološkog ponašanja. Materijal i metode:Analizirani su sjemenici obduciranih pasa i uzorci tumora dostavljenih nakon operacija koji su analizirani na Veterinarskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te biopsirani uzorci tumora sjemenika muškaraca sa Zavoda za patologiju KBC Zagreb. Rezultati:Utvrđena je učestalost tumora testisa obduciranih pasa od 52 % te incidencija tumora testisa u odnosu na ostale biopsirane tumore pasa od 7 %. Prosječna dob obduciranih pasa s tumorima testisa bila je 10,16 te 10,24 godina za operirane pse. Prosječna dob muškaraca s tumorima testisa je bila 33,35 godina. U sjemenicima obduciranih pasa su najčešći bili tumori Leydigovih stanica, a u biopsiranim seminomi. Uz ove tumore u obje skupine najzastupljeniji su bili tumori Sertolijevih stanica te mješoviti tumori i GCNIS. GCNIS je kao dodatna promjena utvrđena u 25 % tumoroznih testisa s obdukcije te u 19 % biopsiranih testisa. Kod muškaraca su najčešći bili seminomi, embrionalni karcinomi, teratomi, GCNIS te mješoviti tumori zametnih stanica. GCNIS je kao dodatna promjena dijagnosticiran u 65 % tumoroznih sjemenika muškaraca. Imunohistokemijskom analizom utvrđena je korisnost c-KIT, PLAP, citokeratin AE1/AE3 i CD 30 u diferencijaciji tumora testisa pasa, a potvrđena je njihova svrhovitost za diferencijaciju tumora testisa muškaraca. Citokeratin je pokazao dobre rezultate u diferencijaciji stromalnih tumora od tumora zametnih stanica pasa. c-KIT i PLAP su pokazali veću ekspresiju u tumorima zametnih stanica, a PLAP je eksprimiran i u GCNIS. CD 30 je u tumorima pasa imao slabu ekspresiju. Rasprava i zaključci:Obavljenom histopatološkom analizom i upotrebom PLAP biljega dokazano je postojanje GCNIS u testisima pasa. Ekspresija PLAP i c-KIT tumorskog biljega potvrdila je hipotezu da se seminomi pasa mogu kao i kod muškaraca svrstati u c-KIT pozitivne klasične te c-KIT negativne spermatocitične seminome, tj. spermatocitne tumore., Testicular tumors are among most prevalent tumors in men and dogs. Germ cell tumors have different biological behavior, but are morphologicaly similar and very frequent in both species. Material and methods:Testicles from necropsied dogs and the samples of biopsed canine tumors, from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, are analyzed. Analyzed are also samples of biopsed men tumors from the Pathology Depertment, University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Results:Testicular tumors were found in 52% of necropsied, and regarding other biopsed tumors testicular comprised 7% of all biopsed canine tumors. Median age of necropsied dogs with testicular tumors was 10,16 and for biopsed dogs 10,24 years. Human patients developed testicular tumors at a medium age of 33,35 years. In the necropsied dogs group most frequent were Leydig cell tumors, and in biopsed group most common were seminomas. Additionaly in both groups very frequent were also Sertoli cell tumors, mixed tumors and GCNIS. GCNIS are additionaly found in 25% of necropsied and 19% of biopsed dog testicles. In the human testicles, most frequently diagnosed were seminomas, embrional carcinomas, teratomas, GCNIS and mixed germ cell tumors. GCNIS as additional alterations were diagnosed in 65% of human testicular tumors. Performed immunohistochemical analysis showed that investigated markers are useful for differentiation of canine testicular tumors. In dogs, cytokeratin AE1/AE3 showed particularly good results in differentiation of stromal tumor, especially Sertoli cell tumors from the germ cell tumors. c-KIT and PLAP showed higher expression in germ cell tumors, and PLAP showed expression in GCNIS of the dogs. CD 30 was weakly expressed in canine tumors. Discussion and conclusions:Conducted histopatological analyis and application of PLAP proving existance of GCNIS in canine testicles. Expression of c-KIT confirmed that canine seminomas can be, like in human, classified into two groups: c-KIT positive classical seminomas and c-KIT negativne spermatocytic tumors.

Karcinom prostate u domaćih se životinja pojavljuje praktički samo u pasa, u kojih je razmjerno rijedak. Njegova važnost leži u komparativnom aspektu u usporedbi s ljudima, u kojih je to vrlo čest tumor. Radi se o izrazito malignom tumoru s nerijetko podmuklom pojavom s obzirom na to da su udaljene metastaze u većini slučajeva već prisutne prilikom postavljanja dijagnoze. Prognoza je stoga loša i liječenje se obično ne poduzima. Uzroci koji dovode do njegova razvoja u pasa nisu poznati, dokazano je doduše da to nije povezano s djelovanjem androgena te da se kastracijom zapravo povećava rizik za njegov razvoj. Većina autora smatra da bi se u karcinom prostate trebali uz tumore podrijetlom od sekretornog epitela prostate ubrajati i tumori podrijetlom od urotela prostatične uretre. U ovom osvrtu, koristeći se jednim slučajem iz prakse, opisano je biološko ponašanje ovoga tumora, njegova prognoza, histogeneza te makroskopske i mikroskopske karakteristike.

