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C‑reactive protein (CRP) and albumin are inflammation sensitive parameters that are regulated by interleukin‑6 inflammatory pathways. The CRP to albumin ratio (CAR) integrates these two into a potent clinical parameter whose clinical and prognostic association in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have not been well defined. We aimed to investigate the clinical and prognostic significance of CAR in the context of COVID-19 infection. We retrospectively analyzed 2309 consecutive COVID-19 patients hospitalized at a tertiary level hospital in the period from March 2020 to March 2021 who had baseline data for a CAR assessment. Findings were validated in an independent cohort of 1155 patients hospitalized from March 2021 to June 2021. The majority of patients (85.8%) had severe or critical COVID-19 on admission. Median CRP, albumin and CAR levels were 91 mg/L, 32 g/L and 2.92, respectively. Higher CAR was associated with a tendency for respiratory deterioration during hospitalization, increased requirement of high- flow oxygen treatment and mechanical ventilation, higher occurrence of bacteriemia, higher occurrence of deep venous thrombosis, lower occurrence of myocardial infarction, higher 30-day mortality and higher postdischarge mortality rates. We defined and validated four CAR prognostic categories (< 1.0, 1.0–2.9, 3.0–5.9 and ≥ 6.0) with distinct 30-day survival. In the series of multivariate Cox regression models we could demonstrate robust prognostic properties of CAR that was associated with inferior 30-day survival independently of COVID-19 severity, age and comorbidities and additionally independently of COVID-19 severity, CURB-65 and VACO index in both development and validation cohorts. The CAR seems to have a good potential to improve prognostication of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Objective – To explore Croatian primipara mothers’ attitudes toward strict-authoritarian parenting style and to analyze if there are any maternal factors, more specifically age, education and place of residence that could be linked to mothers’ attitudes toward different statements reflecting abusive behavior toward children and statements reflecting safety behavior toward children. Materials and Methods – A cross-sectional study was carried out at the maternity ward of the Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Clinic for Women’s Diseases and Obstetrics in Zagreb, Croatia. A specially designed anonymous questionnaire served as a research tool for this study that included 284 Croatian primipara mothers. Results – This study showed that younger age, lower level of education and residence of mothers in less urbanized areas are related to more positive attitudes toward authoritarian parenting style and abusive behavior. Conclusion − The aforementioned group of mothers is one of the priority groups for conducting primary intervention for preventing child abuse. In this sense, primary prevention should be carried out with future parents before they have their own children so that they can understand the problem, gain the necessary knowledge, accept attitudes that disapprove of child abuse and behave in this way in their lives. The economic, social and moral support of the whole society is a significant factor in this matter.

Aim: To assess the long-term survival after hospital discharge of patients hospitalized due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ----- Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data on post-discharge survival of 2586 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in our tertiary hospital from March 2020 to March 2021. ----- Results: Among 2586 patients, 1446 (55.9%) were men. The median age was 70 years, interquartile range (IQR, 60-80). The median Charlson comorbidity index was 4 points, IQR (2-5). The median length of hospital stay was 10 days, IQR (7-16). During a median follow-up of 4 months, 192 (7.4%) patients died. The median survival time after hospital discharge was not reached, and 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month survival rates were 93%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, mutually independent predictors of worse mortality after hospital discharge were age >75 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status 4, white blood cell count >7 ×109/L, red cell distribution width >14%, urea on admission >10.5 mmol/L, mechanical ventilation during hospital stay, readmission after discharge, absence of obesity, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, and metastatic malignancy (P

Background: Health literacy (HL) is linked to many health outcomes, including self-management of chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the association of health literacy with the prevalence of obesity, arterial hypertension (AH), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This cross-sectional, single-center study included 500 patients (42.2% male and 57.8% females; median age, 63 years (interquartile range, 42–73)) hospitalized at General County Hospital in Požega, Croatia, between July and October 2020. The Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Croatian Adults (SAHLCA-50) questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics (median with interquartile range (IQR), frequency, and percentages) and binary logistic regression were utilized. Results: Patients with AH had an inadequate level of health literacy as compared to those without AH (32 vs. 40 points; Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001). Patients with T2DM scored 31 points versus 39 points in patients without T2DM (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001). Patients suffering from both AH and T2DM scored 31 points versus 33 points in those with either AH or T2DM and 41 points in patients without AH and T2DM (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in SAHLCA-50 scores according to the patient body mass index. Conclusions: An inadequate level of health literacy is significantly associated with AH and T2DM but not with obesity. Male gender, low level of education, rural place of residence, retirement, and older age are significant predictors of inadequate health literacy.

Background Knowledge about vaccination is one of the key determinants of vaccination uptake and it is shaped by different information sources. Future of the vaccination coverage depends on vaccination knowledge and uptake in young generations. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge about vaccination and information sources of this knowledge among Croatian high school students. Methods This online cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted during the January 2021 to April 2021 in convenient sample of high school students from north-western part of Croatia. Results The study sample consisted of 1012 subjects (29.2% males and 70.8% females). The median age of all subjects was 17.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 17.0 - 18.0) years. According to the knowledge there were 29.5% of students with poor, 53.9% of students with average and 16.6% of students with good knowledge about vaccination. Male students more frequently had poor knowledge about vaccination (P = 0.028). Information source of knowledge about vaccination in study population were internet (39.2%), family and friends (35.2%) and formal education (25.6%). Students who displayed poor knowledge about vaccination more frequently stated internet as dominant source of knowledge about vaccination while students who displayed good knowledge about vaccination more frequently stated formal education as dominant source (P = 0.002). Conclusions The study showed that large proportion of Croatian high school students has poor knowledge about vaccination. Furthermore, study revealed that internet was dominant source of information regarding vaccination in study population. Additional education is needed to improve observed situation regarding vaccination knowledge and its sources among Croatian high school students. Key messages Improvement of general knowledge regarding vaccination in younger population subgroups is necessary precondition for insuring adequate vaccination coverage in future. Enhancement of the formal education about vaccination in younger population subgroups is crucial element of successful vaccination programs.