Kontagiozna pleuropneumonija svinja česta je zarazna bolest svinja uzrokovana bakterijom Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Radi se o bakteriji čija virulencija leži u činjenici da raspolaže brojnim mehanizmima koji je štite od obrambenog djelovanja imunosnih stanica svinje i tako joj omogućuju preživljavanje u plućima. Ne manje važno, patogeni učinak bakterija postiže i sofisticiranim toksinima koji uništavaju stanice, tj. plućno tkivo domaćina. U ovom osvrtu, koristeći se slučajem iz prakse (razudba četiri praseta), pojašnjeni su mehanizmi patogenog djelovanja ove bakterije. Isto tako, prikazane su i pojašnjene tipične makroskopske i mikroskopske lezije koje se pojavljuju u akutnom obliku ove bolesti.

Circumanal gland tumors are very common neoplasms of dogs. Their classification relies on microscopic examination and is further supported by a few immunohistochemical markers that help indicate their prognosis. However, new additional tests would be highly useful. The purpose of this study was to develop such a test using fractal analysis which is increasingly being applied in science, especially in the field of biomedicine. A total of 53 circumanal gland tumors were chosen from our department archives. After a precise histological classification according to the World Health Organization classification, the number of de novo classified samples was as follows: 15 adenomas, 11 epitheliomas, 21 well differentiated carcinomas, 6 poorly differentiated carcinomas. Ten samples of normal circumanal gland were also included as control. All samples were immunohistochemicaly stained with vimentin. All immunohistochemical reactions were photographed at two different magnifications -100X and 400X and converted to 1 bit in black and white (bitmap) images thus enhancing the positive vimentin reactions. These images were used for the assessment of fractal dimension applying the box counting method and computer software Fractalyse. To determine the significance of results, conventional statistics were performed using Statistica software. The overall vimentin stain score was significantly higher in epitheliomas and carcinomas than in normal circumanal glands (CG) or adenomas. Mean values of fractal dimension estimated at magnification 100X and 400X were as follows: normal CG 1.318 and 1.372, CG adenomas 1.384 and 1.408, CG epitheliomas 1.547 and 1.597, CG well differentiated carcinomas 1.569 and 1.607, CG poorly differentiated carcinomas 1.679 and 1.723. Significant differences (at level of 5%) of these values were observed between individual groups of CG adenomas or normal CG, and epitheliomas or carcinomas. The above results indicate vimentin immunohistochemistry staining and assessment of fractal dimension as an ancillary diagnostic method of choice when discerning between benign and malignant tumors of circumanal glands. Additional development of the method of fractal dimension assesment may yield a possibility for this tool to successfully discern between all of the types of CG tumors.

Introduction: Cyclo-oxygenase and integrin pathways are involved in the relationship between tumour cells and their microenvironment and have an important role in tumour progression. Canine oral melanocytic tumours are more malignant than their dermal counterparts. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate expression of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) genes in canine melanomas. Materials and Methods: A total of 34 samples were divided into two groups: formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded (FFPE) (n = 17) and fresh frozen tissue (FF) (n = 17). Each group contained four oral and two dermal melanomas, one lymph node metastasis and 10 negative controls (n = 5 skin ; n = 5 oral mucosa). A diagnosis of melanoma was confirmed histopathologically and immunohistochemically with melan A. PTGS2 and ITGB1 gene expression was investigated with qPCR using the ΔΔCT method. The Wilcoxon and Student tests were performed for statistical analysis, depending on data distribution for each group. Results: Oral melanomas showed higher expression of PTGS2 (FC 4.11, P

Introduction: Malakoplakia is a chronic inflammatory process, which most often affects the urinary tract in immunocompromised human patients. Spontaneously arising animal cases of malakoplakia are rare, having been reported in two pigs and a kitten. Materials and Methods: A 12-year-old male golden retriever with a 1-week history of weight loss and inappetence was humanely destroyed after clinical examination and transabdominal ultrasonography. Necropsy examination was performed and tissue samples for histopathological examination were stained with HE, periodic acid eSchiff (PAS), toluidine blue, von Kossa’s stain, Perl’s Prussian blue, Gram and Ziehl-Neelsen stains. Results: Necropsy examination revealed a thickened gastric wall (fundus and pylorus) with white, firm nodules affecting the greater omentum and gastrosplenic ligament and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Histologically, severe fibrosis with multifocal round cell infiltrates mainly composed of histiocytes were present transmurally in the stomach, omentum and lymph node. Histiocytes were polygonal with abundant, granular eosinophilic cytoplasm that often contained round, basophilic cytoplasmic structures measuring 2e20 mm (MichaeliseGutmann bodies) ; some structures appeared homogeneous, while others had concentric, target-like appearance. Finely granular PAS-positive granules were present in the cytoplasm of histiocytes and a strong PAS reaction was present in nearly all of the cytoplasmic bodies. Weak toluidine blue staining was present in the cytoplasm of some histiocytes, while Perl’s Prussian blue staining was very scant. Moderate to strong von Kossa’s staining was evident in areas of abundant histiocytic infiltrates. Gram and Ziehl-Neelsen stains were negative. Conclusions: On the basis of histopathological features, this case was diagnosed as malakoplakia and to our knowledge, it is the First description of this condition in a dog.

We present the first report of primary bilateral renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with central nervous system metastases, in a 7 year-old, captive female brown bear. After 7 months of progressive neurological disease, the animal was euthanized. On necropsy, neoplastic nodules with infiltrative growth in the kidneys were found. Neoplastic proliferation of a similar pattern was found compressing the cerebellum and brain stem, and growing through the nervus maxillaris and nervus ophtalmicus. Histology revealed a highly cellular round cell neoplasm, with an infiltrative diffuse growth pattern through the kidneys and nervous parenchyma. On immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells stained for the B-cell marker Pax-5. Our report suggests that lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in bears with a chronic progressive neurological disease., Opisan je prvi slučaj bilateralnoga primarnog difuznog B-velikostaničnog limfoma bubrega s metastazama u tkivo središnjega živčanog sustava u sedmogodišnje smeđe medvjedice držane u zatočeništvu. Životinja je eutanizirana zbog sedmomjesečne progresivne neurološke bolesti. Obdukcija je pokazala postojanje nodularne infiltrativne neoplazme u oba bubrega. Također je utvrđeno neoplastično nodularno bujanje u području malog mozga i moždanog debla koje je dovelo do značajne kompresivne atrofije navedenih struktura te zahvatilo vidne i maksilarne živce. Histološka pretraga pokazala je da su bubrezi i mozak zahvaćeni difuznim infiltrativnim rastom neoplastičnih pojedinačnih okruglih stanica. Visoka imunohistokemijska pozitivnost neoplastičnih stanica na Pax-5 marker dokazala je da je riječ o B-staničnom limfomu. Ovaj nalaz trebao bi doprinijeti uvrštavanju limfoma na listu diferencijalnih dijagnoza u slučaju pojave kronične progresivne bolesti centralnog živčanog sustava u medvjeda.

Fasciola hepatica je parazit iz razreda trematoda koji uzrokuje bolest koja se naziva distomijaza, fascioloza ili metiljavost. U Hrvatskoj, a i u najvećem dijelu svijeta, od distomijaze uzrokovane ovim metiljem najčešće obolijevaju ovce i goveda. Ovisno o vremenu izloženosti invaziji kao i količini ingestiranih invazivnih metacerkarija, ovaj parazit može uzrokovati akutni, kronični ili oba oblika bolesti istodobno. Akutnu metiljavost uzrokuju juvenilni metilji koji tijekom svoje migracije buše jetrenu kapsulu kao i sam jetreni parenhim. Kroničnu metiljavost uzrokuju adulti metilja koji parazitiraju u žučovodima jetre. U ovom kraćem osvrtu, koristeći se jednim slučajem iz prakse (razudba dviju ovaca), prikazane su i objašnjene tipične makroskopske i mikroskopske lezije istodobne akutne i kronične distomijaze., Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite which causes a disease called distomiasis or fascioliasis. In Croatia, but also worldwide, distomiasis caused by Fasciola hepatica is most common in sheep and cattle. Depending on the length of exposure and quantity of ingested invasive metacercariae, this parasite can cause an acute or chronic disease, or both types simultaneously. Acute distomiasis is caused by migration of juvenile flukes when they perforate Glisson’s capsule and burrow into the liver parenchyma. Chronic distomiasis is caused by adult fluke parasitizing in larger bile ducts. This short review describes and explains the typical macroscopic and microscopic lesions of simultaneous acute and chronic distomiasis in two sheep submitted for routine necropsy.

Lymphomas are common in dogs and among them diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represent ∼20%. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare results of histopathological, immunohistochemical and fractal dimension (FD) analyses of canine DLBCL.

Hemangiosarkomi su maligni tumori vaskularnog endotela koji su zbog svoje relativno visoke učestalosti i visokog mortaliteta najznačajniji u pasa. Najopasniji su hemangiosarkomi uške desne srčane predklijetke jer mogu bez prethodnih kliničkih znakova dovesti do fatalne rupture desne pretklijetke i posljedične tamponade srca. Ovaj kratki osvrt opisuje osnovnu biologiju i patologiju ovog tumora u pasa, koristeći pri tom jedan tipični i ilustrativni primjer iz prakse., Hemangiosarcomas are malignant tumors of the vascular endothelium. These tumors are particularly important in dogs, since in this species they have relatively high incidence and cause high mortality. The most dangerous are hemangiosarcomas arising on the auricle of the right atrium, which, without any previous signs, may cause fatal rupture of the right atrium and subsequent cardiac tamponade. This short review describes the basic biology and pathology of this neoplasm in dogs, using one typical case from practice as an illustrative example.