Izborno zakonodavstvo, pa i cjelokupni politički život BiH, snažno su determinirani presudama Ustavnog suda BiH i Europskog suda za ljudska prava kroz koje se prelamaju pitanja: „Tko se može kandidirati a tko glasovati za članove Predsjedništva BiH i Dom naroda Parlamenta FBiH“?, preciznije – „Tko su i tko trebaju biti članovi Predsjedništva i izaslanici u Domu naroda a tko njihovi birači?“. U dinamičnim političkim raspravama o ovim pitanjima, sve aktualnijim jer sada prijete i institucionalnom blokadom velikog dijela političkog sustava, nuđena su uglavnom rješenja utemeljena na restriktivnom tumačenju Ustava BiH, u duhu „pripadničke demokracije“, dok su zanemarivane mogućnosti njegovog tumačenja u duhu predstavničke/zastupničke demokracije. Također, zanemarivane su mogućnosti primjene modela utemeljenih na proporcionalnoj zastupljenosti svih „specifičnih demosa“ koji trebaju birati određena tijela vlasti namijenjena zastupanju konstitutivnih naroda i Ostalih, sukladno njihovom rasporedu po različitim administrativno-teritorijalnim jedinicama. U prvom dijelu ovog rada se elaboriraju upravo takvi modeli, utemeljeni na konceptima G. Puljića koji su ovdje dalje razrađeni. U drugom dijelu rada se, također na temelju pitanja „Tko su članovi Predsjedništva BiH i koga predstavljaju?“ elaborira odnos između legitimiteta koji proistječe iz predstavljanja/zastupanja entiteta kao administrativno- teritorijalnih jedinica i konstitutivnih naroda kao nositelja suvereniteta, tj. dva specifikuma BH ustavnog ustroja., Electoral Law and entire political life of Bosnia and Herzegovina are strongly determined by judgments of the Constitutional Court and European Court for Human Rights, which are mirroring questions: „Who can be candidates and who can vote for members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and House of Peoples of the Parliament of the Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina?“, more precisely – „Who are and who should be members of the Presidency and delegates in House of Peoples, and who are/should be their voters?“. In dynamical political debates on these topics, more and more actual since they are threatening now with institutional blockade of almost entire political system, offered solutions were based mostly on the restrictive interpretation of the State Constitution, in the spirit of „quasi-representative democracy“, with neglecting of the opportunities for Constitution’s interpretation in the spirit of the representative democracy. There was also neglecting of the opportunities for implementations of the models based on the proportional representation of all the „specific demoses“ which should elect bodies designed for representation of the constituent peoples and Others, in accordance with their distribution within different administrative-territorial units. In the first part of this work exactly these models are elaborated, and they are based on the concepts of G. Puljić which are further elaborated here. On the basis of the question „Who are the members of the Presidency and whom do they represent?“, second part of this work elaborates relation of the legitimacy which emerges out of representation of Entities as administrative-territorial units and representation of constituent peoples as carriers of sovereignty, two specific features of the constitutional system of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sljedeći članak ukazuje na ključne dijelove presude „Ljubić“ i opisuje njezin meritum i značenje. Kao takav može poslužiti kao pomoć u dizajniranju novog izbornog zakona. Ukratko, u Presudi se jasno kaže da: 1) Postojeći Izborni zakon krši prava konstitutivnih naroda da biraju svoje legitimne predstavnike, kao što je zajamčeno u Ustavu BiH, jer Izborni zakon omogućuje da predstavnici pojedinog konstitutivnog naroda u Domu naroda FBiH mogu biti izabrani čak i ako nisu legitimni predstavnici tog konstitutivnog naroda. 2) Pravo svih konstitutivnih naroda da sami biraju svoje legitimne predstavnike također vrijedi i za sva ostala tijela vlasti čija je zadaća zastupanje i zaštita prava konstitutivnih naroda, uključujući i Dom Naroda PS BiH i tročlano Predsjedništvo BiH. 3) Članovi jednog konstitutivnog naroda moraju biti u mogućnosti sami birati svoje legitimne predstavnike, bez utjecaja pripadnika druga dva konstitutivna naroda. 4) Jedan glas unutar svake izborne jedinice (u slučaju Doma naroda Parlamenta Federacije BiH - unutar svakog od tri konstitutivna naroda i unutar grupe Ostalih) treba biti u potpunosti jednako vrijedan., The following article highlights the key parts of the Ljubić case and describes its merits and meaning. It can be a guide design a new electoral code. In sum, the ruling makes clear that: 1) The current election law violates the rights of the Constituent Peoples to elect their legitimate representatives, as enshrined in BiH’s Constitution, as the current election law has created a system that enabled for the representatives of the Constituent Peoples to the Federation House of the Peoples to be elected without being the legitimate representatives of the Constituent People. 2) The right of the Constituent People to elect their legitimate representatives also applies to all other state institutions that were designed to protect the rights of the Constituent People, including the House of Peoples of BiH and the three-member Presidency of BiH. 3) Members of one Constituent Peoples must be able to elect their legitimate representatives by themselves, without any interference by the members of the other two Constituent Peoples. 4) One vote within each of the electoral units (in the case of the House of Peoples of the Parliament of the FBiH, within each of the three constituent peoples and the Others) must have equal value.