Background: Testicular tumors are the most common genital neoplasms in male dogs, with Leydig cell tumors (LCT), seminomas (SEM), and Sertoli cell tumors (SCT) the most common forms. Human SEM are classified as classical (CSEM) or spermatocytic (SSEM). Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of undifferentiated origin (IGCNU) is another form of human testicular tumor. The aim of this study was to verify that CSEM/SSEM classification is valid in dogs and confirm the existence of canine IGCNU. Results: Testicular tumors were found in 46% of dogs at necropsy and accounted for 7% of tumors biopsied. The median age of dogs with tumors at necropsy was 10.16 years; median age at positive biopsy was 10.24 years. The most common tumors, in decreasing order, were LCT, mixed tumors, SEM and SCT at necropsy, and SEM, SCT, mixed tumors, LCT, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and teratoma in the biopsy group. IGCNU was found in 3% of testicles at necropsy and in 3% of biopsy samples. Two dogs had testicular tumor metastasis. Expression of c-KIT was most common in SEM and seminomatous components of mixed tumors. PLAP was mostly expressed in IGCNU, SEM, teratoma, and some mixed tumors. Cytokeratin was mainly expressed in SCT. CD30 expression was low in both groups. Conclusions: The high tumor incidence at necropsy can be attributed to older age. Tumor incidence in biopsy samples, dog age, and histological classification were consistent with previous studies. The higher incidence of SEM and SCT in the biopsy group probably resulted from the obvious clinical expression of these tumor types. The low incidence of metastasis confirmed the predominance of benign tumors. Low CD30 expression confirmed the low incidence of testicular embryonal carcinoma. Cytokeratin helps differentiate stromal tumors, especially SCT, from germ cell tumors. Histology and c-KIT and PLAP expression indicate that IGCNU exists in dogs. Expression of c-KIT and PLAP confirmed that CSEM and SSEM classification is valid in dogs.

Istraživani su tumori cirkumanalnih žlijezda s ciljem pronalaženja imunohistokemijskih markera za bolje razlučivanje i karakteriziranje histoloških tipova ovih tumora. S istim ciljem se primjenljivala i metoda izračuna fraktalne dimenzije. Odabrano je ukupno 54 tumora cirkumanalnih žlijezdi ( 15 adenoma, 11 epitelioma, 21 dobrodiferencirani karcinom te sedam slabodiferenciranih karcinoma), kao negativna kontrol korišteno je 10 normalnih cirkumanalnih žlijezdi izuzetih od pasa bez patoloških promjena na cirkuanalnim žlijezdama. Za provjeru koreliranost sa kliničkim ponašanjem tumora izvršena je anketa vlasnika pasa sa kojih su uklonjeni navedeni tumori. Nakon histološke klasifikacije po smjernicam WHO, učinjena je imunohistokenijska pretraga slijedećim biljezima: vimentin, E.kadherin, N-kadherin, matriksalna metaloproteinaza 9, Ki67, estrogen receptor alfa i androgen receptor. Iste su skorirane uobičajenim metoama. Reakcije vimentinskim biljegom su fotografirane te su se iste pretvorile u crno bijelu slike upotrebljene za izračunavanje fraktalne dimenzije primjenjujući "box counting" metodu izračuna i računalni program "Fractalyse". Rezultati imunohistokemjiske analize ukazuju na signifikantne razlike između ovih tipova tumora kada se radio o vimentinu i Ki 67. Konkretno, u slučaju vimentina najsignifikantnije sa razlikuju skupine benignih tumora i normalnih žlijezdi u odnosu na maligne tumore (tu su ubrojeni i epiteliomi). Vrijednost ekspresije Ki 67 rasla je s rastom histološke malignosti tumora te je ona iznosila 5, 67% u ormalnih žlijezda, 4, 89% u adenoma, 14, 44% u epitelioma, 16, 44% u dobrodiferenciranih te 20, 76% u slabo diferenciranih karcinoma. Vrijednosti markiranja ostalim IHC, kao i rezultati telefonske ankete pokazali su nesignifikantne rezultate. Iznosi izračunate fraktalne dimenzije varirali su redom 1, 318 (1, 372) za normalne žlijezde, 1, 384 (1, 408) za edenome, 1, 547 (1, 597) za epiteliome, 1, 569 (1, 607) za dobro diferencirane te 1, 679 (1, 723) za slabo diferencirane karcinome. kod fotografiranja pri pvećanju 100X ( u zagradi su vrijednosti pri povećanju 400X). Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije između tipa tumora i vrijednosti FD je u oba slučaja bio između 0, 65 i 0, 70. Navedeni rezultati ukaziju na vimentin te metodu određivanja fraktalne dimenzuije kao obećavajuću pomoćnu metodu pri razlučivanju prvenstveno malignih od benignih tipova, a s dodatnim razvojem i svih tipova tumora. Dobiveni rezultati Ki 67 proliferacijskog indeksa potvrđuju nedavne spoznaje o ovom ptotuitijelu kao dobrom biljegu razlika u proliferativnoj sposobnosti ovih tumora i žlijezdi općenito.