This study aimed to investigate factors associated with the symptoms of mental disorders following a road traffic crash (RTC). A prospective cohort of 200 people was followed for 6 months after experiencing an RTC. The cohort was comprised of uninjured survivors and injured victims with all levels of road traffic injury (RTI) severity. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between the symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety one and six months after the RTC, along with sociodemographic factors, health status before and after the RTC, factors related to the RTI and factors related to the RTC. The results showed associations of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with sociodemographic factors, factors related to the health status before and after the RTC and factors related to the RTC. Factors related to the RTI showed associations only with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Identifying factors associated with mental disorders following an RTC is essential for establishing screening of vulnerable individuals at risk of poor mental health outcomes after an RTC. All RTC survivors, regardless of their RTI status, should be screened for factors associated with mental disorders in order to successfully prevent them.

Background COVID-19 vaccine is an effective choice to stop the pandemic. To improve COVID-19 vaccination coverage the better understanding of factors influencing individual intention of vaccination is needed. Antivaccination attitudes (AAs) are important predictors of vaccination behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the intention to take COVID-19 vaccine in Croatian adult population and to evaluate factors that influence such intention with emphasis on AAs. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted during the June 2020 to December 2020 in convenient sample of adults from Split-Dalmatia County at the primary health care setting. Vaccination Attitudes Examination scale (VAX) was used to assess AAs. Results The study sample consisted of 632 subjects (52.7% males and 47.3% females). The median age of all subjects was 38.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 29.0 - 48.0) years. The overall prevalence of intention to take COVID-19 vaccine was 46.8%. Males and subjects living with the partner more frequently expressed intention to take COVID-19 vaccine (P = 0.001 and P = 0.015 respectively). The study revealed fair negative correlation between AAs and intention to take COVID-19 vaccine (rho=-0.453; P < 0.001). Subjects who did not intend to take COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated larger mistrust of vaccine benefits, more worries over unforeseen future effects, more concerns about commercial profit and larger preference for natural immunity (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions The study showed fairly low proportion of subjects who intended to take COVID-19 vaccine. The study revealed that gender, marital status, and AAs are good predictors of intention to take COVID-19 vaccine in study population. The good predictors of intention to take COVID-19 vaccine in Croatian adult population should be considered during COVID-19 vaccination popularization strategies development. Key messages The structured communication campaigns on COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines should be developed and directed specifically to all target groups for vaccination. Understanding the factors that could improve the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination is crucial to design effective vaccination program.

Background Influenza vaccination (IV) is recommended for elderly but vaccination coverage in this group remains unsatisfactory in Croatia. The aim of this study was to explore IV uptake among elderly from Eastern Croatia and predictors that influence this uptake. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted during 2018/2019 influenza season in convenient sample of older adults aged 65 years or more from Eastern Croatia at the primary health care setting. Results The study sample consisted of 816 subjects (48.0% males and 52.0% females). The median age of all subjects was 73.0 years (interquartile range (IQR) 69.5 - 79.0 years). The overall prevalence of IV uptake was 33.3%. The IV uptake was statistically more frequent among females (P 0.999). The median number of positive attitudes towards IV was 4.0 (IQR 2.0 - 4.0) and the median number of correct answers was 6.0 (IQR 4.0 - 8.0). The study revealed fair positive correlation between attitudes and IV uptake (rho=0.477; P Conclusions The study showed that observed IV uptake is far below EU target influenza vaccination coverage among elderly of 75%. The study revealed that fairly good predictors of IV uptake in study population were gender, older age group, and previous year vaccination history while attitudes, knowledge and presence of comorbidities were fairly poor predictors. The good predictors of IV uptake among elderly should be taken into account during influenza vaccination popularization strategies development. Key messages Understanding the factors that could improve the acceptance of vaccination is crucial to design effective public health interventions. The structured communication campaigns on influenza and influenza vaccines should be developed and directed specifically to elderly as one of target groups for vaccination.