The prevalence of cutaneous mast cell sarcomas (MCSs) was investigated at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine from January 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2012. The frequency of tumor grades was established in relation to the breed, sex and localization in Croatia. In the analyzed period a total of 1939 tumors were diagnosed, of which 928 were skin tumors, and MCS were found in 125 animals, or in 13.47% of skin tumors. MCSs were found more frequently in male dogs (n = 77 or 61.6%) and the average age was 7.83 years. A higher incidence of these tumors were on the thorax (16.8%), hind limbs (12.8%), abdomen (12%), head (9.6%), forelimb (7.20%) and neck (6.4%). Golden Retrievers, mongrels and Boxers were the most frequent breeds. Grade I tumors were found in 24.8% (n = 31) of animals, of which 67.74% (n = 21) were male and 32.26 (n = 10) female; grade II was found in 41.6% (n = 52) of which 59.62% (n = 31) were male and 40.38% (n = 21) female; and grade III was found in 33.6% (n = 42) of which 59.53% (n = 25) were male and 40.44 (n = 17) female. The percentage of grades I, II and III in male dogs was 27.27%, 40.26% and 32.47% respectively and in females 20.83%; 43.75% and 35.42% respectively. The average age of dogs with grade I, II and III tumors was 7.82, 7.69, and 7.99 years respectively. The most frequent on the head was grade II, on the neck grades I and III equally, and on the forelimbs, hind limbs, back, abdomen, tail and preputium grade II was most frequent. The most frequent grade on the perineum, scrotum and multiple locations was grade III. In the Golden Retrievers the most frequent location of tumors was the thorax, in the mongrels there were multiple locations and in Boxers the abdomen was most frequent., Na Zavodu za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu istraživana je pojavnost mastocitoma koji nastaju od tkivnih mastocita u dermisu i supkutisu u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2008. do 31. prosinca 2012. godine. Utvrđena je njihova pojava ovisno o spolu, pasmini, dobi i lokaciji te učestalost pojedinog stupnja tumora ovisno o pasmini, spolu i lokaciji. U analiziranom razdoblju zabilježeno je ukupno 1939 tumora od kojih je bilo 928 tumora kože, a mastocitomi su utvrđeni u 125 životinja odnosno 13,47% od ukupnog broja tumora kože. Mastocitomi su bili najčešći u muških životinja (n = 77 ili 61,6%) prosječne dobi 7,83 godine. Pojavnost tumora bila je najčešća na toraksu (16,8%), stražnjim udovima (12,8%), trbuhu (12%), prednjim udovima (7,20%) i vratu (6,4%). Najveća učestalost mastocitoma bila je u zlatnog retrivera. Stupanj I. tumora utvrđen je u 24,8% slučajeva (n = 31) od kojih su 67,74% bili mužjaci (n = 21), a 32,26% (n = 10) ženke; stupanj II. tumora u 41,6% (n = 52) od kojih su 59,62% (n = 31) bili mužjaci, a 40,38% (n = 21) ženke; stupanj III. tumora je utvrđen u 33,6% (n = 42) od kojih je 59,53 (n = 25) bilo mužjaka i 40,44 (n = 17) ženki. Udio stupnja I., II. i III. u mužjaka je bio retrospektivno 27,27%; 40,26% i 32,47%, a u ženki 20,83%; 43,75% and 35,42%. Prosječna dob životinja s tumorom stupnja I. iznosila 7,82 godine, stupnja II. 7,69, a s tumorom stupnja III. 7,99 godina. Na glavi je najčešće zabilježen stupanj II. tumora, na vratu podjednako stupanj I. i III., na prednjim i stražnjim udovima, leđima, trbuhu, repu i prepuciju najčešći je bio stupanj II. tumora dok je III. stupanj bio najčešći na perineumu, skrotumu te na multiplim lokacijama. U zlatnog retrivera tumor je najčešće bio ustanovljen na grudnom košu, u boksera na trbuhu, a u križanaca na različitim mjestima po tijelu.

Melanoma is a common malignant canine oral tumor. Recent references suggest that some members of cyclooxygenase (COX2, EP1, EP2) and integrin family may play a role in proliferation and metastases in different tumors. The aim of our investigation was to determine cell proliferation differences in oral melanomas by using a selection of these immunohistochemical markers.

Neoplastic diseases are among the leading health concerns in medicine. As such, epidemiological studies considering canine tumours are beneficial in understanding the patterns of tumour occurrence. The aim of this study was to analyze data on the occurrence of canine tumours in Croatia. From 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2009, a total of 1568 tumours were diagnosed after routine biopsy submission or necropsy. The WHO classification was used for designating tumour type. Most tumours (59.1%) were malignant, 35.4% were benign, while the remainder (5.29%) were treated as not specified. Tumours originated from the skin and subcutis (45.73%), mammary gland (21.75%) and genital system (7.97%). The most common specific tumour types diagnosed were mammary tubulopapillary carcinoma (7.14%), mast cell tumour (4.91%) and fibrosarcoma (4.91%). Differences in tumour occurrence in dog populations from inland and coastal areas were negligible in all but mammary tumours (20.54% in inland; 28.63% in coastal areas) and mammary tubulopapillary carcinoma (6.37% in inland; 11.54% in coastal areas). Using data from the Croatian national registry of vaccinated dogs, the crude incidence of tumours was calculated only for the Zagreb area. Expressed as the number of tumours per 100,000 dogs per year, the incidence was 1504 for all tumours, 532 for benign and 790 for malignant tumours. The overall frequencies of dominant tumour types and the crude incidence of canine tumours in the Zagreb area are comparable to other investigations., Neoplastične bolesti prednjače po svom značenju u zdravstvu. S obzirom na to epidemiološka istraživanja tumora u pasa korisna su u razumijevanju pravilnosti pojavljivanja tumora. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati podatke o pojavnosti tumora u pasa u Hrvatskoj. U razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2006. do 31. prosinca 2009. dijagnosticirano je ukupno 1568 tumora, bilo da se radilo o rutinski dostavljenim biopsijama ili materijalu izuzetih s razudbi. Za određivanje tipa tumora koristilo se klasifikacijom Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije. Većina tumora (59,1%) bila je zloćudna, 35,4% tumora bilo je dobroćudno, dok su se ostali (5,29%) smatrali neodređenima. Tumori su potjecali iz kože i potkožja (45,73%), mliječne žlijezde (21,75%) i spolnoga sustava (7,97%). Najčešći specifični tipovi tumora koji su dijagnosticirani bili su tubulopapilarni karcinom mliječne žlijezde (7,14%), mastocitom i fibrosarkom (4,91%). Razlike u pojavnosti tumora u populaciji pasa kopnene te primorske Hrvatske bile su zanemarive za sve organske sustave, osim kod tumora mliječne žlijezde (20,54% kopnena Hrvatska, 28,63% primorska Hrvatska), te pojedinačno kod tubulopapilarnog karcinoma mliječnežlijezde (6,37% kopnena Hrvatska; 11,54% primorska Hrvatska). Koristeći se podatcima iz Hrvatskoga nacionalnog registra cijepljenih pasa, izračunata je gruba pojavnost tumora u pasa na području grada Zagreba. Izražena kao broj tumora na 100 000 pasa po godini, incidencija je iznosila 1504 za sve tumore, 532 za dobroćudne tumore te 790 za zloćudne tumore. Sveukupna učestalost dominantnih tipova tumora te gruba incidencija tumora u pasa na području grada Zagreba usporediva je s onom iz drugih istraživanja.

Introduction: Skin granulomas of cats are rarely caused by saprophytic mycobacteria from Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) which are cultivable. MAC skin infection has unspecific cutaneous nodular presentation and three histomorphologic forms: granulomatous, pyogranulomatous and spindle cell. We represent four cases of MAC induced skin granulomas in cats originating from seaport of island Hvar. Materials and Methods: In three cases submitted as skin neoplasia in cats we diagnosed granulomatous inflammation and presumed feline lepromatous leprosy based on granuloma architecture. In fourth case feline leprosy was suspected based on impression smear finding of negatively stained intracellular bacilli taken from ulcerated nodule. Mycobacterial culture was performed from granuloma tissue of two cats. DNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue and from fresh tissue. Partial fragment of 16S rRNA was amplified and subsequently sequenced and compared with sequences in GenBank. Routine histology and Ziehl-Neelsen staining were performed in fourth case. Results: Mycobacterium organisms were not detected by culture after 12 weeks of cultivation. In first three cases granuloma architecture was rich in foamy macrophages and multinuclear giant cells harboring high amount of slender acid-fast bacilli. Organisms were numerous within spindle cells in fourth case of typical MAC spindle cell proliferation. All sequences were identical. They revealed 100% identity with sequences of MAC members. Conclusions: Mycobacteria growth performances on synthetic media, as well as histological pattern of skin granulomas are not sufficient to distinguish etiology highlighting molecular identification as golden standard.

Metaldehid je organski spoj, ciklički polimer, odnosno tetramer acetaldehida. Aktivni je sastojak u limacidima, odnosno u pripravcima koji služe za suzbijanje puževa. Najviše su ugroženi perad i druge ptice jer rado jedu uginule puževe, zatim psi i mačke. U radu su prikazani slučajevi trovanja (četiri psa i jedna mačka) u kućnih ljubimaca za koje se opravdano sumnja na trovanje limacidima. Opisana je klinička slika, predočen je patološkoanatomski i patohistološki nalaz. Patološke su lezije nespecifi čne, a mogu zahvatiti jetra, bubrege, pluća, srce, mozak te želudac i crijeva. Dijagnostici trovanja pomaže specifičan nalaz tirkiznoga želučanog sadržaja. Konačna dijagnoza postavlja se toksikološkom pretragom sadržaja želudca, dok se svim drugim pretragama može postaviti samo opravdana sumnja s obzirom na to da nema patognomoničnoga nalaza., Metaldehyde is an organic compound, a polymer ie cyclic tetramer of acetaldehyde. It is the active ingredient in molluscicide or in products that are used against slugs and snails. Most vulnerable to poisoning are poultry and other birds, because they prefere to eat dead snails. Endangered to poisoning are also dogs and cats. This paper presents the cases of poisoning in four dogs and one cat that are reasonably suspected of poisoning with metaldehyde. It contains the clinical features, pathoanatomical and histopathological fi ndings. Pathological lesions are non-specifi c, and they can affect the liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, brain, stomach andintestines. Specifi c fi ndings are turquoise-coloured in the gastric contents. Due to no patognomonic fi ndings, pathomorfological and histopathological examination can only rise suspicion to poisoning with metaldehyde. Diagnosis is made by toxicological examination of gastric contents.

Solitary or multiple lipomas in dogs may occur almost anywhere in the subcutaneous tissue of the trunk, gluteal region and proximal limbs, although they rarely originate from abdominal fat deposits. In the present report, we describe a case of a massive rupture of necrotic omental lipoma, and free fat release within the abdominal cavity, causing a severe chronic inflammatory reaction of the peritoneum and resulting in sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis of several abdominal organs., Pojedinačni ili višestruki lipomi u pasa mogu se pojaviti gotovo bilo gdje u potkožnom tkivu trupa, glutealne regije te proksimalnih dijelova udova. Lipomi podrijeklom od trbušnoga masnog tkiva izrazito su rijetki. U ovom radu prikazan je slučaj masivne rupture nekrotičnog lipoma omentuma uslijed koje je došlo do curenja slobodne masti u trbušnu šupljinu i pokretanja opsežne kronične upalne reakcije potrbušnice koja je u konačnici rezultirala sklerozirajućim inkapsulirajućim peritonitisom nekoliko trbušnih organa.