Uvod: Stalna izloženost stresu, neprimjerena prehrana uz nedostatak esencijalnih nutrijenata i protek-tivnih sastojaka, te unos rafiniranih vrsta hrane mogu se odražavati na zdravlje i izgled kože. Zbog toga je u podršci liječenju nekih bolesti kože značajno preporučiti način prehrane kao i upotrebu dodataka prehrani. Cilj i metode rada rada: Cilj rada je bio prikupiti i analizirati stručne i znanstvene informacije vezane za prehranu i dodatke prehrani koji se mogu koristiti kod najčešćih bolesti kože. Rezultati i rasprava: Postoje brojne bolesti i stanja koja se mogu ispoljiti na koži. Najčešće bolesti kože zbog kojih se pacijenti obraćaju liječnicima i ljekarnicima su atopijski dermatitis, akne, ekcemi, psorijaza, herpes te rak kože. Osim medicinskog tretmana kod liječenja atopijskog dermatitisa i ekcema preporučuje se konzumacija sastojaka iz hrane i dodataka prehrani kao što su: vitamini (piridoksin, askorbinska kiselina i tokoferol), minerali (selen i cink), karotenoidi astaksantin i beta-karoten, a od biljnih preparata konopljika i ulje pupoljke. U liječenju akni najčešće se preporučuju vitamin E, cink i selen, a za herpes lizin, vitamini C i E, mineral cink, te od biljnih preparata krema od matičnjaka i gospina trava. U tretmanu psorijaze preporučuje se izbjegavanje citrusa, a od dodataka prehrani najčešće se preporuču-je konzumiranje ribljeg ulja, omega 3 masnih kiselina, antioksidansa posebno vitamini C i E, minerali selena i cinka, te od biljnih preparata sikavica. Kod većine ovih bolesti preporučuju se namirnice koje su imunostimulansi kao i hrane koja je bogata antioksidansima, te antimikrobnim sastojcima iz hrane. Postoje i druge kožne bolesti na koje prehrana može dati doprinos u tretmanu kao što su porfirija, rozacea, te bolesti čiji se simptomi odražavju preko kože. Zaključak: Prehrana ima važan utjecaj na zdravlje i izgled kože. Dobro odabrani dodaci prehrani u kombinaciji sa zdravom i uravnoteženom prehranom mogu da daju dobre rezultate u podršci liječenju kožnih bolesti., Introduction: Constant exposure to stress, inadequate nutrition with a lack of essential nutrients and protective ingredients, and intake of refined foods can affect the health and appearance of the skin. Therefore, in support of the treatment of some skin diseases, it is important to recommend diet and the use of dietary supplements. Objective and methods of work: The aim of the paper was to collect and analyze expert and scientific information related to nutrition and nutritional supplements that can be used in the most common skin diseases. Results and Discussion: There are numerous diseases and conditions that can be expressed on the skin. The most common skin diseases that cause patients to see doctors and pharmacists are atopic dermatitis, acne, eczema, psoriasis, herpes and skin cancer. In addition to medical, for treatment of atopic dermatitis and eczema, recommended to consume food ingredients and dietary supplements such as: vitamins (pyridoxine, ascorbic acid and tocopherol), minerals (selenium and zinc), carotenoids astaxanthin and beta-carotene, and from herbal preparations Mary goldflower and Primrose Evening oil. Vitamin E, zinc and selenium are most commonly recom-mended in the treatment of acne, while for herpes lysine, vitamins C and E, mineral zinc, and from herbal preparations, Balm beaves and St. John's wort. In the treatment of psoriasis, it is recommended to avoid citrus, and of the dietary supplements, the most commonly recommended consumption of fish oil, omega 3 fatty acids, antioxidants especially vitamins C and E, selenium and zinc minerals, and herbal preparations of Milk Thistle. For most of skin diseases, foods that are immunostimulants, foods rich in antioxidants and antimicro-bial ingredients from foods are recommended. There are other skin diseases where nutrition can contribute to treatment such as porphyria, rosacea, and diseases whose symptoms are reflected through the skin. Conclusion: Nutrition has an important impact on skin health and appearance. Well-chosen dietary supplements combined with a healthy and balanced diet can produce good results in supporting the treatment of skin diseases.

Udruga narodnog zdravlja „Andrija Štampar“ (u daljnjem tekstu Udruga) osnovana je 2009. godine na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Glavni ciljevi Udruge jesu promocija važnosti javnog zdravstva i narodnog zdravlja te humanosti, promocija zdravih stilova života i prevencija bolesti. Udruga promiče medicinu usmjerenu na osobu te se snažno zalaže za prevenciju svih oblika nasilja, posebno međuvršnjačkog nasilja, uz promicanje socijalne jednakosti i blagostanja. Kroz multidisciplinarni pristup, Udruga okuplja studente medicine i liječnike i druge akademske građane. Članovi Udruge promiču učenja Andrije Štampara koji je isticao kako čovijek nije samo fizičko i mentalno biće, već jednako tako duhovno i socijalno. Zbog toga su sve aktivnosti Udruge prožete Štamparovim načelima, a posebno ističemo tradicionalne projekte „Štamparovi dani“, „Budi cool, ne budi bully“ i „Zdravlje svima“ te projekte obilježavanja Svjetskog dana mozga i Svjetskog dana moždanog udara te obilježavanja drugih javnozdravstvenih datuma s partnerskim organizacijama. Tijekom šest godina u akcijama i projektima Udruge aktivno je sudjelovalo više od 300 volontera s više od 60.000 volonterskih sati te s preko 3.000 uklju- čenih sudionika.

Donedavno najviše korišten preparat željeza je bio željezo sulfat, a danas se sve više koriste preparati gdje je želejezo vezano vezan u komplekse sa organskim spojevima. To poboljšava kvalitetu i bio-raspoloživost farmaceutskih formi željeza u lijekovima i dodacima prehrani. Takvi preparati koriste se kao lijekovi ili dodatci prehrani kod anemije. Cilj rada je bio analizrati raspoložive znanstvene informacija, kao i podatake iz tržišne ponude doda-taka prehrani koje sadrže željezo, o njihovom kemijskom sastavu, farmaceutskim formama i bio-raspoloživosti. U formulacijama dodataka prehrani sa željezom se najčešće koriste : željezo (II) fumarat, željezo (III) hidroksid u ugljikohidratnom polimeru - polimaltozi, kompleks željezo (III) hidroksida sa saharozom, suspenzija željezo (III) protein sukcinilata, željezo (II) glukonat kao i forme željeza porijeklom iz he-moglobina. U tim preparatima se nalazi u dvovalentnom i trovalentnom obliku. Zbog bolje iskoristivosti formulacije preparata željeza često sadrže vitamine kao što su askorbinska kiselina, cijanokobalamin, folna kiselina i drugi. Najčešće su dodaci u obliku kapsula i filmom oblože-nih tableta, a postoje i preparati u tekućoj formi. Forma primjene dodataka prehrani treba da se prilagodi načelima individualne prehrane i integrativne medicine, tako da se doze preparata i dijete trebaju međusobno harmonizirati. Doza dodataka prehrani se određuje na osnovu procjene zdravstvenog i prehrambenog statusa kao i drugih čimbenika. Danas se koriste različite farmaceutske forme željeza u dodacima prehrani kako po hemijskom sastavu tako i farmaceutski dozirni oblici što omogućava bolje rezultate njihove primjene u praksi., Until recently, the most commonly used iron preparation was iron sulfate, and today it is increasingly used preparations where iron is bound into complexes with organic compounds. This improves the quality and bioavailability of iron pharmaceutical forms in medicines and dietary supplements. These preparations used as medicines or dietary supplements for anemia. The aim of the paper was to analyze the available scientific information, as well as the data from the market supply of iron supplements, its chemical composition, pharmaceutical forms and bioavailability. The most commonly used formulations in iron supplementation are: iron (II) fumarate, iron (III) hydroxide in carbohydrate polymer - polymaltose, complex of iron (III) hydroxide with sucrose, suspension of iron (III) protein succinylate, iron (II) gluconate and forms of iron originating from hemoglobin. In these preparations iron is in two valence and trivalent form. For better utilization, iron formulations often contain vitamins such as ascorbic acid, cyanocobalamin, folic acid and others. Most often, supplements are in the form of capsules and film-coated tablets, and there are preparations in liquid form. The form of administration of dietary supplements should be adapted to the principles of individual nutrition and integrative medicine, so that the doses of the preparation and diet should be harmonized. The dose of the dietary supplement is determined on the basis of an assessment of health and nutritional status as well as other factors. Today, various pharmaceutical forms of iron are used in dietary supplements, both in chemical composition and pharmaceutical dosage forms, which enables better results of their practical application.

Svjetska je zdravstvena organizacija zdravlje definirala kao stanje potpunog fizičkog, mentalnog i društvenog blagostanja, a ne samo kao puko odsustvo bolesti, a s logoterapeutskog stajališta preduvjet zdravlja predstavlja i duhovno blagostanje. Medicina predstavlja granu ljudske djelatnosti koja se bavi liječenjem te rehabilitacijom bolesnih uz čuvanje i unaprjeđenje zdravlja, a njome se bave liječnici i drugi zdravstveni profesionalci. Sam Andrija Štampar je ranije apostrofirao važnost preventivnog djelovanja istaknuvši u svojim postulatima kako liječnik treba biti narodni učitelj, a da se pitanjem narodnog zdravlja i radom na njegovom unaprjeđenju trebaju baviti svi, bez razlike. Kad se tomu doda činjenica da u Republici Hrvatskoj prema različitim izvorima nedostaje između 2300 i 4000 liječnika te da će ih se 15% u sljedeće 4 godine umiroviti uz značajnu emigraciju zdravstvenih djelatnika, opravdano je zapitati se tko će liječiti narod, odnosno tko će voditi brigu o narodnom zdravlju i postoje li alternativna rješenja. Kao jedno od potencijalnih rješenja nudi se funkcionalna medicina koja predstavlja biološki ovisan model koji ohrabruje pacijenta i izvođača da djeluju skupa u stvarnom definiranju uzroka bolesti, a bazirana je na osobnom pristupu i terapiji. Proces edukacije novih profesionalaca koji će biti uključeni u procese funkcionalne medicine mora biti adekvatno praćen i valoriziran kako bi se smanjila mogućnost nekonvencionalnog i nesavjesnog liječenja., The World Health Organization defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just as a mere absence of disease. Fromthelogotherapeuticpointofview, the prerequisite for health is spiritual well-being as well. Medicine is a branch of human activity that deals with the treatment and rehabilitation of the sickness and with the preservation and improvement of health., and is addressed by doctors and other health professionals. Andrija Štampar hasearlier noted the importance of preventive action, pointing out in his postulates that the doctor should be a folk teacher, and that the issue of public health and work on its improvement should all be addressed without distinction. When this is added to the fact that in the Republic of Croatia is shortage of 2300 and 4000 doctors, and that a 15% of them will be retired in the next 4 years with significant emigration of healthcare workers, it is justified to ask who will heal the people or who will take care of public health and whether there are alternative solutions. One of the potential solutions is the functional medicine that represents a biologically dependent model that encourages the patient and the contractor to work together to actually define the cause of the disease and is based on personal approach and therapy. The process of educating new professionals involved in the processes of functional medicine needs to be adequatelymonitoredandvalorised to reducethe possibility of unconventional and unauthorized treatment.