Background: There are numerous reports linking Chlamydia infection to human coronary atherosclerosis. However, there is a lack of data regarding this correlation in dogs and cats, and there are no reports investigating coronary arteriosclerosis and Chlamydia in these species. The aim of the present study was to examine whether there is a correlation between canine and feline spontaneous atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis and the presence of Chlamydia. Archived histopathological samples of dogs (n = 16) and cats (n = 13) with findings of atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis in heart tissue were examined for the presence of Chlamydiaceae using real-time PCR, ArrayTube Microarray and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, arteriosclerotic lesions of all cases were histologically classified and graded. Results: Both canine atherosclerotic cases, and all 14 canine arteriosclerotic cases were negative for Chlamydia. Only one of the 13 arteriosclerotic feline cases was positive for Chlamydia by real-time PCR, revealing C. abortus by ArrayTube Microarray. To our knowledge, this is the first description of C. abortus in a cat. Overall, the type and grade of canine and feline arteriosclerotic lesions revealed similarities, and were predominantly moderate and hyperplastic. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there is no obvious correlation between canine and feline coronary arteriosclerosis and the presence of Chlamydia. In order to draw final conclusions about the correlation between Chlamydia and canine atherosclerosis, examination of more samples is required., BMC Research Notes, 4, ISSN:1756-0500

Sebaceous metaplasia arising within a complex adenoma of the left fourth mammary gland is described in a 9-year-old miniature pinscher bitch. Microscopically, the tumour was composed of tubular and ductular structures admixed with clusters of spindle-shaped, myoepithelial-like cells and units formed of well-differentiated sebocytes surrounded by basaloid cells. Abundant lipid droplets were identified within the latter population by Sudan III staining. Immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin AE1/AE3 was detected in epithelial cells and in the cells with sebaceous differentiation.

The frequency of different types of mammary lesions and their relationship with histologic grade was investigated. One hundred and forty-six mammary lesions were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Selected lesions (51 malignant and 24 benign) were investigated to determine the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), HER-2 and Ki-67 and their relationship with tumor factors. The most common breeds affected were cross breeds, poodles, cocker spaniels and German shepherds and the median age of tumor diagnosis was 10 years (range 4 - 15 years of age). Classification of all canine mammary gland lesions revealed 110 (75.3%) malignant and 36 (24.7%) benign tumors. ERα was expressed by 9/24 (37.5%) benign and 9/51 (17.6%) malignant tumors. HER-2 protein was detected in 5/51 (9.8%) malignant tumors but none in the 24 benign tumors. The Ki-67 index was higher in malignant (mean 29.5) than benign (mean 9.1) tumors (P, U radu je prikazana učestalost različitih tipova lezija mliječne žlijezde u kuja te stupanj malignosti tumora. Sto četrdeset i šest lezija mliječne žlijezde je klasificirano prema kriterijima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije. Odabrane lezije (51 maligna i 24 benigne) bile su podvrgnute imunohistokemijskoj analizi radi utvrđivanja ekspresije estrogenskih receptora alfa (ERα), HER-2 i Ki-67 te njihovoga značenja u odnosu na neke karakteristike tumora. Tumori mliječne žlijezde najčešće su bili utvrđeni u križane pasmine, pudla, koker španijela i njemačkih ovčara, a dijagnosticirani su prosječno u dobi od 10 godina (raspon od 4 do 15 godina). Klasifikacija svih lezija mliječne žlijezde kuja pokazala je 75,3% malignih i 24,7% benignih tumora. Ekspresija ERα bila je utvrđena u 9/24 (37,5%) benignih i 9/51 (17,6%) malignih tumora. Ekspresija HER-2 proteina utvrđena je u 5/51 (9,8%) malignih tumora, a u benignih tumora nije bila utvrđena. Ki-67 indeks bio je veći u malignih (aritmetička sredina 29,5) nego u benignih (aritmetička sredina 9,1) tumora (P