Udruga narodnog zdravlja „Andrija Štampar“ (u daljnjem tekstu Udruga) osnovana je 2009. godine na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Glavni ciljevi Udruge jesu promocija važnosti javnog zdravstva i narodnog zdravlja te humanosti, promocija zdravih stilova života i prevencija bolesti. Udruga promiče medicinu usmjerenu na osobu te se snažno zalaže za prevenciju svih oblika nasilja, posebno međuvršnjačkog nasilja, uz promicanje socijalne jednakosti i blagostanja. Kroz multidisciplinarni pristup, Udruga okuplja studente medicine i liječnike i druge akademske građane. Članovi Udruge promiču učenja Andrije Štampara koji je isticao kako čovijek nije samo fizičko i mentalno biće, već jednako tako duhovno i socijalno. Zbog toga su sve aktivnosti Udruge prožete Štamparovim načelima, a posebno ističemo tradicionalne projekte „Štamparovi dani“, „Budi cool, ne budi bully“ i „Zdravlje svima“ te projekte obilježavanja Svjetskog dana mozga i Svjetskog dana moždanog udara te obilježavanja drugih javnozdravstvenih datuma s partnerskim organizacijama. Tijekom šest godina u akcijama i projektima Udruge aktivno je sudjelovalo više od 300 volontera s više od 60.000 volonterskih sati te s preko 3.000 uključenih sudionika., The Association of Public Health Andrija Štampar (hereinafter: the Association) was founded in the year 2009 within the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zagreb. Main goals of the Association are the promotion of awareness about public and people’s health and humanity; the promotion of healthy lifestyles; and the prevention of diseases. The Association Works strongly on the promotion of personal and people-centred medicine; non-violent behaviour; and social equality. The Association gathers medical students, physicians and other academic citizens through a multidisciplinary approach. Members of the Association strongly promote the learning of Andrija Štampar, who said that a person was not just a physical and a mental being, but a spiritual and a social being as well. Every activity of the Association has therefore been developed through this prism. We single out the following projects: Andrija Štampar Days; Be cool, don’t be a bully; Health to all; and the projects commemorating the World Brain Day, the World Stroke Day, and other important public health dates with partner associations. During six years, we have had more than 300 volunteers having worked more than 60,000 volunteer’s hours, and more than 3,000 beneficiaries.

Iako je u Požegi još 1991. godine osnovan prvi hospicijski odjel u Hrvatskoj, palijativna skrb i medicina do današnjeg dana još nisu u potpunosti zaživjeli. Problem razvoja palijativne skrbi u Požeško–slavonskoj županiji osim nedostatnih financijskih sredstava predstavlja i geografska specifičnost i prometna izoliranost županije te manjak liječnika i drugih educiranih zdravstvenih profesionalaca. Županija je prema demografskim karakteristikama zakoračila u demografsku starost s naznakama dodatnog demografskog starenja populacije. Za adekvatan razvoj palijativne skrbi uz pozitivnu politiku Ministarstva zdravlja potrebno je maksimalno involvirati lokalnu i regionalnu samoupravu zbog čega je osnovano županijsko Povjerenstvo za palijativnu skrb koje bi u što skorijem roku trebalo donijeti strateški plan razvoja palijativne skrbi te koordinacijskih centara za palijativnu skrb, mobilnih timova i ambulanti te savjetovališta za palijativnu skrb bez dodatnog opterećivanja proračuna županije. Potrebno je dodatno poraditi na integraciji iskustava i kapaciteta Crkve kao institucije koja ima bitnu ulogu u životu društva Požeško-slavonske županije, vodeći se pritom medicinskim saznanjima i poštujući Crkvenu autonomiju. Osim toga, potrebno je dodatno senzibilizirati i uključiti civilni sektor koji je ključan za razvoj palijativne skrbi, ali je isto tako potrebno obrazovati te nadzirati provođenje aktivnosti civilnog sektora i paziti da se poštuju sve znanstveno utemeljene multidisciplinarne norme u provođenju. Mogućnost održivog razvoja i trajnog financiranja svakako će ovisiti o mogućnostima lokalne zajednice, ali svakako valja istaknuti humanitarna prikupljanja materijala kao i održivi dugoročni projekt financiran potpuno ili djelomično sredstvima Europske unije. Sve navedeno ima za cilj ravnomjeran razvoj i jednaku dostupnost zdravstvene usluge u Republici Hrvatskoj., Although the first hospice department in Croatia was founded in Požega in 1991, there has been no real development of palliative care and medicine since. Apart from insufficient funds, the geographic specificity and isolation of the Požega-Slavonia County, and the deficit of medical doctors and other trained health professionals are additional problematic issues concerning the development of palliative care in this County. The County has entered demographic aging, with indications of further aging. For an adequate development of palliative care, a positive policy of the Ministry of Health and maximal involvement of the local policy makers are needed. Therefore, a County Commission for Palliative Care has been formed. The Commission should as soon as possible adopt a strategic plan for the development of palliative care and coordinating centres for palliative care, mobile teams and outpatient ambulances, and counselling centres for palliative care, without overloading the County budget. The Church, as an institution playing an important role in the life and society of the Požega-Slavonia County, should be integrated in this development process, with both its experience and its capacities. It is further necessary to sensitise and involve the civil sector and nongovernmental organizations, which are essential for the development of palliative care. During this process, it is obligatory to educate and supervise the implementation of the activities of the civil sector, and to respect the scientific and professionally based multidisciplinary standards in the implementation. Sustainable development and permanent financing will certainly depend on the capabilities of the local community, yet humanitarian collecting of the funds and sustainable longterm project funding by the European Union are also needed. The overall goal is the realization of equal development and the implementation of equal access to health services in all parts of the Republic of Croatia.

Ne postoji jedinstvena definicija ljubavi, ali je nedvojbeno da je zdrava ljubav preduvjet fizičkog, psihičkog, duhovnog i socijalnog blagostanja, a samim time i preduvjet cjelokupnog zdravlja. S logoterapeutskog stajališta postoje tri dimenzije ljubavi. Fizička komponenta predstavlja nagonsku komponentu koja brine o produženju ljudske vrste, psihička komponenta je prisutna u fazi zaljubljenosti u kojoj vidimo bitne odlike i ljudske osobe te se približavamo psihičkoj unutrašnjosti osobe u koju smo zaljubljeni. Ljubav se u potpunosti očituje kroz duhovnu dimenziju koja svjesno uključuje tjelesnu i psihičku komponentu, te se kroz duhovnu dimenziji odlučujemo za osobu u svim njenim dimenzijama radi njezine jedinstvenosti. Pošto je logoterapijska premisa da je duhovna komponenta čovjeka neovisna o bolestima te nužno zdrava, tako je i ljubav doživljena kroz duhovnu dimenziju nužno zdrava. Duhovna dimenzija ljubavi je svevremenska i neovisna je o svim promjenama fizičke i psihičke komponente koje se protokom vremena događaju (Vukoja i sur 2015). Logoterapija ističe pet izrazitih opasnosti za ljubav. Ubrzan životni tempo ističe pitanje gubitka životne orijentacije i smisla uz stvaranje osjećaja egzistencijalnopg vakuuma, uz zatvoren krug tempa kao uzročnika ovisnosti i neuspjela pokušaja samoizlječenja. Pretjerana seksualiziranost je neuspio pokušaj ostvarivanja ljubavi kroz samo fizičku dimenziju što dovodi do psihičke patnje i izoliranosti duha. Dosada je jedan od vodećih faktora u razvoju psihičkih smetnji i destrukcije ljubavi, jer čovjek u besmislu provodi vrijeme. Negativističan stav i pretjerano potenciranje negativnog u potpunosti prožimlje čovjeka izravno ugrožavajući sve njegove dimenzije. Manipulirana nemoć nastaje produbljivanjem egzistencijalnog vakuuma u potpun gubitak osjećaja za vrijednosti općenito. Frankl navodi da je ljubav je najvažniji element za očuvanje ljudskog života i najvažniji element za očuvanje zdravlja u psihohigijenskom smislu (podrazumijevajući trodimenzionalnost ljudske osobe)., There is no single definition of love, but it is certain that a healthy love prerequisite physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being, and therefore precondition of overall health. With logotherapeutic standpoint there are three dimensions of love. The physical component is an innate component that takes care of the extension of the human species, psychological component is present in the phase of falling in love in which we see the essential features of the human person and are approaching the psychological interior of the people in that we love. Love is fully reflected in the spiritual dimension that consciously includes physical and psychological component, and the spiritual dimension decides for a person in all its dimensions because of his/her uniqueness. Logotherapeutic premise is that the spiritual component of human is independent of disease and necessarily healthy, so it is the love experienced with spiritual dimension necessarily healthy. The spiritual dimension of love is timeless and independent of any changes in the physical and psychological components that can occur over time. Logotherapy points out five distinct dangers for love. A fast lifestyle stresses the question of loss of life orientation and the creation of a sense of meaning existence vacuum, with closed circuit tempo as the cause of addiction and failed attempts of self-healing. Excessive sexuality is a failed attempt to make love through a physical dimension, which leads to mental suffering and isolation of the spirit. Boredom is one of the leading factors in the development of mental disturbances and destruction of love, because of spending time in absurdity. Negativistic attitude and over-emphasizing the negative fully impregnates man directly threatening all its dimensions. Manipulated impotence occurs deepening existential vacuum in the complete loss of the sense of values generally. Frankl said that love is the most important element for the preservation of human life and the most important element for health in psychohygienic terms (assuming the three-dimensionality of the human person).

Većina ljudi se u djetinjstvu susrela sa međuvršnjačkim nasiljem bilo kao sudionik, bilo kao promatrač. U Hrvatskoj je 2012. godine bilo prijavljeno 1039 slučajeva međuvršnjačkog nasilja u osnovnim školama. Posljedice međuvršnjačkog nasilja su osim „akutnih“ često i „kronične“ te se mogu očitovati teškim depresivnim i anksioznim poremećajima što izrazito negativno utječe na daljnje funkcioniranje u životu. Udruga narodnog zdravlja Andrija Štampar je u sklopu svojih aktivnosti prepoznala ovaj problem te je na isti odlučila djelovati. Već 6 godina za redom provodi program „ Budi cool, ne budi bully“ u suradnji sa OŠ Kaje Adžića Pleterničanina u Pleternici. U posljednjih 6 godina obuhvaćeno je 48 razreda odnosno preko 750 djece. Cilj projekta je prevencija međuvršnjačkog nasilja djece osnovnoškolske dobi. Osnovnu metodu rada predstavlja interaktivna radionica pod nadzorom i moderiranjem dva educirana izvoditelja programa. Udruga najprije organizira edukaciju provoditelja radionice u suradnji sa Školom narodnog zdravlja Andrija Štampar te Medicinskim fakultetom Sveučilišta u Zagrebu pod strogim nadzorom i profesionalnim normama. Nakon edukacije provoditelja započinje se s održavanjem radionica u trajanju od 45 minuta s djecom/učenicima osnovnih škola u dobi od 10-14 godina (peti do osmi razred). Kroz interaktivnu izmjenu mišljenja, stavova i ponašanja, znanstveno provjerenim pedagoškim metodama moderator razvija i sudjeluje u izgradnji pozitivnih stavova. S obzirom da je najbolji način prevencije edukacija, UNZAŠ svojim djelovanjem pokušava djeci ukazati na probleme koje međuvršnjačko nasilje donosi te smanjiti učestalog istog u njihovom okruženju., Most of the people meet with peer violence in childhood, either as a participant or as an observer. In Croatia in 2012 were registered 1039 cases of peer violence in elementary schools. The consequences of peer violence, apart from "acute" and often "chronic" and can manifest major depression and anxiety disorders as extremely negative impact on the further functioning in life. The Association of Public Health Andrija Štampar as part of its activities has recognized this problem and has decided to act on it. For 6 consecutive years been implementing the program Be cool, do not be a bully in cooperation with the elementary school in Pleternica. In the past 6 years has been included 48 school units or more than 750 children. The project aims to prevent peer violence of children of primary school age. The basic method of work is interactive workshop under the supervision and moderation two trained contractor program. The association first organized training implementers workshop in collaboration with the School of Public Health Andrija Štampar School of Medicine and the University of Zagreb under the strict supervision and professional standards. After education implementers begins with maintenance workshops for 45 minutes with the kids / primary school pupils aged 10-14 years (fifth to eighth grade). Through an interactive exchange of opinions, attitudes and behavior, scientifically proven pedagogical methods moderator develops and participates in building positive attitudes. Given that the best way of prevention education, UNZAŠ its activities to children trying to point out the problems that brings peer violence and reduce the frequency of the same in their environment.