Cold haemagglutinin disease (CHD) was diagnosed in two newborn French bulldog pups. Necropsy revealed cyanosis and necrosis, formation of crusts on all anatomic extremities and amputation of the lower parts of the hind limbs. Histologically, cutaneous necrosis was found on the limbs of both animals, with blood vessel thrombosis, hemorrhages and predominantly neutrophilic infiltration, which affected the periosteum of the metatarsal bones. The surfaces of the necrotic areas were covered with thick crusts with Gram positive bacterial colonies. In the spleen and liver erythrophagocytosis was present. Lung congestion, alveolar edema and thrombosis of pulmonary artery branches, cerebral and chorioidal vessels were present. Immunohistochemicaly, lymphocytes and plasma cells in necrotic tissue were positive for IgM. Bacteriological examination of swabs from necrotic areas revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The diagnosis of CHD was based on macroscopic and histopathologic findings, which were identical to those described in literature and were supported by immunohistochemical reactivity to IgM., Bolest uzrokovana hladnim aglutininima dijagnosticirana je u dva netom oštenjena šteneta francuskoga buldoga. Obdukcijom su utvrđene cijanoza, nekroza te stvaranje krasta na svim okrajcima udova i amputacija distalnih dijelova nogu. Histološki su u obje životinje na nogama ustanovljene nekroze kože s trombozom krvnih žila, krvarenjima i pretežito neutrofilnim infiltratom koji zahvaća periost metatarzalnih kostiju. Površina nekrotičnih područja bila je prekrivena debelim krastama s kolonijama gram-pozitivnih bakterija. U jetri i slezeni je utvrđena eritrofagocitoza. Histološki su još utvrđene kongestija pluća, alveolarni edem, tromboza ogranaka plućnih arterija te moždanih i korioidalnih krvnih žila. Imunohistokemijskom pretragom utvrđena je IgM imunopozitivnost limfocita i plazma stanica u nekrotičnom tkivu. Bakteriološkom pretragom obrisaka s nekrotičnih područja izdvojen je Staphylococcus aureus. Dijagnoza bolesti osniva se na makroskopskom i patohistološkom nalazu koji odgovaraju nalazima opisanima u literaturi, a dijagnoza je reaktivnošću na IgM potvrđena imunohistokemijski.

Considering the fact that there is permanent need for analyzing types of tumors and its incidence in the various animal species, in this work those data were analyzed in cats in Croatia. The data are divided in cats from our sea coast (SC) and cats from the inland (IN) in purpose to evaluate eventual changes especially considering the types of tumors, and having in mind the level of UVB radiation and environmental pollution. Generally, it can be assumed that the UVB radiation is higher and that the environmental pollution is of lesser degree on the coast compared to the rest of country. Materials and Methods The analysis comprehends all examined cat tumors in the Veterinary Pathology Department in the period from January 1st 2005 to December 31st 2008. The diagnosis was established using AFIP tumor classification. Results Total number of tumors was 154. The most important differences in the frequency of tumors of the organ systems were in the ratio of tumors of the endocrine and exocrine glands (0.8% SC and 6.9% IN), hematopoietic system (3.4% SC and 19.2% IN) and skin (58.6% SC and 36.8 % IN). The incidence of the mammary gland tumors was not significantly different.

Fascioloides magna is one of the most important parasites of a variety of wild ruminants in North America and Europe. The only indigenous primary definitive host of F. magna is white-tailed deer (Odocelius virginianus) where fluke are encapsulated in thin-walled fibrous capsules and eggs passed out through the bile system. Common definitive hosts are other cervids including Cervus alaphus canadensis, Rangifer tarandus, Cevus elaphus, Dama dama and Capreolus capreolus. In dead end host, such as large bovines, llamas and horses infection is characterized by excessive fibrosis, thick-walled encapsulation and black pigmentation. In this study samples of 30 livers infected with F. magna were analyzed histopathologically in order to evaluate the interaction between parasite and red deer (Cervus elaphus). The main histopathological finding is replacement of hepatic tissues with fibrovascular proliferations. They form bridging portal and linear parenchymal fibrosis associated with migratory tracts, concentric hepatic fibrosis around necrotic areas or around flukes forming cyst walls. Iron-porphyrin depositions (parasite hematin) were present inside macrophages trapped within collagen in chronic lesions. This extracellular black pigment was also evident mixed with necrotic debris or within lymph vessels and biliary ducts. Disruption of liver parenchyma resulted with impairment of normal liver blood drainage resulting in arterial smooth muscles hypertrophy and dilatation of central veins, lymph vessels and sinusoids. Acute destructions of parenchyma were characterized with hemorrhage and eosinophylic hepatitis. One of the most common findings in chronic lesions was linear or perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrations of plasma cells and scattered eosinophyls. Multinucleated giant cells of foreign body type were present around dead fluke adults or within cyst walls. Biliary ducts were lined with hyperplastic epithelia containing bile, iron-porphyrin, trematode eggs, and adult flukes in rare cases. High numbers of trematode eggs were found trapped in connective tissue of cyst walls, migratory tracts and especially within granulomas. Most histopathological lesions found in this study suggest that Cervus elaphus develops lesions which resemble bovine lesions. This observation was also supported by the absence of eggs in fecal samples in 40% of animals.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as defined by loss of epithelial characteristics and gain of a mesenchymal phenotype, has been reported in human and canine mammary tumors, but similar study in feline mammary tumors has not been performed. EMT can be induced or regulated by various growth and differentiation factors among which TGFβ has received much attention. The aim of our study was to evaluate loss of epithelial and gain of mesenchymal markers in epithelial neoplastic cells of feline mammary tumors and to assess possible correlation with expression of TGFβ. Materials and Methods: A total of 27 feline mammary gland hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions were selected from archive of Department of veterinary pathology Zagreb (4 benign lesions, 3 grade I carcinomas, 8 grade II and 12 grade III carcinomas) to evaluate immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin AE1/AE3, E-cadherin, vimentin and TGFβ. One-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Results: Generally, loss of cytokeratin and E-cadherin, and gain of vimentin were more frequently observed in carcinomas of higher malignancy grade compared to benign lesions. However, the correlation between each marker showed only positive correlation between loss of E-cadherin and gain of vimentin (r=0.69, p