Poslovni pothvat izgradnje doma za starije i nemoćne osobe u Požeško-slavonskoj županiji temelji se na demografskom trendu starenja stanovništva i povećanog iseljavanja mladih. Uočena je povećana potreba za odgovarajućim oblicima smještaja starijih i nemoćnih osoba, koji bi korisnike zadovoljavali kvalitetom sadržaja. Na osnovi Porterovog modela pet konkurentskih snaga pokazalo se da je industrija usluge smještaja u dom umjereno atraktivna; za ulazak novih pothvata, zbog prijetnje od ulaska novih konkurenata na tržište, slabo; suparništvo među postojećim domovima umjerena; pregovaračka snaga kupaca umjerena do jaka; pregovaračka snaga dobavljača slaba pa je zamjenski utjecaj umjeren do jak. Temeljem prikupljenih podataka pokazano je da tržište ovakvih domova nije zasićeno, da su cijene smještaja u županijskim domovima niže od privatnih, a troškovi izgradnje veliki. S kapacitetom doma od 22 mjesta i troškovima izgradnje u iznosu od oko 1,5 milijuna kuna te mjesečnim troškovima (bruto plaće, kredit, hrana, režije) u iznosu od oko 60.000 kuna, dom ne može postići točku pokrića niti vratiti investiciju. Riječ je o trendovskoj djelatnosti s bitnim nedostatcima (premali kapacitet, veliko kreditno opterećenje), pa se ne savjetuje ulazak u posao za dom od 22 mjesta., Business venture of starting a home for the elderly and disabled people in Požeško-slavonska county, Croatia, is based on demographic trends – population ageing and increased number of young people emigration. Growing need of adequate accommodation for the elderly and disabled people was noted, which will fulfil their requirements. Porter’s five force model analysis showed that accommodation in home for the elderly and disabled people was moderately attractive; threat of new venture entry was weak; competition among the existing homes was moderate; the power of buyers was moderate to strong; the power of suppliers was weak, and the influence of substitute was moderate to strong. Collected information showed that the market of homes for the elderly and disabled people wasn’t saturated, that accommodations prices in county homes were lower than in private homes, and that building expenses were high. With the capacity of 22 beds, building expenses amounting to 1.5 million kunas (about 220,000 US$) and monthly expenses (gross salary, credit, gas, electricity, water and food expenses) around 60.000 kunas (8.700 US$), such a home couldn’t reach the break-even point. Although it is a popular activity, investment in such homes with a capacity of 22 beds is ill advised.

We improved medial collateral ligament (MCL) healing throughout 90 days after surgical transection. We introduced intraperitoneal, per-oral (in drinking water) and topical (thin cream layer) peptide therapy always given alone, without a carrier. Previously, as an effective peptide therapy, stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (GEPPPGKPADDAGLV, an anti-ulcer peptide effective in inflammatory bowel disease therapy (PL 14736)) particularly improved healing of transected tendon and muscle and wound healing effect including the expression of the early growth response 1 (egr-1) gene. After MCL transection BPC 157 was effective in rats when given once daily intraperitoneally (10 microg or 10 ng/kg) or locally as a thin layer (1.0 microg dissolved in distilled water/g commercial neutral cream) at the site of injury, first application 30 min after surgery and the final application 24 h before sacrifice. Likewise, BPC 157 was effective given per-orally (0.16 microg/ml in the drinking water (12 ml/day/rat)) until sacrifice. Commonly, BPC 157 microg-ng-rats exhibited consistent functional, biomechanical, macroscopic and histological healing improvements. Thus, we suggest BPC 157 improved healing of acute ligament injuries in further ligament therapy.

Obzirom da od pitanja ustroja BiH ovisi karakter bosansko-hercegovačkih nacionalnih statusa i odnosa a time i to da li će ta zemlja biti (ne)stabilna i (dis)funkciona – ono ima izrazito dalekosežan značaj. U prvom redu za narode koji žive u BiH a zatim i za njeno neposredno susjedstvo. Stoga je razumljivo da mu je unutar hrvatskog, srpskog i bošnjačkog društvenog kruga i pridavana najveća pažnja. U priloženom radu problematika ustroja BiH sagledana je s političkog aspekta jednog od tih naroda tj. hrvatskog. Pri tome je naznačeno što bi trebale biti temeljne, trajne odrednice hrvatskog političko-idejnog odnosa prema i unutar BiH ; prezentiran je nacrt ustrojstvenog modela koji bi, po sudu samog autora u najvećoj mjeri bio sukladan tim kao i bosansko-hercegovačkim politički relevantnim odrednicama te analizirano koliko je ovdje skicirani model uopće primjenjiv u prilikama određenim washintonsko-daytonskim uređenjem BiH.